虚伪钝绥螨的食性研究

在26℃恒温、相对湿度75％的条件下,虚伪钝绥螨取食朱砂叶螨、山楂叶螨和苹果叶螨的发育历期分别为6.08、6.68、6.54天,一生产卵总量分别为47.52、48.75、48.12粒。上述食料对虚伪钝绥螨的发育和生殖无明显差别。通过对22种植物花粉的筛选,证明其中18种花粉可使虚伪钝绥螨完成发育,12种可以使其产卵,而以苹果、桃的花粉最能满足虚伪钝绥螨的生育要求,如进一步明确这两种花粉对虚伪钝绥螨的后代生育能力无不良影响,就有可能用花粉来取代叶螨,在室内大量繁殖。     

提高花粉饲养伪钝绥螨繁殖力的试验

单独用苹果花粉喂养伪钝绥螨,其后代生活力降低。本文报道在苹果花粉中分别添加30％王浆水、30％蜂蜜水饲养伪钝绥螨,或用苹果花粉和朱砂叶螨交替喂食。结果表明,其后代成螨性比较单独用苹果花粉喂食者均有提高,雌成螨自食其卵现象基本消除。其中以苹果花粉和朱砂叶螨交替供食者效果最好,后代成活率明显提高。以苹果花粉为主食料,定期添加朱砂叶螨,5周后伪钝绥螨的增殖倍数与完全取食朱砂叶螨者相近。     

两种花粉对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育与繁殖的影响

在实验室条件下测定了两种花粉对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明,在温度25 ℃、相对湿度72%,光照L∥D=12 h∥12 h条件下,油菜花粉饲养的巴氏钝绥螨幼螨、前若螨、后若螨历期分别为0.98、3.23、430 d。幼螨发育到成螨共需8.52 d,存活率为83.33%,雌虫不产卵。丝瓜花粉饲养的巴氏钝绥螨卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨、产卵前期、世代历期分别为2.55、0.97、2.38、2.07、3.20、11.17 d。平均每头雌螨日产卵量1.78粒,总产卵量58.60粒,产卵持续时间33.53 d,无不产卵个体。其日产卵量呈二次抛物线趋势,回归方程为y=0.155 4t-0.002 80t2(R2=0.951 5,p<0.000 1)。取食丝瓜花粉的巴氏钝绥螨的种群趋势指数I=28.13,净生殖率为R0=26.813,种群平均世代周期T=30.139 d,内禀增长率rm=0.109,周限增长率λ=1.115,种群加倍时问t=6.352 d。由以上试验结果可知,丝瓜花粉比油菜花粉更适合饲养、繁殖巴氏钝绥螨。     

丝瓜花粉对少毛钝绥螨发育和繁殖的影响

丝瓜花粉是饲养捕食螨的常用替代食物,本研究旨在评价应用丝瓜花粉饲养少毛钝绥螨的可行性。在室内条件下,研究了25、30、35℃下少毛钝绥螨以丝瓜花粉为食物后的生长发育和繁殖能力。在25~35℃下,卵至成螨发育历期为3.63~6.96d,发育历期随温度升高逐渐缩短,存活率为82.69%~88.46%。30℃时,总产卵量最高,为41.27粒,净生殖率最高为18.15。产卵持续期随温度升高而降低。内禀增长率在30℃、35℃下显著高于25℃时,最高值为30℃下的0.203。本研究表明,丝瓜花粉是饲养少毛钝绥螨较好的替代食物。     

20种植物花粉对4种植绥螨的饲养效果

用２０种植物花粉饲养４植绥螨，其效果大致可以划分；不能完成发育，可以完成发育和可以继代繁衍３种类型，以花粉参数和繁殖效果共１０项指标作为参评因素，进行模糊综合评判，确认：黄瓜，美人蕉，美人蕉，马缨丹的花粉分别最适于真桑钝绥螨，锯齿盲走螨，江原钝绥螨和尼氏真绥螨室内饲养用，植绥螨对２０种花粉食性的适应顺序为，江原钝绥螨－真桑钝绥螨－尼氏真绥螨－锯齿盲走螨。     

以甜果螨为食的东方钝绥螨的种群生命表

东方钝绥螨是叶螨的重要捕食性天敌,对多种叶螨的防控起着重要的作用。东方钝绥螨一直被认为是叶螨的专食性捕食者,其规模化生产不成功极大地限制了其应用。本试验在（25±1）℃、RH 80%±5%、光周期16L：8D的条件下,以甜果螨为食,东方钝绥螨能够完成发育和繁殖,并以此组建了东方钝绥螨试验种群生命表。试验结果表明,东方钝绥螨以甜果螨为食各发育阶段历期较短,分别为卵期1.77 d,幼螨期0.77 d,前若螨和后若螨期各为1.05 d。25℃时东方钝绥螨的世代平均周期为14.07 d,内禀增长率0.18,周限增长率1.20,种群倍增时间3.87 d。日均产卵量1.71粒/d,总产卵量平均22.50粒/雌。由此得出甜果螨是饲养东方钝绥螨的一种很好的替代猎物。     

斯氏小盲绥螨取食3种花粉和椭圆食粉螨的实验种群生命表

为了研究斯氏小盲绥螨［Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias Henriot)］取食3种不同花粉和椭圆食粉螨［Aleuroglyphus ovatus (Troupeau)］的发育和繁殖,为斯氏小盲绥螨人工大量饲养提供理论依据,在光照L∥D=10 h∥14 h、相对湿度85%,温度(25±1) ℃的条件下, 研究斯氏小盲绥螨取食向日葵花粉、丝瓜花粉、玉米花粉和椭圆食粉螨的生物学特性,并组建其实验种群生命表。结果表明,斯氏小盲绥螨取食向日葵花粉、丝瓜花粉、玉米花粉和椭圆食粉螨均能从卵发育至成螨并繁殖后代,雌螨发育历期分别为10.42、8.32、9.18、14.43 d;平均每雌总产卵量分别为31.20、65.30、40.17、9.62粒;内禀增长率分别为0.134 3、0.150 2、0.144 9、0.089 5;取食丝瓜花粉的净增殖率（R0=45.057 0）、内禀增长率(rm=0.150 2)和周限增长率 （λ=1.162 0）都最大;取食玉米花粉的雌雄性比最大（2.27∶1）;取食椭圆食粉螨的雌雄性比（0.91∶1）、净增殖率（4.578 8）和内禀增长率（0.089 5）都最小。     

食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究不同食物对兹沃尔新小绥螨Neoseiulus zwoelferi种群生长、发育和繁殖的影响,采用年龄-龄期两性生命表分析测定兹沃尔新小绥螨取食卢氏叶螨Tetranychus ludeni、甜果螨Carpoglyphus lactis和香蒲Typha orientalis花粉后的存活率、发育历期、寿命及繁殖情况。结果显示,3种食物均能满足兹沃尔新小绥螨生长发育和繁殖的需求。卢氏叶螨处理组的净增殖率和总繁殖率分别是28.99和36.99,均显著高于其他2个处理组;以甜果螨、卢氏叶螨和香蒲花粉为食的兹沃尔新小绥螨从卵发育至成螨所需时间分别为5.28、7.34和6.87 d,种群倍增时间分别3.35、4.22和11.77 d,前者显著短于其他2个处理;甜果螨处理组和卢氏叶螨处理组的雌成螨平均寿命分别比香蒲花粉处理组长2.75 d和4.92 d,但两者之间无显著差异;卢氏叶螨处理组雌成螨产卵天数最长,为17.84 d,产卵前期时间最短,为2.75 d,产卵量最大,为38.15粒/雌;香蒲花粉处理组雌成螨产卵天数最短,仅1.82 d,产卵前期时间最长,为5.89 d,产卵量最少,为3.36粒/雌。甜果螨处理组的内禀增长率、周限增长率分别为0.21 d-1和1.23 d-1,均显著高于其他处理组,但平均世代周期为14.65 d,显著低于其他处理组。表明3种食物均可使兹沃尔新小绥螨完成整个世代,其中甜果螨是室内饲养兹沃尔新小绥螨的最佳食物,香蒲花粉可以作为短期饲养的食物。     

应用赤眼蜂蛹人工饲养尼氏钝绥螨的研究初报

本文首次报导应用赤眼蜂蛹作为替代食料人工饲养尼氏钝绥螨。日食蛹量,幼螨为0.18头,产卵前期成螨达1.18头,而产卵期成螨则为0.95头左右。在25℃饲养条件下,每雌产卵达45粒,卵历期48小时,孵化率近92％,幼螨存活率88％,成螨雌性占55％,雌成螨寿命25天。用赤眼蜂蛹连代饲养的尼氏钝绥螨在桔园释放,对柑桔全爪螨具有明显的控制作用。     

温度对伪钝绥螨实验种群的影响

本文研究了5个不同恒温条件下伪钝绥螨取食二斑叶螨时的发育和繁殖情况,并对该实验种群的生命参数进行了分析。结果表明,在19~31℃范围内,伪钝绥螨各螨态和整个未成熟期的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率随温度的升高而加快;运用直线回归法计算出了伪钝绥螨各螨态的发育起点温度及有效积温。伪钝绥螨产卵期在22℃时最长,在31℃时最短;日均卵量随温度的升高而增大。伪钝绥螨净增殖率Ro在28℃时最高(60.256),在19℃时最低(4.174);内禀增长率rm和周限增长率λ皆是在31℃时最高,在19℃时最低;31℃时种群加倍时间t最短(2.79 d),19℃时最长(15.868 d)。     

20种植物花粉对真桑钝绥螨饲养效果的综合评判

通过对20种植物的花粉筛选,证明有14种花粉可使真桑钝绥螨完成发育,有10种可令该螨继代繁殖。采用模糊综合评判法,以花粉参数和繁殖效果等共10项指标作为参评因素,确认黄瓜、茉莉花和马缨丹的花粉适于室内饲养作饲料用。     

用不同蚜虫饲养对大灰食蚜蝇生长发育的影响

在室温下分别用甘蓝蚜、豌豆蚜、桃蚜和大麻长管蚜饲养大灰食蚜蝇，幼虫历期分别为10．17天、10．29天、9．16天和9．50天，蛹期分别为8．69天、8．96天、8．46天和7．30天，蛹重分别为32．2毫克、32．3毫克、31．9毫克和26．6毫克，以大麻长管蚜饲养成虫获得率最高，达23．3％，桃蚜最低只有15．1％，研究表明，蚜虫种类对大灰食蚜蝇发育历期、蛹重及存活率有一定影响，人工饲养蚜蝇必需选择适合的蚜种。     

Unusual behavior of oviposition and development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitophilus zeamais</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in peach and apple fruits

The maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a worldwide pest on stored products, as maize, wheat and rice grains. However, in South Brazil, these weevils have been found attacking fruits in field conditions. It was reported that adults attack fruits to feeding, but there was no information of oviposition and larval development on these hosts. Furthermore, due to monitoring apple orchards, was observed that some fruits showed distinct kind of punctures, suggesting a oviposition by these weevils. The present study reports first record an unusual behavior of S. zeamais by oviposition and larval development in peach and apple fruits. The study was conducted in laboratory conditions (temperature: 25?±?1 °C, RH: 70?±?10% and photophase of 14 h). Peach and apple fruits were offered to S. zeamais females. The oviposition and duration of immature stages in peach were measured in fruits and in corn grains, used as control observation. The oviposition and larval development occurred in peach and apple fruits, with a development until to adult. The average of egg-to-adult was 47.4 d in peach and and 45.1 d apple fruits, respectively, while in corn grains, its natural host, the duration was 38.2 d. These results show that the damage caused by S. zeamais in peach and apple fruits may be due to oviposition and the development of immature stages. So, the novelty is in demonstrating that the maize weevil does not just feed as an adult opportunistically on the fruits, but can complete a full life cycle using fresh fruits.     

Development and reproduction of Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) and pollen

Due to growing criticism over the use of non-indigenous coccinellids, the two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata (L.), has enjoyed increasing attention for aphid biocontrol in Europe. In the current study, eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, whether or not supplemented with bee pollen, were evaluated as a factitious food for larvae and adults of A. bipunctata. The predator showed slower larval development and lower survival when reared on live pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), than on E. kuehniella eggs. Survival on gamma-irradiated eggs of E. kuehniella was superior to that on frozen flour moth eggs, but other developmental characteristics were similar. Adults of A. bipunctata reared on Ac. pisum were only half as fecund as those offered irradiated or frozen E. kuehniella eggs, but egg hatch was markedly better on live aphids than on flour moth eggs (61 versus 20-27%, respectively). However, when a diet of flour moth eggs was supplemented with frozen moist bee pollen, egg hatch of A. bipunctata was equally as good as on live aphids. Supplementing flour moth eggs with dry pollen did not yield satisfactory results. Only 10% of larvae reached adulthood on moist bee pollen alone and resulting adults weighed less than half as much as those obtained on flour moth eggs. Our findings indicate that A. bipunctata is able to compensate for a suboptimal diet of animal prey by supplementary feeding on flower pollen. It is concluded that pollinivory may be a crucial trait for both the rearing of this natural enemy and its use in biological control programmes.     

不同食物对西花蓟马生长发育的影响

[目的]比较玫瑰花粉、茶花花粉、油菜花粉、10％蔗糖溶液4种不同食物对西花蓟马生长发育的影响,为室内实验种群生命表的建立和种群生态学研究提供更为可靠的实验方法和数据.[方法]采用花粉-生物膜饲养法测定4种不同食物饲喂条件下西花蓟马生长发育和繁殖的参数.[结果]添加花粉能显著增加西花蓟马的产卵量,玫瑰花粉+10％蔗糖溶液饲养下的西花蓟马的平均产卵量最高(114.32粒),而10％蔗糖溶液饲养下的平均产卵量最低(55.21粒).在发育历期上,4种食物饲养的西花蓟马除若虫期有差异外(F=24.01,p=0.012),其余虫态均无显著差异.[结论]采用饲养效果最好的玫瑰花粉+10％蔗糖溶液连续饲养西花蓟马3个世代,编制实验种群生命表,其生命表参数为:平均世代历期(T)22.202 7～23.295 3 d;净生殖率(R0)59.0025～64.5397;内禀增长率(rm)0.177 7～0.183 7.     

Sub‐lethal effects of imidacloprid on bumblebees,Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae), during a laboratory feeding test

A laboratory feeding test was conducted on queenless micro‐colonies of three bumblebee workers (Bombus terrestris L) to study the effects of low doses of imidacloprid on pollen and syrup consumption, worker survival, brood size and larval development. Two doses were used: D1 = 10 µg AI kg⁻¹ in syrup and 6 µg AI kg⁻¹ in pollen; D2 was 2.5 times higher in syrup and 2.7 higher in pollen. During 85 days 27, 30 and 29 micro‐colonies were reared for control, D1 and D2 treatments respectively. Food consumption was not affected by either dose. During the 5‐day pre‐oviposition period the mean insecticide intake was 4.8 ng per day per worker in treatment D2. Both doses slightly but significantly affected worker survival rate by 10% during the first month, without any dose‐effect relationship. Brood production was significantly reduced in D1 treatment and larval ejection by workers was significantly lower in D1 and D2 than in control. No significant effect of D1 and D2 treatments on the duration of larval development was revealed. No residue could be detected in workers still alive after 85 days. It was concluded that the survival rate and reproductive capacity of B terrestris was not likely to be affected by prolonged ingestion of nectar produced by sunflower after seed‐dressing treatment with imidacloprid (Gaucho), since honey or pollen collected by honeybees foraging treated sunflower never revealed concentrations of imidacloprid higher than 10 µg kg⁻¹. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antibiosis of Eucalyptus plants on Podisus nigrispinus

The predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) has been used as a natural enemy to control herbivorous insects in eucalyptus plantations. However, because of the short co-evolutionary history of the predator with this imported plant species, the defensive compounds of eucalyptus may have a negative effect on the predator. Therefore, the survival and development of P. nigrispinus were studied on eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla; exotic host plant) and guava (Psidium guajava; native host plant). P. nigrispinus performance was indeed superior on guava plants than on eucalyptus. The number of fertile eggs and nymphal survival were 52.6% and 12.0% on guava compared with 20.0% and 1.3% on eucalyptus, respectively. Longevity of P. nigrispinus was 115 days on guava and 98 days on eucalyptus. This shows that the predator is not yet fully adapted to the exotic host plant. One possible reason is that the plant toxic compounds in eucalyptus act on this predator by antibiosis.     

A pollen test to detect ACCase target‐site resistance within Alopecurus myosuroides populations

This study was conducted to determine a suitable medium for in vitro germination of Alopecurus myosuroides pollen and to develop a reliable test for the rapid screening of ACCase target site‐resistant plants within populations. The assay is based upon germination of pollen in a medium supplemented with ACCase inhibitors. A 0.25% agar medium, containing 200 mg L^–1 CaNO₃, 100 mg L^–1 H₃BO₃, 200 g L^–1 sucrose, was selected as a suitable medium for in vitro pollen germination. At 25 °C, this medium supported a mean germination rate of 85% within two hours. Plants highly resistant (Rh) to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP), owing to the expression of an insensitive ACCase, were found to express this resistance in their pollen. In contrast, plants moderately resistant (Rm) to APP herbicides, owing to an enhanced capacity to detoxify herbicides, did not exhibit this resistance in their pollen. Concentrations of 120 μM fenoxaprop and 1000 μM clodinafop were selected as the best for reliable discrimination of the target‐site‐resistant biotypes. At these concentrations there was more than 50% germination of the Rh pollen grains whereas less than 10% of the S and Rm pollen grains germinated. This test, using haploid material, may also permit distinction between homozygous‐ and heterozygous‐resistant individuals.