糯高粱种质资源对川南高粱丝黑穗病的抗性鉴定

为明确新选育和引进的糯高粱种质资源对川南高粱丝黑穗病菌主要生理小种的抗性,利用4个高粱鉴别寄主分别对2013年和2014年自川南泸州、宜宾、自贡3市高粱上采集的丝黑穗病菌Sporisorium reilianum进行生理小种鉴定,并于2014—2018年对新选育和引进的55份不育系、88份恢复系和20份常规品种糯高粱种植资源进行丝黑穗病抗性鉴定。结果表明,川南3市采集的高粱丝黑穗病菌生理小种均为1号生理小种。不育系糯高粱种植资源对丝黑穗病菌1号生理小种抗性较强,对丝黑穗病免疫材料有45份,87.3%不育系糯高粱种植资源为抗性材料。恢复系糯高粱种质资源抗丝黑穗病菌1号小种的能力弱于不育系,对丝黑穗病表现为免疫、高抗、抗病、中抗的种质资源分别为32、1、2和5份,抗病恢复系糯高粱种质资源占恢复系糯高粱种质资源总数的45.5%。糯高粱种质资源常规品种对丝黑穗病菌1号小种的抗性最差,抗病糯高粱种质资源常规品种占常规品种总数的45.0%,其中对丝黑穗病免疫的糯高粱种质资源常规品种仅有1份,为国窖红3号;对丝黑穗病高抗和抗病的糯高粱种质资源常规品种无,主要表现为中抗,应加强川南地区糯高粱常规品种的丝黑穗病抗性改良。鉴定的对丝黑穗病免疫的糯高粱不育系、恢复系和常规品种可作为川南高粱丝黑穗病病区主栽品种或抗丝黑穗病菌1号生理小种的育种材料。     

46份野生葡萄株系对霜霉病的抗性鉴定及其相关基因的表达

为明确不同野生葡萄株系对霜霉病的抗性差异,以18个种的46份野生葡萄株系为试材,采用叶盘法鉴定其对霜霉病的抗性,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)技术对部分关键基因进行定量分析,探讨其在不同抗病株系中的表达模式差异。结果表明,46份野生葡萄株系的病情指数为0～34.72,其中17份为感病株系,病情指数在25.93～34.72;21份为抗病株系,病情指数在5.32～24.35;5份圆叶葡萄株系均表现为免疫,病情指数为0.00;云南-元谋2、云南-2和木扎岭-3为高抗株系,病情指数分别为1.81、4.40和1.62。当被霜霉病菌侵染后,抗病株系和感病株系中的PAL、PR1、TLP和NPR1基因的诱导表达模式不同;与感病株系相比,抗病株系中的TLP、PR1和NPR1基因有强烈的诱导表达,PAL基因在感病株系比在抗病株系中表达量高。在免疫株系普莱德和高抗株系云南-元谋2中,NPR1与其它3个基因的表达模式差异最大;TLP在抗病株系蘡薁-林县中与其它3个基因的表达模式差异最大;在感病株系秋-嵩县中,NPR1与TLP表达模式相近,PAL和PR1表达模式相近。研究表明,在中国野生葡萄种质中,云南-元谋2、云南-2和木扎岭-3对霜霉病有良好的抗性,可作为抗病育种的原始材料;抗性基因可能在抗病株系中发挥着重要作用。     

78个水稻不育系对稻粒黑粉病的抗性评价

 水稻稻粒黑粉病主要为害水稻不育系,是限制我国南方杂交水稻制繁种产量和质量的主要病害因素。为挖掘抗稻粒黑粉病的水稻不育系品种,提供具有抗稻粒黑粉病育种价值的水稻不育系材料,本研究于2014-2016年,采用田间接种稻粒黑粉病菌的方法,对四川、湖北、福建的78个水稻不育系品种进行了稻粒黑粉病菌抽穗期抗性评价。连续3年接种稻粒黑粉病菌试验表明,共有4个水稻不育系品种对稻粒黑粉病表现中抗及以上抗性,大部分为感病品种,其中4766A接种稻粒黑粉病菌后未发病,对稻粒黑粉病表现稳定高抗,为我国首次报道的高抗稻粒黑粉病水稻品种。     

217份一粒系小麦苗期抗条锈病鉴定及抗病基因检测

小麦条锈病是影响小麦生产的重要病害之一。发掘新的抗病基因, 培育新的抗病品种是防治小麦条锈病最经济有效的措施。一粒系小麦作为普通小麦的二级基因源, 蕴含了丰富的抗病资源。为了从一粒系小麦中发掘新抗病基因, 促进其利用, 本文对217份一粒系小麦材料进行了苗期抗条锈病鉴定和A基因组的部分抗条锈病基因检测。结果表明, 共有55份材料在苗期对CYR32表现抗病, 占25.35%;抗病基因分子标记检测显示, 携带Yr1、Yr34/Yr48、Yr69、Yr76抗性基因的材料分别有26、22、16、34份。共有4份表现高抗或免疫的材料同时携带2个抗性基因:2份材料携带Yr69和Yr34, 2份携带Yr1和Yr34。所有供试材料中均未检测到Yr17。此外, 有23份抗病材料未检测到以上抗病基因, 其中7份表现高抗及免疫, 可能携带其他已知或新的抗条锈病基因。本研究为一粒系小麦的利用提供了参考信息。     

我国北方高粱丝黑穗病发生因素分析

高粱是我国北方重要粮食作物之一,近年来,每年种植面积为2500万亩左右,辽宁省为主产区每年种植600多万亩。高粱丝黑穗病一直是影响高粱产量的重要病害。建国以来该病曾几次严重发生,较近的一次发生是由于八十年代初从美国引入新抗源 T×622A及其抗病杂交种在生产上应用后而得到控制。那时在辽宁省高粱生产田中几乎找不到丝黑穗病。但自1989年后,辽宁省高粱丝黑穗病又普遍发生,发病率逐年上升。至1991年辽宁及吉林省部分地区该病为害十分严重,平     

山西省主要玉米对矮花叶病抗病性的鉴定及利用

1997～1998年选取山西省当前推广和拟推广玉米杂交种及亲本自交系,采用自然感染与人工接种相结合方法,对MDMV抗性和F1抗性遗传进行了研究,旨为选育推广抗病品种提供依据.试验结果表明,双亲抗×抗、感×抗,其杂种F1抗性表现显性效应,F1病情指数0～8.2,均可达到抗病保产的目的,但感×抗必须在无病区制种才能获得成功.试验认为抗×抗是选育抗MDMV杂交种最佳组配方式,感×抗应视为过渡组配方式加以利用,而感×感,F1病情指数31.9～37.5,产量损失严重,应禁止在病区制种与推广.     

小麦品种对梭条花叶病的抗性研究

560份小麦品种(系)对小麦梭条花叶病的抗性表现可划分为高抗、中抗、中感和高感4种类型,其中高抗材料占7.3％,高感材料占87.7％。在抗病品种中,又可划分为抗介体、抗病毒两种类型。通过对8个S×S、6个R×R、16个S×R和12个R×S的抗性表现研究其抗性遗传。结果表明:(1)抗性特性为细胞核遗传,抗性基因为显性;(2)抗病毒基因品种中有3对显性基因控制;(3)抗介体性状由1对、2对或3对显性基因控制。4个单基因抗介体品种的抗性遗传被追踪研究。     

杂交水稻叶瘟抗性杂种优势的遗传分析

 本文用水稻7个不育系、7个恢复系及其按NCⅡ设计配制的49个杂交组合,在4个指标上研究了杂交水稻叶瘟抗性的杂种优势和遗传。结果表明:杂交水稻的叶瘟抗性不仅具有较强的杂种优势,而且在组合间变异很大;叶瘟抗性遗传力高,其受加性和非加性遗传共同控制,但加性遗传明显较为重要,源于恢复系的加性效应明显相对重要于不育系的加性效应;亲本叶瘟抗性与其一般配合力效应呈显著或极显著正相关;缙恢1号具有较好的一般配合力效应和较大的特殊配合力方差,可作为优良抗病亲本加以利用,K42A、K40A、多恢1号、成恢149具有较好的一般配合力效应和较小的特殊配合力方差,在抗稻瘟育种中具有较大利用价值。讨论认为:在抗叶瘟育种中,对亲本的抗性评鉴和选育抗病亲本尤其是恢复系至关重要,但不能以此忽略对杂交组合的抗性评鉴。     

酿酒高粱品种、组合及亲本的丝黑穗病抗性鉴定

为了明确不同类型的酿酒高粱材料对西南地区丝黑穗病的抗性和促进抗丝黑穗病品种的选育,采用土壤接菌法对107份材料进行了丝黑穗病抗性鉴定;根据抗性鉴定结果,比较了酿酒高粱杂交组合与其亲本对丝黑穗病的抗性,并对供试菌种进行了致病力分析.结果显示:在感病对照恢1植株平均病株率为67.65％时,有13个不育系、6个保持系、10个恢复系、28个杂交组合的病株率为0,达免疫水平,其中,酿酒高粱不育系和杂交组合所占比例较大,分别为86.67％和75.68％;恢复系中免疫类型所占比例较小,为24.39％;常规品种和组合中无免疫类型;杂交高粱对丝黑穗病的抗性属显性遗传;泸州丝黑穗病菌具有较强的致病力.     

小麦品种(系)对叶枯病的抗病性鉴定研究

1989-1991年连续两年对62个小麦品种(系)进行抗叶枯病鉴定,供试各品种(系)间抗病性有明显差异,但无免疫类型,且中抗、中感类型较多,抗病类型较少;综合评定结果表明,尉氏132、鲁215953、郑州83203等5个品种(系)为抗病类型,占8.07％;豫麦2号、陕农7859、西安8号等31个品种(系)为中抗类型,占50％;豫麦17号、冀麦5418等21个品种(系)为中感类型,占33.87％;感病和高感类型,占8.6％。在研究品种(系)抗性与生物学特性的关系中,发现品种(系)抗性与植株形态,如株高、单茎叶面积等有一定相关性。     

从配合力分析探讨甘蔗家系抗黑穗病的育种潜力

采用5×4不完全双列杂交设计选配的第1次无性种茎为试验材料,在人工浸渍接种黑穗病菌条件下,估算了9个亲本及其组合在新植蔗和宿根蔗的配合力效应。结果表明:①20个家系抗性差异较大,以CP67/412、ROCl为母本的半同胞家系表现较强抗病性,而以CP72/1210、CP65/357为母本的半同胞家系表现一定感病性;②甘蔗抗黑穗病遗传是由加性效应基因和非加性效应基因共同控制;③发现CP67/412、ROClgca效应值较高,CP57/614次之,均具有可作为抗源亲本的育种潜力,④根据配合力总效应值评价组合,认为CP67/412×崖84/153、ROCl×崖71/374、CP67/412×崖71/374、ROCl×崖84/153、CP67/412×崖73/512、CP57/614×崖84/153是抗黑穗病较强的组合,可用于今后抗黑穗病育种计划。     

Evaluation of sorghum germplasm used in US breeding programmes for sources of sugary disease resistance*

Ergot or sugary disease of sorghum has become an important constraint in North and South American countries that rely on F₁ hybrid seeds for high productivity. The objective of this research was to determine the vulnerability of various germplasm sources and publicly bred sorghum lines to sugary disease ( Claviceps africana ) in the United States. Flower characteristics associated with sugary disease resistance were also studied. A-/B-line pairs, R-lines, putative sources of resistance and their hybrid combinations with an A₃ cytoplasmic male-sterile source were evaluated using a disease incidence, severity, and dual-ranking system. Trials were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications and repeated in at least two planting dates. Planting dates and pedigrees had significant effects on overall ranking for resistance. A-lines were most susceptible to sugary disease. R-lines were more susceptible than B-lines with respect to incidence and severity of the disease. Newer releases of A- and B-lines were more susceptible to sugary disease than older releases. Sugary disease reaction of A-lines was a good indicator of disease reaction of B-lines. Tx2737, a popular R-line, was highly susceptible to sugary disease in spite of being a good pollen shedder because the stigma emerged from glumes 2–3 days before anthesis. The combination of flower characteristics associated with resistance were least exposure time of stigma to inoculum before pollination, rapid stigma drying after pollination, and small stigma. An Ethiopian male-fertile germplasm accession, IS 8525, had good levels of resistance. Its A₃ male-sterile hybrid had the highest level of resistance in the male-sterile background. IS 8525 should be exploited in host-plant resistance strategies.     

用胚挽救法创建甘蓝×大白菜抗根肿病新材料

为改良甘蓝Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata的根肿病抗性,以2个甘蓝品种D2、B1为母本和2个抗根肿病大白菜品种CR-英雄、CR-春美杂交,比较4个远缘杂交组合的亲和性,运用胚挽救技术获得试管苗并对远缘杂交种进行真假杂种鉴定、育性研究以及根肿病抗性鉴定来创建和筛选根肿病抗性新种质。结果表明,杂交组合D2×CR-春美的结荚率为86.08%,高于其它组合,而成活的幼胚数/授粉花蕾数和试管苗数/授粉花蕾数以组合D2×CR-英雄最高,分别达15.96%和8.16%,4个组合D2×CR-英雄、D2×CR-春美、B1×CR-英雄、B1×CR-春美分别获得23、8、2、2株试管苗。细胞学鉴定发现杂种茎尖的染色体是19条,结合形态学鉴定确定为真杂种。组合D2×CR-英雄获得的试管苗只有1个株系有花粉,花粉萌发率为0.90%,极显著低于母本对照的40.58%;对该组合的试管苗进行苗期抗根肿病鉴定,有8个株系抗11号生理小种,3个株系抗4号生理小种。表明通过胚挽救技术可筛选到杂交效率较高的远缘杂交组合以及抗根肿病材料。     

Ovary colonization by Claviceps africana is related to ergot resistance in male-sterile sorghum lines

Ergot, caused by Claviceps africana , has emerged as a serious threat to sorghum hybrid seed production worldwide. In the absence of gene-for-gene-based qualitative resistance in commercial cultivars, varieties with high pollen production that can escape ergot infection are preferred. Recent demonstration of differences in ergot susceptibility among male-sterile lines has indicated the presence of partial resistance. Using chitin-specific fluorescin-isothiocyanate-conjugated wheat germ agglutin and callose-specific aniline blue, this study investigated the process of sorghum ovary colonization by C. africana . Conidia germinated within 24 h after inoculation (a.i.); the pathogen was established in the ovary by 79 h a.i., and at least half of the ovary was converted into sphacelial tissue by 120 h a.i. Changes in fungal cell wall chitin content and strategic callose deposition in the host tissue were associated with penetration and invasion of the ovary. The rate of ovary colonization differed in three male-sterile lines that also differed in ergot susceptibility. This work demonstrates a possible histological basis for partial resistance in male-sterile sorghum lines that could lay the foundation for variety improvement through further breeding and selection.     

玉米自交系心叶期对亚洲玉米螟抗性遗传规律的研究初报

不同抗螟性亲本所组配的F_1代在玉米心叶期,对亚洲玉米螟 Ostrinis furnacalis(Guenée)抗性研究表明,玉米抗螟牲为数量遗传,亲本抗性在杂种后代中具有累加效应,杂种的抗性与双亲平均抗性呈高度正相关。中等以上抗性亲本组配的 F_1代为抗螟型。而以中抗系组配杂种时,不论父本或母本,只要一个亲本为感螟系,则 F_1代均为感螟型。不同水平抗性亲本组配的正反交组合 F_1代差异极显著。     

玉米丝黑穗病防治研究

玉米丝黑穗病是白城地区的重要病害,一般发病率为3—5%,重者高达30%以上,是生产上急待解决的问题。其症状以正常型为主,有时出现矮化型、矮化丛生型和多分蘖型等特异症状。病株以雌穗为黑穗、雄穗为健穗及雌雄穗皆为黑穗者居多。病穗上自然脱落的厚垣孢子萌发率高,病穗内的萌发率明显降低。此病为系统侵染病害,种子及土壤均可带菌传病,以土壤带菌为主,属土传病害。厚垣孢子在土壤里能存活三年,土壤带菌量越多,菌土覆盖种子越厚,发病率越高。丝黑穗病菌侵染玉米幼苗时间较长,从种子萌芽到四叶期最易侵染,五叶期后,侵染明显下降,八叶期后不再侵染。在幼苗叶片上接菌不能侵染致病。玉米丝黑穗病菌不能侵染高梁。高梁丝黑穗病菌能侵染玉米,但侵染率甚低。侵染玉米后的病菌,不再侵染高梁,只侵染玉米,且致病力明显增强。两菌是同一菌种的不同生理型。用来自九个省、市的丝黑穗病菌接种于不同抗性的自交系鉴定寄主,其致病力不同,陕西和新疆的致病力弱,辽宁和吉林的致病力强。在田间人工接种条件下,鉴定了二百余份自交系和杂交种的抗病性,品种间有明显差异,高抗的近于免疫,高感的发病率在90%以上。抗病性遗传规律表现为双亲高抗的,其后代亦抗,以母本的抗病性起主导作用。选百余种农药处理种子,筛选结果:个别药剂防效有高达70%以上者,但年度间效果不稳定,多数药效稳定在50%左右。     

Influence of silicon on some components of resistance to anthracnose in susceptible and resistant sorghum lines

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silicon (Si) rates on some components of sorghum resistance to anthracnose. Two 2×5 factorial experiments, consisting of two sorghum lines (BR005 and BR009, resistant and susceptible, respectively) and five Si application rates (0, 0.06, 0.12, 0.24 and 0.30 g Si kg⁻¹ of soil) were arranged in a completely randomised design with three replications. Plants from both lines were inoculated with a conidial suspension of Colletotrichum sublineolum (1×10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) 30 days after emergence. The incubation period (IP), latent period (LP₆₀), area under relative infection efficiency progress curve (AURIEPC), area under anthracnose index progress curve (AUAIPC), final disease severity (FDS), percentage of pigmented leaf area (PLA), and percentage of necrotic leaf area (NLA) were evaluated. Silicon and calcium (Ca) content in leaf tissue of both lines was also determined. The content of Si in leaf tissue increased relative to the control by 55 and 58%, respectively, for the susceptible and resistant lines. There was no significant change in Ca content in leaf tissue for either of the lines; therefore the variations in Si accounted for differences in the level of disease response. The IP for the resistant line was not affected by Si application rates. The LP₆₀ was not evaluated in the resistant line due to the absence of acervuli. For the resistant line, Si application rates had no significant effect on AUAIPC, FDS, percentage of PLA, and percentage of NLA. On the susceptible line, a quadratic regression model best described the effect of Si application rates on IP, LP₆₀, AURIEPC, AUAIPC, FDS, percentage of PLA, and percentage of NLA. The correlation between Si content in leaf tissue of the susceptible line and the AURIEPC, AUAIPC, FDS, PLA, and NLA was negatively significant (r = −0.57, −0.37, −0.40, −0.67, and −0.77, respectively). There was no correlation between Si content and IP or LP₆₀. The correlation between the percentage of PLA with the percentage of NLA was negatively significant (r = −0.74). In conclusion, the results from this study underscore the importance of Si in sorghum resistance to anthracnose particularly for the susceptible line.