中国东北地区中长期畜禽粪尿资源与污染潜势估算

规模化畜牧业、农牧分离等引起了一系列问题，尤其是饲养方式改变后，畜禽粪尿养分的循环和处理最值得关注。该文利用统计资料和文献数据，估算了东北三省畜禽粪尿产生量及其中的氮磷养分和COD含量，在此基础上评价和预测了2002～2020年畜禽粪尿资源及其环境风险。结果表明，2003年辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省畜禽粪尿耕地承载量分别为24、20、11 t/hm²，耕地畜禽粪尿承载量在空间上分布极不平衡。2003年，辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省禽粪尿排泄物进入水体的COD数量占畜禽粪尿、工业、生活排放COD总量的52％、65％、40％。预测表明，2010年、2020年畜禽养殖业对东北三省环境污染的风险将进一步扩大。因此，需要制定相应的政策法规来控制畜禽粪尿污染。     

基于农户的农业生态系统能流分析

运用生态学原理和系统分析法,以新疆尉犁县达西村40个典型农户的农业生态系统为对象,分析了农田、果园和畜牧业等亚系统能量流动途径、人工辅助能投入、能量产出、能量结构偏差以及能量转化效率等能流特征。结果表明:农户生态系统是综合经营性的、既保留有传统农业精华又具有现代农业特点的系统。由于人工辅助能投入、有机能投入偏低,农田生态系统的光能利用率和产出水平都处于较低水平。增加人工辅助能投入、提高有机能投入比例能够提高能量转化效率、增加能量产出。初级生产系统和次级生产系统之间结构比例不协调、能流结构偏差很大,既造成初级生产提供的生物能流失和浪费严重,又使初级生产系统缺乏足够的有机肥源。扩大农户畜禽饲养规模,大力发展农区畜牧业,是优化农户生产结构、协调各亚系统之间关系的重要方向和有效途径。     

猪的舍饲散养清洁生产工艺及其关键技术

积极开展工业化健康养殖模式的研究与产业化示范，对推动养猪业的现代化，实现养猪业的跨越式发展具有极其重要的意义。该文分析了中国养猪业现状及其存在的主要问题，提出了一套融猪的生理、生态、行为、习性于一体的舍饲散养清洁生产工艺模式，并就其技术特点、关键技术内容及其配套设施设备进行了全面介绍。该工艺模式是在充分考虑动物福利的基础上，通过将养猪工艺与节能节水型干清粪方式和动物福利的有机结合，来改善猪的饲养环境条件、增进猪只健康水平、节约水资源、节省人工，使现代养猪生产更赋予自然化、人性化。为提高中国畜禽养殖业工业化发展水平，建立安全、优质、高效、节耗、环境友好型畜禽养殖业技术体系，增强中国畜产品的国际市场竞争能力提供了技术支撑。     

中国东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术与资源化利用模式分析

为摸清东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术与资源化利用模式应用现状,该研究采用问卷调研与现场评估相结合的方式,对黑龙江、吉林和辽宁3省272个规模化养殖场进行了调研,分析了养殖畜种与存栏量、粪污产生量、粪污处理技术、粪污处理设施设备以及粪肥还田参数等数据,总结了东北地区畜禽粪污处理技术应用现状和资源化利用模式特点。结果表明：东北地区主要粪污收集工艺为干清粪,占比达94.35%。固体粪便以堆沤肥工艺为主,占所调研养殖场的86.93%,各畜种粪便存储设施面积符合畜禽规模化养殖场粪污资源化利用设施建设规范要求。液体粪污主要处理方式为粪水贮存,占所调研养殖场的68.18%;奶牛养殖场粪水贮存设施小于建设规范要求。东北地区粪肥还田主要种植作物为玉米,占所有种植作物的78.13%,现有配套土地面积普遍低于畜禽粪污土地承载力测算需求面积。固体粪肥主要施肥方式为人工施肥,占比达88.00%;液体粪肥主要施肥方式为漫灌和喷灌,占比分别为54.17%和37.50%。整体来看,东北地区粪污处理与资源化利用主要技术模式为“干清粪+粪便堆沤+粪水贮存”。研究结果可为东北地区粪污处理和资源化利用模式推广和政策制定提供参考。     

先进的养鸡设备是提高生产效益的重要手段

通过对国外先进养鸡设备、工艺、技术的考察，结合我国养鸡业的现状，通过对比、分析，说明要实现养鸡生产的现代化、集约化，机械设备是关键的一环。机械设备是工艺、技术的载体，先进的饲养工艺、技术必须有先进的机械设备的支持才能实现。因此，要实现畜牧业的现代化，首先要从系统工程的角度研究和实现畜牧机械的现代化。     

先进的养鸡设备是提高生产效益的重要手段

通过对国外先进养鸡设备、工艺、技术的考察，结合我国养鸡业的现状，通过对比、分析，说明要实现养鸡生产的现代化、集约化，机械设备是关键的一环。机械设备是工艺、技术的载体，先进的饲养工艺、技术必须有先进的机械设备的支持才能实现。因此，要实现畜牧业的现代化，首先要从系统工程的角度研究和实现畜牧机械的现代化。     

畜舍颗粒物减排技术研究现状

随着大规模集约化畜牧业的发展，畜牧生产过程中产生的大量悬浮颗粒物（Particulate Matter，PM），已成为大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的重要来源。畜舍粉尘主要来源于饲料、粪便、皮屑、毛发等，其表面附着有细菌、真菌、病毒等致病微生物以及氨气、硫化氢等有害气体，不但严重威胁畜牧场工作人员和家畜的健康，还导致周边大气环境污染。科学适用的PM减排技术是保障畜舍及周边环境空气质量的重要手段。该研究概述了畜舍PM的排放源、特征及危害，从源头、过程、末端3个环节分别论述了国内外畜舍颗粒物减排技术的研究现状及存在问题。源头减排包括饲料、清粪工艺、饲养模式等方面的优化，经济且高效。过程减排包括喷雾降尘、通风除尘、静电除尘等技术，旨在降低舍内悬浮在空气中的颗粒物。喷雾技术相对成熟，但易滋生细菌且不适用于低温季节；通风技术对去除畜舍PM上应用最为广泛且高效，需要综合考虑满足畜舍通风换气与降尘的要求；静电除尘技术对人畜无干扰，但在除尘效率和二次扬尘方面有待进一步优化。末端减排包括洗涤降尘技术与过滤降尘技术，目的是减少PM对外界大气环境的污染。洗涤技术可以去除排气中多种污染物，但设备易腐蚀；过滤技术成本低，对大颗粒物的去除效率高，但易堵塞。该研究对畜舍PM减排技术研究现状进行综述，以期为未来开发高效、节能、经济、环保的畜舍PM减排技术提供参考。     

规模化笼养蛋鸡舍冬季氨气和颗粒物排放特征研究

畜禽养殖的氨气(NH3)和颗粒物(particulatematter,PM)排放已成为危害人畜健康,并可能造成环境风险的重大问题。该文选择北京郊区一典型规模化蛋鸡养殖舍,对典型冬季条件下蛋鸡舍的NH3和PM排放进行了连续8d的监测;并根据二氧化碳平衡原理,对NH3及PM的排放通量进行了估算。研究结果表明,蛋鸡舍出风口处NH3平均质量浓度为(4.58±3.29)mg/m3,每只鸡NH3排放通量为(32.2±12.5)mg/d。蛋鸡舍出风口处PM2.5、PM10和总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulates, TSP)质量浓度为(0.13±0.06)、(0.81±0.16)、(3.28±1.32)mg/m3,每只鸡PM2.5、PM10和TSP排放通量分别为(0.7±0.4)、(6.3±1.4)、(27.6±12.5)mg/d。氨气以及PM的排放均随着舍内1次/2 d的机械清粪频率呈现2 d的周期变化趋势。除清粪作业、鸡群日间活动等影响外,舍内PM2.5浓度一定程度上受舍外环境本底值影响。舍内PM2.5与PM10的比例在10.4%~20.4%之间。舍内PM2.5颗粒上所含的K+、Mg2+含量均显著高于舍外环境本底PM2.5(P0.05)。同时舍内及舍外PM2.5颗粒上解析出来的阳离子所带的电荷量均高于阴离子。研究结果可为畜禽养殖NH3和PM排放清单的编制提供基础参数;同时对畜禽舍PM的组分研究,可为后续开展二次无机气溶胶形成机理以及颗粒物源解析的研究提供支撑。     

树鼩的人工饲养与管理

树鼩归属于灵长目与食虫目之间独立的目——树鼩目，已被广泛应用于医学和生物学研究中。然而目前国内外用于实验研究的树鼩主要来自野外捕捉；也未见有关树鼩批量人工繁育的文献报道。作者通过16对树鼩的繁育来摸索树鼩的人工饲养与管理方法，繁育出了一定数量的G1后代。本文将从树鼩的饲养环境与笼舍设备、饲料与饲喂方法、饲养管理的基本要点以及不同生理周期采取的不同饲养技术和管理方法等方面进行详细地介绍。     

中国寒旱区农村卫生旱厕技术调研及评价

随着中国农村人居环境整治力度的不断增强，农村厕所环境得到了极大改善。但中国寒冷、干旱地区受制于地理气候条件限制，导致传统"水冲式厕所+污水处理厂"的处理模式无法大规模使用，而传统旱厕又很难满足当前对粪污处理的卫生及无害化要求，亟需研发建设适合于寒冷、干旱地区的卫生旱厕。该研究对全国57个县（市、区）进行了走访调研，结合文献资料，结果如下：针对目前国内寒冷、干旱地区常用的卫生旱厕处理技术进行了归纳总结，主要包括好氧发酵技术和兼氧贮存技术两种，涵盖了堆肥式厕所、微生物降解式厕所、粪尿分集式厕所、双坑交替式厕所、太阳能干化式厕所5种类型厕所，对5种类型厕所进行卫生学和经济学对比评价，发现采用好氧发酵技术的微生物降解式厕所和生物堆肥式厕所对比其余3种采用兼氧贮存技术类型的厕所粪污处理效果显著，尤其是在粪污病原微生物的处理效果方面，具有灭活效果显著且处理时间短等优点。采用兼氧贮存技术的3种类型厕所在采购成本、运行成本及经济效益方面优势显著，但粪污处理效果不够理想。以上结果为后续研究基础，以期为中国农村"厕所革命"下一阶段厕所改造过程中卫生旱厕的选择提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.