桉树木材皱缩形成机制与调控研究进展

文章综述了近年来国内外学者对桉树木材皱缩形成机制的研究进展, 分析了可有效防止木材皱缩的后期调湿处理、热处理、加压或拉伸处理以及预冻处理等主要预处理方法对减少木材皱缩的作用, 展望了今后木材皱缩研究的发展趋势, 以期为我国桉树人工林资源高附加值利用提供参考。     

预冻处理减少木材皱缩的研究

以大青杨为试验材料，研究了预冻处理对木材干燥皱缩特性的影响，分析了木材在冰冻处理过程中木材细胞腔和细胞壁尺寸的变化规律，理论上计算了细胞壁强度的增加范围。并通过电子显微镜分析冰冻过程对木材细胞壁结构的影响，进而深入探讨预冻处理减小木材皱缩的机理，为减少木材皱缩提供理论基础。结果表明：预冻处理可以减少大青杨木材的皱缩。     

按树木材干燥特性与工艺及其皱缩研究现状

本文回顾和分析了桉树木材与干燥有关的材性和干燥特性，指出按木的密度、含水率和干缩率变异性大、渗透性差，在干燥过程中易产生皱缩、开裂等干燥缺陷，若采用预冻处理和前后期调温处理可减少木材的皱缩；同时建议研究各种桉木不同规格板材的干燥基准和两段式干燥工艺。     

木材皱缩评价指标的研究

近年来 ,国内外学者对木材皱缩缺陷开始关注 ,澳大利亚学者Ｔ .ＣＩｎｎｅｓ( 1 995,1 996)、中国学者王喜明 ( 1 989)、刘　元 ( 1 994)等分别研究了澳大利亚产桉木如多枝桉、细叶桉和赤杨、山杨等木材的干燥皱缩缺陷。他们从调湿处理对皱缩的作用 ;皱缩材组织结构的变化 ;皱缩机理 ;皱缩极限温度 ;预冻处理对皱缩的作用等方面做了大量深入而细致的工作。所取得的成果公开发表后得到同行学者的认可 ,对进一步研究避免皱缩的干燥工艺打下了较好的基础。但在众多有关木材皱缩的研究报告中 ,普遍遇到一个同样的问题就是如何定量地去评价和测量…     

热水处理对王桉木材干缩率和皱缩的影响

研究了热水处理的温度和时间对王桉（Eucalyptus regnans）木材全干干缩率和皱缩的影响。结果表明：随着处理温度的升高,王桉木材的全干干缩率呈增大的趋势,70℃和80℃时,处理时间对王桉木材的各向干缩率的影响不大;90℃和100℃时,处理时间对王桉木材的各向干缩率影响明显。经100℃热水处理6 h后王桉木材体积、弦向和径向全干干缩率分别增大了78.3%、116.1%和44.4%,分别达到25.5%,18.8%,7.8%。王桉木材的皱缩深度随处理温度的升高显著增大,处理时间对王桉皱缩深度的影响不明显。     

预冻及压缩预处理对尾巨桉干燥特性的影响

桉木在干燥过程中极易发生皱缩,使木材降等严重甚至报废,有效地解决桉木干燥皱缩问题是桉木资源高附加值实木化利用的重大难题之一。对桉木进行适度的预处理能够改变其内部细胞的微观结构,形成新的水分迁移通道。以尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)为试材,对其进行预冻、压缩及预冻-压缩预处理,然后进行常规干燥,研究预处理条件对桉木干燥速率、干燥应力应变及皱缩特性的影响。结果表明:3种预处理条件都能有效提高桉木的干燥速率,其中,预冻-压缩预处理后试件的干燥速率提高20%,幅度最大。预处理材与未处理材残余应力指标变化趋势一致,干燥后期预处理材指标值小于未处理材,残余应力小。3种预处理方式都不同程度地改变了细胞壁微观构造,破坏了皱缩发生的条件,抑制了木材的干燥皱缩。其中,预冻-压缩预处理材全干缩率最大减少15.8%,抑制木材皱缩效果最为显著。预冻-压缩预处理能够改变木材的微观结构,改善了木材的干燥特性,是一种有效抑制木材干燥皱缩的预处理技术。     

桉树木材干燥特性与工艺及其皱缩研究现状

本文回顾和分析了桉树木材与干燥有关的材性和干燥特性 ,指出桉木的密度、含水率和干缩率变异性大、渗透性差 ,在干燥过程中易产生皱缩、开裂等干燥缺陷 ,若采用预冻处理和前后期调湿处理可减少木材的皱缩 ;同时建议研究各种桉木不同规格板材的干燥基准和两段式干燥工艺     

木材干燥皱缩机理及其特性研究

本文从理论上探讨了木材干燥皱缩的机理．并通过对红柳桉和多枝桉进行干缩性试验，阐述了木材干燥皱缩的特征、特性及其影响因子．揭示了木材干燥皱缩受外界环境影响的规律，对在生产中克服和防止木材干燥皱缩有一定的参考价值．     

木材的皱缩

本文给出了木材皱缩的定义,分析了皱缩机理,木材细胞皱缩的基本条件和外界条件,探讨了皱缩的特性,皱缩的评价指标以及评价之间的关系。     

干燥工艺条件对木材皱缩特性的影响

以内蒙古西部产大青杨为研究树种,研究了干燥工艺条件对木材皱缩特性的影响,通过正交试验分析了温度、湿度对皱缩材的皱缩深度,体积收缩率和皱缩因子的影响,并探讨了影响的原因。     

Shrinkage and collapse in thin sections and blocks of Tasmanian mountain ash regrowth

Summary Total collapse values from the green condition to various equilibrium moisture contents (EMC) were obtained by comparing shrinkage before reconditioning in matched blocks and sections of the wood of Eucalyptus regnans. It was shown that while collapse to 17% EMC comprised the largest portion of total collapse, a significant component, apparently caused by drying stress, developed below 17% EMC. Between 5% EMC and 0% moisture content a collapse recovery of some 1% occurred, seemingly because of changes in drying temperature. After reconditioning, collapse recovery was only partial and a high level of residual collapse remained. It was shown that collapse recovery was highest near the sapwood-heartwood boundary, while residual collapse was highest near the heartwood centre. While residual collapse was weakly negatively correlated with specific gravity, this relationship was not significant after adjustment was made for change in shrinkage after reconditioning in sections. All types of collapse were positively correlated with R-ratios calculated for blocks. However, relationships were not as well defined when R-ratios for sections were employed, the exception being for collapse below 17% EMC which was highly negatively correlated with R. The difference between shrinkage before reconditioning and shrinkage after reconditioning in sections, while totalling near zero, was positively correlated with specific gravity. It was demonstrated that this quantity could not constitute collapse in the traditional sense of collapse of the cell lumens. A possible association with moisture content of the material was discussed.     

Towards defining a wood quality index for the eucalypts: the R-ratio

Summary The derivation of a value termed the R-ratio (the change in external wood volume during shrinkage or swelling per change in the weight of the associated volume of water) and its possible use as an indicator of dimensional stability (Chafe 1986, 1987), has led to its consideration as a potential wood quality index for the eucalypts. An analysis of R with respect to mechanical strength, durability, volumetric shrinkage, collapse and density in 38 species of eucalypts has shown a high degree of correlation and suggests that R could provide a single overall indication of timber quality.While density was more highly correlated with strength and durability than R, the R-ratio was more highly correlated with shrinkage. Also, when predictor criteria (strength, durability, shrinkage, density) were mutually adjusted in multiple regression analysis, R remained significantly correlated with each. When density was similarly regressed against shrinkage, durability and strength, the relationship was not significant for shrinkage.The observed high correlation between durability and density suggests that mass of wood substance is an important criterion in defining resistance to wood decay.The author wishes to thank Dr. W. E. Hillis, Mr. W. G. Keating, Mr. J. Ilic and Mr. E. P. Lhuede for kindly assigning wood quality rankings to the 38 species of Eucalyptus discussed herein     

马尾松中龄施肥木材密度和干缩率的研究

选用广西马尾松龄施肥材料（连续观测13年），根据国际《木材物理力学试验方法》，研究了施肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响，结果表明：N、P、K三要素中，以N、P肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响较大。⑴总的来说P增加木材密度和干缩率，N肥降低木材密度木材干缩率。N、P肥降低木材差异干缩。施K肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响规律性不明显。⑵N、P、K施肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响及其变化程度，与肥种、施肥量、树干部位、木纹方向、气干或全干状态有关。施P肥木材密度具有增加的趋势，而且树干下部基本密度方差分析各处理间差异显著。N、K肥对木材密度的影响，规律性不明显。P肥使木材干缩率增加，P肥主要增加的是全干干缩率和径向气干干缩率，特别是树干下部径向气干干缩率各处理间差异显著。K肥对干缩率的影响规律性不明显，有待进一步研究。⑶为了保证木材质量，对于纤维用材林，主要施P肥；对于结构用材林，可施P肥，适当考虑N肥、K肥施用应慎重。     

栽植密度对杉木木材干缩性能的影响

对两种不同栽植密度的杉木Cunninghamialanceolata木材密度和弦向、径向、体积全干干缩率进行了测定和分析．结果表明,木材密度随着栽植密度的增大而增大,且达到极显著水平;而木材弦向、径向和体积全干干缩率,则随着栽植密度的增大而减小;两种栽植密度的木材体积全干干缩率与基本密度呈负相关;木材干缩比与基本密度、栽植密度大的呈正相关,与栽植密度小的呈负相关．因此,适当增加栽植密度可以改善杉木木材的性质,但其影响规律仍需进一步研究．     

Collapse and internal checking in the latewood of Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell

Summary Tangential shrinkage was measured on longitudinal-tangential slices of separate earlywood and latewood from one board of Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. at various temperatures. Large amounts of collapse shrinkage were measured in the latewood slices, and lesser amounts in the earlywood slices. Collapse shrinkage in the earlywood was found only when the slices were dried at temperatures above a minimum temperature (the collapse threshold temperature). End-coated board sections approximately 200 mm long were rapidly dried at dry-bulb temperatures below the collapse threshold temperature for earlywood. Incipient internal checks were found in the latewood of these boards. Board sections dried at higher temperatures showed internal checks starting in both early and latewood. A non-linear drying simulation model was modified to take the heterogeneous nature of wood into account. This model predicted that internal checks would form in this wood even if it were dried sufficiently slowly to avoid surface checking.Symbols D Diffusion coefficient - e_c Creep strain - e_i Instantaneous strain - e_m Mechano-sorptive strain - e_n Net strain - e_u Unconfined shrinkage strain - EW Earlywood - FSP Fibre saturation point - LW Latewood - L-T Longitudinal-tangential slice - MC Moisture content (kg water/kg dry wood) - q Moisture concentration - R-T Radial-tangential slice - t Time - y Depth in board The author is pleased to acknowledge the assistance of Emeritus Professor A. R. Oliver, Associate Professor P. E. Doe, University of Tasmania, and the Australian Furniture Research and Development Institute     

杨树无性系多性状相关分析

以9年生黑杨派无性系试验林为试材,分析了多个性状间的相关关系,结果表明,生长、干形、冠形及木材性状间均存在显著的相关关系。首次发现树高与边材宽度存在极显著的遗传正相关,表明选育树高生长快的无性系,其边材宽度将得到提高,木材性状相应得到改良;生长性状与气干密度的相关性不显著,故对生长性状的改良并不影响木材性状的表现;气干密度与其它力学性状呈显著或极显著遗传正相关,与干缩率相关不显著,这表明选择气干密度大的无性系,其力学性状会得到显著提高,而对干缩率影响不显著。这些结论对于优良无性系选择具有重要的指导意义。