云南元谋干热河谷区加勒比松人工林枯落物层的水土保持功能研究

对云南元谋干热河谷区加勒比松人工林枯落物层水土保持功能的模拟试验结果表明:该河谷区的加勒比松人工林枯落物层具有截留降雨的作用,其降水截留率可达73.48%,且滞缓林地地表径流的效果显著;厚度为3 cm的枯落物层能抑制林地土壤水分的蒸发率达54.5%;加勒比松人工林的枯落物层能防止林地土壤的击溅侵蚀,当枯落物层厚2.0 cm时,林地土壤的滴溅侵蚀业已停止。     

华北落叶松枯落物覆盖对地表径流的拦阻效应

在宁夏固原六盘山叠叠沟小流域坡面径流小区(长0.9 m、宽0.5 m)内进行了10种枯落物覆盖量(0.0、0.5、1.0、3.0、5.0、7.0、10.0、15.0、20.0、25.0 t·hm-2)、5个入口流量(10、20、30、40、60 mL·s-1)的地表径流试验.结果表明:当枯落物覆盖量从0.0 t·hm-2增加到25.0 t·hm-2时,地表径流流速与无枯落物覆盖相比减小了57.50%～72.27%;地表径流流速随入口流量增加而明显加大,尤其是无枯落物覆盖时增加最快;在坡度为14°的条件下,枯落物覆盖对地表径流流速的阻延值△V(cm·s-1)与单宽流量q(mL·s-1·cm-1)、枯落物覆盖量G(t·hm-2)的关系为:△V=3.617 7q0.507 5G0.431 5(R2=0.910 2);枯落物覆盖量增加使地表曼宁阻力系数n值加大,在枯落物覆盖量小于10.0 t·hm-2时,n值随枯落物量增加而急剧加大;当枯落物覆盖量在10.0～25.0 t·hm-2范围内增加时,n值的加大趋势逐渐变缓;n值与枯落物覆盖量之间呈较好的二项式关系.     

油松林枯落物对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

本文研究了油松林枯落物对林地坡面土壤侵蚀的影响，即土壤颗粒在雨滴击溅和冲刷作用下，枯落物对侵蚀性降水所引起的土壤流失有抑制作用，并对枯落物防止土壤侵蚀功能作一探讨。研究表明原状枯落物层（２ｃｍ厚）油松林下无溅蚀发生，去掉枯落物层有微量溅蚀发生；其侵蚀径流量由有枯落物覆盖地表的２３１５ｍ￣３／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）较无枯落物的５９３７．５ｍ￣３／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）减少６１．２４％，其侵蚀模数由有枯落物层的１．１４４ｔ／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）较无枯落物层的８．９２ｔ／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）减少８７．７１％，在该油松林集水区，因原状枯落物保护较好，所以在该流域无水土流失，起到了水土保持的作用。     

祁连山南麓退耕地人工植物群落的枯落物容水性能

对位于祁连山南麓的青海省大通县退耕地人工植物群落的枯落物容水性能进行了研究。该地区从20世纪80年代初期陆续退耕还林的人工植物群落年龄虽只有10~27 a,但其枯落物层厚度已达2.9 cm,相当于天然植物群落(30~200 a)的56.9%;其枯落物容水量平均达4 mm,相当于天然植物群落的35.7%。研究表明退耕地植物群落的林龄越大,植物垂直层数越丰富,则枯落物干物蓄积量和容水率越大,枯落物容水量也越大。在人为去除枯落物层后,其地表径流速度较去除前增加了33%~35%,枯落物层的缓流、滞流作用十分明显。经逐步回归分析,影响植物群落枯落物容水量的因素99.8%的为枯落物干物的蓄积量、林龄、植物层数和枯落物容水率。     

人工针叶用材林生态系统涵养水源功能的研究

从树冠截留降雨、枯落物持水及土壤蓄水三个方面对辽东山区人工针叶用材林生态系统的涵养水源功能进行了定量研究。结果表明:各人工针叶用材林生态系统树冠的截流率为18.3%~28.5%;枯落物贮量为10.1~19.4 t.hm-2,枯落物最大持水量取决于枯落物贮量及其最大持水率,最大持水率为自身干重的1.5~2.5倍;0~40 cm土层的土壤蓄水量为840~1520 t.hm-2。综合分析表明:6种人工针叶用材林的涵养水源功能主要决定于土壤蓄水量,树冠截留雨水和枯落物持水起辅助和调节作用,其中,长白落叶松林的涵养水源功能最强,其次是华山松林、日本落叶松林、红松林、油松林,而云杉林的涵养水源功能相对最弱。     

石灰岩区不同地类植物枯落物抗冲性试验研究

通过对枯落物抗冲性测定资料分析,枯落物抗冲能力与植物种类和枯落物厚度相关。不同地类植物枯落物对土壤冲失量和冲失时间不同,冲失量由小到大的排列顺序为侧柏、白草、黄背草、山合欢、毛黄栌、荆条、野皂角、酸枣、荒坡。具有枯落物的地类土壤冲失量主要取决于冲刷过程1min前。不同种类植物枯落物滞缓地表径流速度不一。但有枯落物可以控制既能冲刷又能搬运土壤颗粒的径流力量。     

水库集水区林下枯落物及土壤的水源涵养功能研究

通过对临安市水涛庄水库集水区森林地表土壤和林下枯落物的取样分析,分别对11种森林类型的枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养特性进行研究,从而得到该区域森林枯落物及土壤的水源涵养功能值。研究结果表明:研究区枯落物水源涵养总量为9.17×10~4m~3,单位面积水源涵养量为17.10 m~3/hm~2,单位面积持水拦截量表现为马尾松-白栎-短柄枹栎混交林青冈栎林麻栎林短柄枹栎林山核桃林灌木林毛竹林金钱松林马尾松林高节竹林杉木林;土壤水源涵养总量为2108.41×10~4m~3,单位面积水源涵养量为3931.06 m~3/hm~2,单位面积持水量表现为马尾松-白栎-短柄枹栎混交林青冈栎林毛竹林麻栎林短柄枹栎林金钱松林高节竹林马尾松林杉木林灌木林山核桃林。     

森林类型与水土流失关系探讨

通过坡地设置径流场、雨量点进行定位实测方法，分析降雨量与林草地表土流失、森林类型与地表径流及土层孔隙性关系，阐明森林和灌草地均有很好的减少表土侵蚀的功能．多层次的植被覆盖和保持良好的地面枯落物层的森林地，只有４．３％以下的降雨量形成地表径流，比单层乔木结构纯林减少以上．多年实测资料表明，减少林地表土侵蚀功能最好的森林类型为乔、灌、草或乔、草加枯落物层结构，其植被垂直投影盖度接近１，各层累加总盖度＞１．４．灌草结构坡地也有较好的防止表土侵蚀功能．郁闭度过大单层乔木纯林，地表裸露时功能最差．要减少林草地表土流失，坡地在雨季必须有良好地面覆盖．     

退耕还林地枯落物层容水特性研究

林地枯落物层是组成植物群落结构的一个重要层次,可以有效吸收透过林层的降水,滞缓地表径流产流时间,降低地表径流速度,延长汇流时间,是植物群落涵养水源、保持水土的主要功能层次。本文以青海大通县退耕还林地多种植物群落的枯落物为研究对象,着重探讨退耕还林地植物群落枯落物层的容水性能,为合理评价退耕还林工程的水土保持工程提供重要依据。     

松材线虫入侵对湖北三峡地区马尾松林水源涵养能力的影响

[目的 ]为了探讨松材线虫入侵后松林枯落物层和土壤层水源涵养能力的变化趋势。[方法 ]以湖北三峡地区松材线虫入侵不同年限(0 a(未入侵)、6 a、10 a和16 a)的马尾松林为对象,采用环刀法、烘干法与室内浸泡法对林分地表枯落物和土壤层水源涵养能力进行了测定,并结合枯落物有效拦蓄量和土壤有效蓄水量定量比较林分枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养能力在松材线虫入侵不同年限间的变化趋势。[结果 ]表明：(1)松材线虫入侵不同年限间马尾松林枯落物蓄积量、有效拦蓄量和最大持水量均无显著差异(P>0.05),枯落物总厚度为3.47～5.34 cm,总蓄积量为6.11～9.62 t·^-2,枯落物有效拦蓄量为9.71～14.77 t·^-2。(2)松材线虫入侵不同年限间马尾松林土壤含水量、土壤密度、非毛管孔隙度存在显著差异(P<0.05),毛管持水量为333.42～378.33 t·^-2,饱和蓄水量为386.27～461.20 t·hm^-2,入侵6 a的马尾松林0～10cm和10～20 cm土层土壤有效蓄水量...     

A comparison of litterfall and element fluxes in even aged Norway spruce,sitka spruce and beech stands in Denmark

Litterfall was investigated in three even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies), sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands on a nutrient poor-soil in Southern Denmark. Dry weights and N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Na, Al, and Fe concentrations and fluxes were examined in litterfall fractions. Foliage litter amounted to 90% of total litterfall. The tree stands showed a similar mean annual litterfall. In the spruce stands, annual litterfall was correlated negatively with the current year increment and positively with the previous year increment. Annual litterfall in beech was constant during the 6 study years whereas Norway spruce and sitka spruce showed large fluctuations between years caused by drought, spruce aphid infestations and probably sea salt stress. Norway spruce responded with a long lasting elevated needle loss. Sitka spruce responded to infestations with premature needle loss during short periods. The presence of a large syrphid (Coccinellidae) population was important in regulating aphid (Elatobium abietinum) population density. The between-year variation in element concentrations of litterfall was small whereas variations during the year were large. Interspecific levels were recognized: Norway spruce>beech>sitka spruce. High concentrations in Norway spruce were ascribed to a combination of drought, sea salt stress and elevated transpiration. In sitka spruce, aphid infestations reduced the litterfall N content. Sitka spruce showed the smallest amount of base cation fluxes with litterfall. In contrast, spruce and beech exhibited even litterfall element fluxes. Litterfall studies revealed reduced vitality in the non-native spruce stands and underlined the perception of a healthy stand of native beech.     

不同生长调节剂处理对卡特兰开花的影响

通过花鞘注射生长调节剂的方法,研究不同浓度的生长调节剂对卡特兰开花和开花性状的影响,结果表明:注射GA₃浓度为60、120 mg·kg^-1,卡特兰盛花期显著提前13.34、22.34 d,萼片、花瓣、花柄和花葶的长度显著增加;注射10 mg·kg^-1的NAA能够使花期提前,花朵显著增大;注射ABA对卡特兰的花期没有影响,注射ABA浓度为40 mg·kg^-1时,开花率下降,花朵缩小。注射60 mg·kg^{-1相似文献}   

日本北海道北部寒温带森林流域林冠层凋落物及其养分归还量的景观格局(英文)

Within a forested watershed at the Uryu Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University in northern Hokkaido, overstory litterfall and related nutrient fluxes were measured at different landscape zones over two years. The wetland zone covered with Picea glehnii pure stand. The riparian zone was deciduous broad-leaved stand dominated by Alnus hirsuta and Salix spp., while the mixture of deciduous broadleaf and evergreen conifer dominated by Betula platyphylla, Quercus crispula and Abies sachalinensis distributed on the upland zone. Annual litterfall averaged 1444, 5122, and 4123 kg.hm^-2·a^-1 in the wetland, riparian and upland zones, respectively. Litterfall production peaked in September-October, and foliage litter contributed the greatest amount （73.4%-87.6 %） of the annual total litterfall. Concentrations of nutrients analyzed in foliage litter of the dominant species showed a similar seasonal variation over the year except for N in P glehnii and A. hirsuta. The nutrient fluxes for all elements analyzed were greatest on riparian zone and lowest in wetland zone. Nutrient fluxes via litterfall followed the decreasing sequence： N （11-129 kg.hm-2.aq） 〉 Ca （9-69） 〉 K （5-20） 〉 Mg （3-15） 〉 P （0.4-4.7） for all stands. Significant differences were found in litterfall production and nutrient fluxes among the different landscape components. There existed significant differences in soil chemistry between the different landscape zones. The consistently low soil C：N ratios at the riparian zone might be due to the higher-quality litter inputs （largely N-fixing alder）.     

Cd及矿质营养元素在结缕草植株中的积累特性

以水培方法研究了镉在结缕草中的积累特性及对矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明:Cd²⁺处理下结缕草根、叶中镉的分布比例为细胞壁>胞液>细胞器。低浓度(1、10 mg·L^-1)处理下,结缕草茎细胞液中镉的比例分别较细胞壁中镉的比例高出61.70%、69.60%;高浓度(100 mg·L^-1)处理下,细胞壁中镉的比例较细胞液中镉的比例高出47.70%。低浓度(1、10 mg·L^-1)处理的结缕草地下部的镉含量显著高于地上部,而高浓度下(100 mg·L^-1)结缕草地上部的镉含量较地下部显著提高37.31%;随着处理浓度的升高,镉转运系数显著提高,100 mg·L^-1处理下镉转运系数分别较1、10 mg·L^-1提高了4.12、2.45倍。高浓度(100 mg·L^-1)处理下,结缕草地下部N、K、Ca、Mg含量下降,P、S含量有所提高。高浓度(100 mg·L^-1)镉处理下,地上部N含量较对照显著上升16.11%,Ca、Mg的含量均较对照升高;不同浓度镉处理的地上部P、K、S含量均较对照降低。     

Response of Douglas-fir leaf area index and litterfall dynamics to Swiss needle cast in north coastal Oregon, USA

Sources of variation in leaf area index (LAI; m² of projected leaf area per m² of ground area) and its seasonal dynamics are not well known in managed Douglas-fir stands, despite the importance of leaf area in forecasting forest growth, particularly in stands impacted by insects or disease. The influence of Swiss needle cast (SNC) on coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb] Franco) LAI and litterfall dynamics was quantified by destructively sampling 122 stems from 36 different permanent plots throughout north coastal Oregon, USA, and by monitoring litterfall for 3 years in 15 of these plots. LAI, total annual litterfall, and the seasonal distribution of foliage and fine woody litterfall were all influenced by stand structural attributes, physiographic features, and SNC severity. Mean LAI in this study was 5.44 ± 2.16. The relatively low LAIs were attributed primarily to the effects of SNC on foliage retention, and secondarily to its direct measurement by hierarchical foliage sampling in contrast to indirect measurement by light interception or tree allometry. For a given stand structure and SNC severity, LAI was 36% greater in the fall after current year foliage was fully developed and older aged classes had not yet senesced. Annual litterfall expressed as a proportion of LAI at the start of the growing season varied from 0.13 to 0.53 and declined with increasing initial LAI. SNC also shifted more of the annual foliage litterfall to earlier in the spring. Fine woody litterfall experienced a different seasonal shift as the peak occurred later in the year on sites with high SNC, but this only occurred on northerly aspects. Defoliation from the endemic SNC pathogen can drastically reduce LAI and change both total and seasonal foliage litterfall patterns.     

麻竹人工林水文生态效应

在福建南靖连续4a对1995年春在杉木采伐迹地上营造的株行距为3m×4m、4m×5m和5m×6m3种密 度的麻竹试验林进行水文生态效应观测。结果分析表明:(1)麻竹林冠截持量与降水量和林分密度均呈正相关,而 秆茎流和林内降水量与降水量呈正相关,与林分密度呈负相关。密度为825丛·hm-2的麻竹林的年林冠平均截持 量和截持率为155.2 mm和14．61％,林内平均降水量和降水率为829．0 mm和78．11％,竹秆茎流量和茎流率为 77.3mm和7.31％。(2)麻竹林地表枯落物具有吸持其自身干质量2．8倍水量的潜在能力。(3)3种密度麻竹林的 0-60 cm土壤层最大潜在蓄水量为315．3-326．3 mm,略低于毛竹林367．9mm。(4)麻竹林地表径流和泥沙流 失量与降水量呈正线性相关,与林分密度呈负相关;竹林密度为825丛·hm-2的麻竹林年地表平均径流量、土壤侵 蚀模数是密度为330丛·hm-2的麻竹林的0．55、0．45倍,其NO3-、NH4 、PO43-、K 等养分年流失量则分别是密 度为330丛·hm-2的麻竹林的0．58、0．49、0．36、0．49倍。     

不同改造措施对马尾松低效林土壤活性有机碳的影响

通过马尾松低效林改造试验,研究了不同改造措施(全砍重造(QKCZ)、封山育林(FSYL)和补植混交(BZHJ))对土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的影响.结果表明:马尾松低效林改造后土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)和易氧化碳(EOC)含量分别比未改造的马尾松低效林(对照,CK)增加了1.06～3.30 g·kg-1、16.81～142.29 mg·kg-1 (P ＜0.05)、12.83～43.71 mg· kg-1(P＜0.05)和0.16 g～0.54 g·kg-1(P＜0.05);不同改造措施马尾松林土壤活性有机碳占土壤有机碳的比例大小顺序,微生物量碳/有机碳(MBC/SOC)为FSYL＞ CK＞ QKCZ＞ BZHJ,易氧化碳/有机碳(EOC/SOC)为CK＞ BZHJ＞ FSYL＞ QKCZ,水溶性有机碳/有机碳(DOC/SOC)为BZHJ＞ CK＞ FSYL＞ QKCZ.说明3种马尾松低效林改造措施中QKCZ的土壤有机碳稳定性最好,更有利于土壤有机碳固存.     

Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on amount and nutrient content of litterfall in a regrowth eucalypt forest

The effects of fertilizer treatment on nutrient transfers to the forest floor were examined in regrowth Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell. forest. Dry weight and nutrient content of leaf litterfall and total litterfall were measured for 3 years in a stand to which two levels of N (0, 200 kg ha^-1 year^-1) were applied each year at each of three levels of a single initial application of P (0, 30, 200 kg ha^-1). Annual accessions of litter to the forest floor were significantly increased by additions of both N (by 17%, 18% and 21% in the 3 years) and 200 kg P ha^-1 (by 8%, 8% and 4% in the 3 years) but there was no interaction between effects of N and P treatments. Fertilizer application also had a significant effect on the nutrient content of leaf litterfall and total litterfall. Concentration of N in leaf litterfall was 9% to 23% greater on plots treated with N fertilizer compared to untreated plots. The amounts of N in litterfall were about 30% greater on N-treated compared to untreated plots. On plots treated with 200 kg P ha^-1, P concentrations in leaf litter were 50% to 100% greater than in litter from plots receiving no P. Application of 200 kg P ha^-1 increased the amounts of P in annual litterfall by 32% to 87%. The greatest increase in P accessions occurred soon after fertilizer treatment. The amounts of Ca, K, and Na in litterfall were also significantly increased by fertilizer application. For Ca and K this was due partly to increases in element concentrations in litterfall following application of treatments. The effect of fertilizers on internal recycling of plant nutrients and on litter accumulation and nutrient dynamics in forest floor litter is discussed.     

白花泡桐优树试管嫁接幼化及组培快繁技术研究

以白花泡桐优树‘白优2号’为试验材料,通过组织培养和试管嫁接方法,对白花泡桐优树材料的幼化技术进行了研究.结果表明:外植体初代培养萌发的嫩芽为最适合的接穗;‘建始桐3号’为试管嫁接较合适的砧木;采用劈接进行;MS+ NAA0.3 mg·L-1+蔗糖30 g·L-1为试管嫁接培养基;继代增殖和生根培养基分别为1/2MS ...     

Biomass production,nutrient cycling and distribution in age-sequence Chinese fir (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cunninghamia lanceolate</Emphasis>) plantations in subtropical China

Biomass production and nutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) accumulation, distribution and cycling were quantified in young, mature and over-mature (10-, 22-, and 34-year old) Chinese fir [Cunninghamia lanceolate (Lamb.) Hook] plantations in southern China. Total stand biomass of young, mature and over-mature stands was 38, 104 and 138 t ha^?1 respectively. Biomass production increased significantly with age. Stem wood represented the highest percentage of stand biomass, accounting for 41, 55 and 63 % in the young, mature and over-mature plantations respectively. Nutrients concentration was highest in live needles and branches, and lowest in stem wood. The plantations accumulated more N, followed by K, Ca, Mg, and P. Nutrient return amount, nutrient utilization efficiency, nutrient turnover time, the ratio of nutrient return and uptake increased with stand age, which implies that young Chinese fir deplete soil nutrients to maintain growth, and efficiently utilize nutrients to decrease dependence on soil nutrients as they age. Harvesting young Chinese fir plantations would therefore lead to high nutrient loss, but prolonging the rotation length could improve soil recovery, and help sustain productivity in the long-term. Improved nutrient return through litterfall as stands get older may also be beneficial to nutrient pool recovery.