松褐天牛成虫高毒力绿僵菌菌株筛选及液体振荡培养条件

对3株绿僵菌菌株通过不同温度水浴处理,发现了孢子的萌发条件;并开展了3菌株对松褐天牛成虫的毒力测定,筛选出Ma₇₈₉菌株的致病力较强。通过正交试验对其液体振荡培养条件进行了分析,选出了菌丝体生长最适培养基为蔗糖20 g·L^-1,酵母粉10 g·L^-1,KH₂PO₄ 3.0 g·L^-1,MgSO₄·7H₂O 1.0 g·L^-1,CaCl₂ 0.5 g·L^-1;培养液生孢子最适培养基为蔗糖20 g·L^-1,蛋白胨10 g·L^-1,KH₂PO₄ 1.5 g·L^-1,MgSO₄·7H₂O 2.0 g·L^-1,CaCl₂ 0.5 g·L^-1。     

闽北毛竹林枯落物层持水功能研究

以杉木林和常绿阔叶林为对照,对闽北典型毛竹林(杉竹混交林、毛竹纯林、竹阔混交林)林下枯落物储量、持水特性及其对降雨的拦蓄能力进行研究,结果表明:(1)各林分未分解层、半分解层和已分解层枯落物储量、最大持水量和有效拦蓄差异较大,但均以半分解层最高,分解层次之,未分解层最小;杉木纯林枯落物总储量、最大持水量和有效拦蓄均最高,分别为14.6 t·hm^-2、2.668 mm和1.43mm,竹阔混交林次之,分别为7.0 t·hm^-2、1.298 mm和0.76 mm,毛竹纯林最低,分别仅为4.7 t·hm^-2、0.916 mm和0.58 mm。(2)5种林分各层枯落物持水量与浸泡时间的关系为:S=k ln(t)+p,在0 - 2 h内,枯落物持水量迅速增加,此后增加速度逐渐减缓;其吸水速率与浸泡时间的关系为:V=at^-1+b,在0 - 1 h内,枯落物吸水速率迅速下降,2 h后下降速度逐渐减缓。(3)竹阔混交林枯落物持水能力虽小于杉木纯林但在竹林中最强,对此,在竹林改造和竹林经营过程中应加以重视。     

花吊丝竹组培快繁育苗技术研究

The rapid propagation technology of Dendrocalamus minor var. amoenus was studied by investigating the effects of some factors such as selection of explant, phytohormone, culture method etc. The results show that: The best month for explant collection of D. minor var. amoenus is May and June. The best position for explant collection is middle-upper part knot of semi-lignification branch. The clump shoot could be induced in medium with 3/4MS+BA 4 mg·L^-1+KT 1 mg·L^-1+CW 100 mL·L^-1. The optimal medium for subculture of D. minor var. amoenus is 3/4MS+BA 2 mg·L^-1+KT 1 mg·L^-1+CW 100 mL·L^-1. Liquid medium is beneficial for improving growth condition and proliferation rate of clump shoot. The medium 1/5MS+IBA 8 mg·L^-1+ NAA 4.5 mg·L^-1 + KT 0.1mg·L^-1 is a relative suitable rooting medium for D. minor var. amoenus, with the rooting method of synchronized treatment first and then rooting. The survival rate of seedlings could be higher than 90% in substrate of fine river sand∶peat soil=3∶ 1.     

尖峰岭抗逆性根瘤菌的筛选及其16SrDNA序列的测定

为了探讨木本豆科植物根瘤菌对不良环境的抵抗能力,对分离自海南尖峰岭国家自然保护区的9株根瘤菌进行了初步研究。结果发现:9株根瘤菌最适生长pH值均为7,最适NaCl含量均为10.0 g·kg^-1;菌株CAF224的最适生长温度为37 ℃,菌株CAF416、CAF438和CAF279的最适温度为20 - 28 ℃,其余5株为28 ℃。9株根瘤菌均可在pH值4 - 11、NaCl 20.0 g·kg^-1 、37 ℃条件下生长,其中CAF224和CAF276菌株耐受pH值3; CAF226可以在40.0 g·kg^-1 NaCl培养基中生长;CAF276可耐受20 min 50 ℃、10 min 60 ℃高温。不同宿主、不同生态条件下的根瘤菌株具有不同的抗逆性,通过综合分析,筛选出4株高抗菌株(CAF226、CAF276、CAF224、CAF414)。16S rDNA序列系统发育分析表明:9菌株在系统进化树上与GenBank中序列号为EF054889的Rhizobium tropici Clone H12(热带根瘤菌)聚为一族,相似度为99.4%,初步确定9株根瘤菌为热带根瘤菌。     

毒死蜱对舞毒蛾食物利用和解毒酶及AChE活性的影响

采用质量法和酶活性测定法研究了毒死蜱对舞毒蛾(Lymantria dispar)3龄幼虫食物利用的影响,并测定了其毒力及解毒酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性。用亚致死浓度(1.5 mg·L^-1)毒死蜱处理小黑杨叶片,饲喂舞毒蛾3龄幼虫,其幼虫生长率(RGR)、食物利用率(ECI)和食物转化率(ECD)均显著低于对照,而近似消化率(AD)显著高于对照,相对取食量(RCR)处理和对照间差异不显著。毒死蜱对舞毒蛾幼虫24 h致死中浓度(LC₅₀)为5.86 mg·L^-1,其毒力低于三氟氯氰菊酯而高于氧化乐果。毒死蜱对舞毒蛾3龄幼虫体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和AChE均有抑制作用,抑制程度为CarE＞AChE＞GSTs。毒死蜱通过影响舞毒蛾食物利用和抑制酶活性而表现出杀虫活性,为一种有效防治舞毒蛾的有机磷杀虫剂。     

密度对黑腹果蝇胚细胞系L-2/M delta 2-3 冻存效果的影响

使用双翅目昆虫黑腹果蝇( Drosophila melanogaster Fallen )胚细胞系L-2/M delta 2-3作为研究材料,制备10个密度试验组(0.81×10⁶~2.88×10⁷ 个·mL^-1,每组跨度大于2.00×10⁶ 个·mL^-1),分别在冻后第6、10、14个月对各组细胞冻后活力、回复时间长短、以及生长状况进行观察和比较,研究密度因素对细胞系L-2/M delta 2-3长期冻存效果的影响。结果表明:冻存密度对细胞系L-2/M delta 2-3冻后活力和状态恢复均有显著影响( P<0.05 )。细胞冻后活力下降速率随冻存密度增高而减慢,复苏后细胞状态恢复所需时间较短。将L-2/M delta 2-3的冻存密度提高至1.3×10⁷ 个·mL^-1以上有利于细胞活力的保持与冻后的恢复。     

云冷杉林风倒区坑丘微立地微气候因子时空变化及其与土温的关系

为了揭示云冷杉林生长季坑丘微立地上微气候因子的时空变化以及PPFD、RH、SWC与不同深度T_S的相关性。2013年7—9月在小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林风倒区1.50 hm²的固定样地内,测定所有35对坑丘微立地(丘顶、丘面、坑底、坑壁)的光量子通量密度(PPFD)、空气相对湿度(RH)、地表土壤温度(T_S0)、5 cm和10 cm深度的土壤温度(T_S5和T_S10),以及07.6 cm、012 cm和020 cm土壤含水量(SWC₁、SWC₂和SWC₃)等微气候因子,并将完整立地(未受掘根干扰的完整林地)设为对照样地。比较5个不同微立地微气候因子的月变化以及PPFD、RH以及SWC对土壤温度(T_S)的影响。结果表明:7—9月,坑丘微立地(丘顶、丘面、坑底、坑壁)的月均PPFD和T_S0均为7月>8月>9月,月均RH以及T_S5和T_S10均为8月>7月>9月,月均SWC均为8最大;7—8月不同微立地月均PPFD大小顺序均为丘顶>丘面>坑底>完整立地,9月却为丘顶>丘面>完整立地>坑底>坑壁;7—9月,各微立地T_S0大小顺序均为丘顶>丘面>完整立地>坑壁>坑底,而5 cm和10 cm均为丘顶>丘面>坑壁>完整立地>坑底;月均RH和月均SWC均为坑底>坑壁>完整立地>丘面>丘顶;7月丘顶的PPFD最大,为736.11 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,完整立地最小,为25.46 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,丘顶T_S最高,为26.29℃,坑底T_S最低,为5.13℃;浅层SWC大于较深层的,最大SWC出现在8月的坑底,为51.58%。相同微立地(丘顶、坑底、完整立地)PPFD与浅层T_S的相关性大于较深层的土壤,T_S0与PPFD呈正相关,与RH呈负相关。     

大孔吸附树脂对白蜡虫多糖脱色及抗氧化活性的影响

试验研究了大孔吸附树脂对白蜡虫粗多糖脱色效果的影响和脱色前后多糖抗氧化活性的变化。通过静态吸附法确定大孔吸附树脂NKA-9较适合白蜡虫粗多糖脱色,动态吸附法确定白蜡虫多糖脱色条件为30 ℃下10 mg·mL^-1多糖溶液（pH值8.0）以1 BV·h^-1流速上样1 BV后,以5 BV水洗脱,脱色率为71.4%、脱蛋白率51.9%、多糖收率为60%。体外细胞抗氧化结果表明：脱色前多糖溶液仅在1 000 μg·mL^-1浓度时能提升过氧化氢损伤人神经母细胞瘤细胞的存活率,而脱色后多糖溶液在10 1 000 μg·mL^-1范围内均能提升模型细胞存活率,其中,1 000 μg·mL^-1的脱色白蜡虫多糖与模型组的差异显著（P<0.01）,结果表明,脱色后多糖抗氧化能力增加。     

日本落叶松谷胱苷肽还原酶的生化特性研究

本研究从日本落叶松中克隆到一个谷胱苷肽还原酶(GR)基因,命名为LaGR。该基因编码563个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,预测分子量为61.06 kDa。表达模式分析发现LaGR基因在芽、成熟针叶、茎韧皮部和根韧皮部均表达,是组成型表达基因。蛋白质亚细胞定位研究发现LaGR蛋白定位在叶绿体。在大肠杆菌中表达并纯化了LaGR重组蛋白。酶学性质分析发现,LaGR蛋白对底物GSSG和NADPH具有较高的催化活性和亲和力,是热稳定蛋白,而且最适pH值范围在7.0 9.0之间。Cd²⁺、Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺等重金属离子对LaGR蛋白的催化活性具有明显的抑制作用。将LaGR蛋白的第528位His突变为Gln后,其突变蛋白的催化活性显著降低,而且与野生型LaGR蛋白相比,突变蛋白的动力学常数、最适pH值范围和热稳定性均发生了显著变化,预示着第528位的His在LaGR的催化特性和蛋白结构稳定性方面发挥着重要作用。     

油茶SRAP-PCR反应体系的优化

Camellia oleifera is one of the important oil tree species in south China, and C. oleifera industry is quickly developed with the support of the national policies in recent years. The disorder of C. oleifera varieties is one of the key issues restricting the development of C. oleifera industry. Because of high polymorphism, good repeatability, less use of DNA and so on, SRAP as a new marker was used in identification of cultivars, analysis of genetic resources and genetic diversity in recent years. In this paper, the orthogonal design was used to optimize SRAP-PCR system for C. oleifera by 5 factors (Mg²⁺, dNTPs, primer, Taq polymerase, DNA template) and 4 levels, respectively. The data were analyzed by software SPSS V13.0. A suitable SRAP-PCR system (20 μL) was established as: 75 ng DNA template, 1.5 mmol·L^-1 Mg²⁺, 0.15 mmol·L^-1 dNTPs, 1U Taq DNA polymerase, 0.4 μmol·L^-1 primer, 1×PCR buffer. The result of optimal SRAP-PCR system will provide a foundation for the identification of C. oleifera cultivars.     

植物生长调节剂对油茶芽苗砧嫁接愈合的影响

采用正交试验设计,通过制作石蜡切片以及光学显微观察系统研究了植物生长调节剂对油茶芽苗砧嫁接愈合及嫁接苗成活的影响。结果表明:GGR6、IBA、芸苔素内酯能够明显促进愈伤组织的分化形成、砧木和穗条愈伤组织的连接与延伸,进而加快嫁接苗的愈合过程,各处理愈伤比例均值较对照的增幅为28.01%,且比对照至少提前15 d完成愈合;GGR6、IBA、芸苔素内酯的不同浓度及不同施用方法浸基质、蘸根、喷叶对愈伤比例的形成以及嫁接苗成活率的影响差异极显著。促进油茶芽苗砧嫁接愈合的最佳处理方式为:0.03 g·L^-1 GGR6、0.2 g·L^-1 IBA及0.140.28 mL·L^-1 芸苔素内酯混合液500 mL+浸基质1.42 L。     

黄牡丹花粉生活力测定方法的比较研究

以黄牡丹的新鲜花粉为试材,利用单因子试验比较了液体培养基中蔗糖浓度、硼、钙、镁、钾对黄牡丹花粉萌发的影响,在此基础上进行了正交试验,比较了蔗糖、H₃BO₃及CaCl₂对黄牡丹花粉萌发的影响;通过对醋酸洋红染色法、I-KI染色法和TTC染色法的比较,寻找快速测定黄牡丹花粉生活力的方法。试验结果表明:蔗糖及H₃BO₃对黄牡丹花粉萌发有极显著影响。在pH值为6.0时,蔗糖150 g·L^-1+H₃BO₃30 mg·L^-1+CaCl₂20 mg·L^-1适宜黄牡丹花粉培养,萌发率为68.7%;纯水培养没有造成花粉原生质体破裂,内含物外流,但萌发率极低,仅为3%;200 g·L^-1以上的高浓度蔗糖溶液和300 mg·L^-1以上的高浓度盐溶液会造成原生质体失水萎缩,质壁分离,这两种情况都抑制花粉萌发;TTC染色法测得的花粉活力率为64.9%,是快速测定黄牡丹花粉生活力的最适染色法。     

Growth and nutrition of Pinus radiata in response to fertilizer applied after thinning and interaction with defoliation associated with Essigella californica

Infestations of Essigella californica following the installation of post-thinning fertilizer trials in Pinus radiata plantations provided an opportunity to examine the impact of repeated defoliation over a period of 8 years (1997–2005). Replicated treatments (n = 4) of nil fertilizer (control), N (300 kg ha⁻¹) as urea, P (80 kg ha⁻¹) and S (45 kg ha⁻¹) as superphosphates were applied immediately after thinning at three sites and this was followed by a second application of NPS fertilizers 6 years later with N applied at 300 kg ha⁻¹ as urea and ammonium sulphate and P at 80 or 120 kg ha⁻¹. Defoliation of untreated P. radiata gradually increased to 50% over a period of 8 years. Basal area growth was negatively correlated with average defoliation for two consecutive post-fertilizer periods of 6 and 2 years. Growth responses to fertilizer varied considerably between sites but the largest improvement in growth was due to NPS fertilizer, this increased basal area by 30–80%. Application of N fertilizer raised total N levels in foliage and increased defoliation with a commensurate loss in growth under conditions of deficiencies of S or P. Repeated infestations gradually increased the percentage of trees with severe defoliation (>80% loss of foliage) indicating that nutrient-deficient trees have a reduced capacity for foliage recovery between episodes of peak infestation. In contrast, treatment with N fertilizer in combination with S- and P-corrected deficiencies of these nutrients, raised levels of total N in foliage and reduced defoliation to approximately 20%. Basal area growth responses to NPS fertilizers reflected improved nutrition as well as reduced insect damage. The reduction in defoliation under conditions of balanced tree nutrition was most likely due to enhanced needle retention following correction of P deficiency as well as greater availability of nutrients enabling a more vigorous recovery of P. radiata after an episode of E. californica activity. Treatment with fertilizer therefore reduced the long-term impact of aphid damage and improved growth of P. radiata.     

Tree establishment under deficit irrigation on degraded agricultural land in the lower Amu Darya River region,Aral Sea Basin

Degraded land within the irrigated areas of the Aral Sea Basin is characterized by high soil salinity, shallow saline groundwater (GW), low irrigation water availability and thus is often unsuitable for crop cultivation. Afforestation is one option for mitigating such degraded land but to be successful it requires the selection of appropriate tree species and irrigation techniques for tree establishment. In a two factorial split–plot experiment the survival, dry matter production, root growth, and biomass partitioning of Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Ulmus pumila L., and Populus euphratica Oliv. were compared under three irrigation regimes for two consecutive years. During the third year, the response of the plantations to the cessation of irrigation was evaluated. A “deficit” and “full” water treatment, respectively amounting to 80 and 160 mm year⁻¹ was applied via drip irrigation. Traditional furrow irrigation supplied at the deficit rate, served as the control. Mixed linear model analysis showed significantly enhanced growth of P. euphratica under drip irrigation exceeding 7–14 times that under the control. Drip irrigation was not advantageous for the other species which effectively used the shallow (0.9–2.0 m deep) GW with a salinity ranging between 1.2 and 4.8 dS m⁻¹. After cessation of irrigation, all species at the deficit-irrigated plots retained or increased their growth rates. In contrast, formerly full-irrigated P. euphratica slowed down by about 50%, indicating that deficit watering created better pre-conditions for coping with the termination of irrigation. E. angustifolia produced about 30 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of above-ground biomass more than twice that of the other species, thus showing in the short-run its high potential on marginal land. U. pumila showed stable, albeit moderate growth rates and could be mixed with the short-living, fast-growing E. angustifolia plantations to optimize the yields. Low initial survival (57%) of P. euphratica was compensated for by its strong regeneration and drastically increasing growth rates. Initially high root-zone salinity exceeding 30 dS m⁻¹, stabilized over time within the medium range even in the absence of irrigation. The application of costly drip irrigation for plantation establishment appears unnecessary in the Aral Sea region Khorezm where a shallow, slightly-to-moderately saline GW table prevails throughout the growing season.     

西藏南伊沟林芝云杉林生物量与生产力研究

采用样地调查及标准样木收获法,研究西藏米林南伊沟成熟林芝云杉(Picea likiangensis var.linzhiensis林乔木层、灌木层、草本层、死亡木、凋落物层的生物量与生产力及其分配规律.结果表明:林芝云杉林生态系统总的生物量为367.49 t·hm-2,其中乔木层生物量最高276.64 t·hm-2,占总生物量的75.28％,其次是凋落层的生物量40.65 t·hm-2,占总生物量的11.06％.在乔木层中,干材生物量201.23 t·hm-2 (69.32％),皮25.53 t·hm-2(8.79％),枝17.80 t·hm-2(6.13％),叶3.33 t·hm-2(1.15％),根42.87 t·hm-2(14.61％).随着树木的生长,干材生物量所占比例增大,而枝、叶的比例则减小.林芝云杉林生态系统生产力为10.65 t·hm-2·a-1,其中乔木层最高5.00 t·hm-2·a-1,占总生产力的46.94％,其次为凋落层3.40 t·hm-2·a-1,占总生产力31.94％.在乔木层中仍以树干生产力最大2.58 t·hm-2 ·a-1,依次为枝(0.89 t·hm-2·a-1)、叶(0.67t·hm-2·a-1)、根(0.54t·hm-2·a-1)、皮(0.33 t·hm-2 ·a-1).     

宽叶杜香叶柄再生体系建立及种质离体保存研究

The tender leafstalks of Ledum palustre var.dilatatum were used as explants for the experiment.Uniform design for the most suitable media for shoots regeneration immediately at base of tender leafstalks,rooting and germplasm conservation in vitro was screened.The results showed that N6+ZT 2.65 mg·L-1+IAA 0.05 mg·L-1 was fits for shoots regeneration,the frequency of shoots induction was higher than 92.5%;MS(modified)+IAA 0.1 mg·L-1+Kt 0.75 mg·L-1 for rooting,the rate of rooting was 98%;N-68+B9 2.5 mg·L-1+ Ph...     

有无枯落物覆盖对加勒比松林地表径流及其K流失的影响

为了解有无枯落物对K随地表径流损失的影响,研究比较了有无枯落物加勒比松林地表径流中的K流失的特点,结果表明:有、无枯落物加勒比松林的年地表径流量分别为12.6、51.8 mm,主要发生在夏季,对应的地表径流系数分别为0.60%、2.48%,表明前者能有效削弱地表径流。2种林分的降水量和地表径流量的关系可用二项式方程表示。有、无枯落物加勒比松林各月的地表径流K浓度分别为3.2~36.3、1.8~6.0 mg.kg-1,通过地表径流输出的K量分别为701、982 g.hm-2。2008年5、6月为有枯落物加勒比松林的K流失高峰,6月为无枯落物加勒比松林的K流失高峰。地表径流的K浓度和径流量之间存在对数关系,K的流失量主要由径流量决定。     

Growth, foliar nutrition and δC responses of red alder (Alnus rubra) to phosphorus additions soon after planting on moist sites

In south-coastal British Columbia, a low availability of phosphorus (P) may limit the early growth of young red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.), even on sites classified as productive for red alder. However, it remains unclear as to what P addition rates best alleviate P deficiencies on such sites and how long effects of P additions on growth persist.We applied P 1-3 months after planting at rates up to 60 g P tree⁻¹ and assessed growth and foliar elemental contents over three growing seasons at three sites with site productivity classed as good for red alder. Foliar δ¹³C was also determined in year 1 in the two sites on Vancouver Island and in year 2 in the site on the British Columbia mainland coast in order to better understand the relationships among foliar nutritional status, leaf water use efficiency (WUE), and growth.P additions at planting significantly increased height (11-15%), diameter (26%) and stem volume (62-64%) through 3 years. Maximum growth rates were achieved at P addition rates of 30 g tree⁻¹ and at foliar P concentrations of 2.2-2.5 g kg⁻¹. Growth did not increase further at addition rates of 60 g P tree⁻¹. Stem growth increases were accompanied by increased individual leaf mass, first-year foliar concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg, and S, and foliar δ¹³C, the latter suggesting that WUE increased with P additions. Foliar concentrations of P in unfertilized trees were at deficient levels, based on earlier studies, and increases in first-year foliar P concentrations and stem growth through year 3 were consistent with responses in earlier single-tree plot experiments. Longer-term measurements are required to define the duration of growth response to P additions in these otherwise-productive sites.     

白花泡桐优树试管嫁接幼化及组培快繁技术研究

以白花泡桐优树‘白优2号’为试验材料,通过组织培养和试管嫁接方法,对白花泡桐优树材料的幼化技术进行了研究.结果表明:外植体初代培养萌发的嫩芽为最适合的接穗;‘建始桐3号’为试管嫁接较合适的砧木;采用劈接进行;MS+ NAA0.3 mg·L-1+蔗糖30 g·L-1为试管嫁接培养基;继代增殖和生根培养基分别为1/2MS ...