Population characteristics ofDendrolims superans in Daxing’an Mountains

Dendrolims superans produced one generation every two years. Large larvae and small larvae exist at the same time. It broke out in Daxiang an Mountains in 1990, and seriously destroyed growth ofLarix gmelini Rupr. In order to controlD superans, the population properties ofD superans were studied from 1991 to 1992, including sexratio, age distribution, pattern etc.. The sex ratio ofD. superans population is ♀∶♂ − 1.06:L. The larvae age distribution indicates that larvae over 5 instar is less than younger larvae under 4 instar in Yongqing forest farm, but the younger larvae under 4 instar is more than larvae over 5 instar in Hanjiayuanzi Forest Farm. The population ofD. superans in Yongqing Farm has been declining. and mereasing in Hanjiayuanzi. Pupae and eggs are mainly distributed in middle and lower crowns layer of trees respeetively account for 66% and 59.5% of total individuals. The pupae in higher crown layer is lightly regular distribution and clumping distribution middle and lower crowns layer of trees. The eggs in higher crown is light clumping distribution and random in middle and low crown of tree. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)     

马尾松古松叶蜂的研究

马尾松吉松叶蜂（ＧｉｌｐｉｎｉａｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａＸｉａｏ）属松叶蜂科Ｄｉｐｒｉｏｎｉｄａｅ，是危害马尾松的一种新害虫，近年来在安徽滁县沙河集林业总场发生相当严重。经研究，此虫一年发生２代，以预蛹越冬。该幼虫的空间分布型为聚集分布，我们编制了“马尾松吉松叶蜂地面茧数”查定表；制定了防治指标；其防治适期为２—３龄幼虫出现高峰期：第１代为５月１５－３０日；第２代为１０月１０—２５日。以２．５％溴氰菊酯乳油２０００—５０００倍液等进行喷雾防治，效果均在９４％以上；以２．５％溴氰菊酯乳油等加柴油配成油烟剂进行喷烟防治，效果在９６％以上。     

松黄叶蜂幼虫空间分布型的研究

研究了松黄叶蜂幼虫在林内和树冠内地北方位及各小区的分布。通过聚集指标测定,幼虫在林内,树南北方位,上、中、下三层均为聚集分布。树冠内南中和北上层小区为均匀分布,其余小区为聚集分布。适合于松黄叶抽样方法为以抽样,最佳抽样区为树冠下层。     

蜀柏毒蛾卵与初龄幼虫种群株内分布规律的研究

本文对蜀柏毒哦1年2代的卵期与初龄幼虫期在单株上分布规律进行探讨。调查各向各层的种群数量,分析它们与全株数量的相关关系。经方差分析与r值检验,两代卵和初龄幼虫对不同树冠方向的分配比例无显著性差异,而对不同冠层则有极显著性差异,卵集中于中下层,幼虫则集中于上中层;各树冠方向各冠层种群数量与全株数量直线相关极显著。     

用绿色威雷杀虫剂防治落叶松毛虫

绿色威雷是一种触破式微胶囊杀虫剂。于2001年4月在讷河市保安林场对该杀虫剂防治落叶松毛虫(Dendrolimus superans T.)进行了药效试验。在越冬幼虫上树之前,分别用150,250,350,和450倍药液喷洒落叶松树干,喷洒长度(高度)为1.0, 2.5, 5.5 m。防治结果表明,喷洒150,250,350倍药液取得较为理想的防治效果(幼虫死亡率达97%),450倍液的防治效果为70%幼虫死亡率。绿色威雷杀虫剂可以用作春季防治落叶松毛虫越冬幼虫的一种有效的杀虫剂。推荐使用350倍液和1m的喷洒长度。表1参5。     

Coordination of crown structure, leaf plasticity and carbon gain within the crowns of three winter-deciduous mature trees

We examined the vertical profiles of leaf characteristics within the crowns of two late-successional (Fagus crenata Blume and Fagus japonica Maxim.) and one early-successional tree species (Betula grossa Sieb. et Zucc.) in a Japanese forest. We also assessed the contributions of the leaves in each crown layer to whole-crown instantaneous carbon gain at midday. Carbon gain was estimated from the relationship between electron transport and photosynthetic rates. We hypothesized that more irradiance can penetrate into the middle of the crown if the upper crown layers have steep leaf inclination angles. We found that such a crown has a high whole-crown carbon gain, even if leaf traits do not change greatly with decreasing crown height. Leaf area indices (LAIs) of the two Fagus trees (5.26-5.52) were higher than the LAI of the B. grossa tree (4.50) and the leaves of the F. crenata tree were more concentrated in the top crown layers than were leaves of the other trees. Whole-crown carbon gain per unit ground area (micromol m(-2) ground s(-1)) at midday on fine days in summer was 16.3 for F. crenata, 11.0 for F. japonica, and 20.4 for B. grossa. In all study trees, leaf dry mass (LMA) and leaf nitrogen content (N) per unit area decreased with decreasing height in the crown, but leaf N per unit mass increased. Variations (plasticity) between the uppermost and lowermost crown layers in LMA, leaf N, the ratio of chlorophyll to N and the ratio of chlorophyll a to b were smaller for F. japonica and B. grossa than for F. crenata. The light extinction coefficients in the crowns were lower for the F. japonica and B. grossa trees than for the F. crenata tree. The leaf carbon isotope ratio (delta(13)C) was higher for F. japonica and B. grossa than for F. crenata, especially in the mid-crown. These results suggest that, in crowns with low leaf plasticity but steep leaf inclination angles, such as those of F. japonica and B. grossa trees, irradiance can penetrate into the middle of the crowns, thereby enhancing whole-crown carbon gain.     

Canopy development in young sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) stands in relation to changes with age in crown morphology and structure

In young sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) stands, crown shape (crown length/crown diameter) ratio, average branch inclination, and spatial density of foliage in the crown increased with stand age. Within crowns, foliage distribution increased from the apex downward and, until crown closure, reached a maximum near the crown base. After crown closure, the maximum occurred near the middle of the crown. In each stand, foliage distribution in the canopy showed almost the same vertical change over time as it did in individual crowns. The vertical distribution of foliage in the canopy moved upward with stand age, accompanied by an increase in canopy depth and leaf mass. The shape of the vertical distribution was almost symmetrical between the upper and lower halves in the closed stands, although slightly skewed downward. The logarithm of average spatial density decreased linearly as cumulative leaf mass increased with distance from the top of the canopy. The total cross-sectional area of the crowns exceeded the stand area from the middle of the canopy downward in the closed stands because of crown overlap. However, partly because of changes in crown morphology and structure, the increase in leaf mass with stand age did not always cause more severe crown competition.     

Analysis of the morphology and structure of crowns in a young sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) stand

Crown form, vertical changes in branch inclination and vertical distribution of foliage density in a young sugi (Crytomeria japonica D. Don) stand were analyzed using allometric equations. Tall trees had deeper crowns than short trees, whereas the crown diameters of both tall and short trees were similar. Apical roundness was more pronounced in the lower-story trees, which were characterized by umbrella-shaped crowns. The vertical distribution of foliage density was approximated by a nearly symmetrical curve. Tall trees had higher spatial densities of foliage than short trees. Branch inclination also varied significantly with tree height. The middle-story trees had the largest branch inclinations and the lower-story trees had the smallest branch inclinations. Even in young uniform stands, crown morphology and structure were modified in response to the light environment.     

核桃根象生物学特性及防治试验

核桃根象(Dyscerus juglaus)是四川省青川、平武等地危害核桃最为严重的害虫之一。该虫2a一代，跨3个年度，以幼虫蛀食核桃根颈部皮层致使大树衰弱乃至枯死。越冬成虫3月中旬开始活动，6月开始产卵，至到9月。卵期10d左右。幼虫孵化蛀食核桃韧皮部危害，至当年11月，以幼虫形态越冬。翌年3月开始活动，4月化蛹，蛹期20d～30d。成虫羽化后，当年可交配产部分卵，并以成虫在根颈部越冬。防治试验表明，以氧化乐果注射入树皮受害上方防治效果较好。     

噻虫胺·高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂防治落叶松毛虫高龄幼虫的试验效果

落叶松毛虫(Dendrolimus superans)在春季大发生时多为3~6龄,可造成严重危害。通过使用噻虫胺·高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂对春季高龄幼虫进行防治试验,结果表明:使用该药剂稀释1000倍液防治3~6龄幼虫见效快、效果好;虫口密度不高时可采用1800倍液喷雾施药;防治3龄以下幼虫,可稀释2500倍液喷雾防治。     

兴安落叶松鞘蛾性引诱剂应用技术研究

利用100 ugZ5-10：OH性引诱剂对净月林区兴安落叶松鞘蛾进行引诱试验,结果表明：该性引诱剂对兴安落叶松鞘蛾雄蛾的引诱效果明显,树冠上层诱捕器的诱虫量明显高于树冠中、下层;诱虫量随林分虫口密度的增加而降低。利用性引诱剂可有效监测和防治落叶松鞘蛾。     

Invasive sequence and ecological niche of main insect borers of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix gmelinii</Emphasis> forest in Aershan,Inner Mongolia

After the outbreak of Dendrolimus superans Buter in 2002, many insect borers quickly invaded larch （Larix gmelinii Rupr.） forests in the Aershan of Inner Mongolia. Methods involved included setting sample plots, collecting adults in iron traps and measuring areas of galleries to study the invasive sequence, their ecological niche and the extent of the different effects by the main insect borers to their hosts. The results showed that the damage of D. superans weakened L. gmelinii, first Ips subelongatus Motschulsky invaded, followed by Acanthocinus carinulatus Gebler, Monochamus urussovi Fisher and M. sutor L. After the outbreak of D. superans, the average density of longhorn beetles per L. gmelinii tree increased. The ecological niche of Ips subelongatus stretches almost from the base to the top of the trunk. The number of insects in older stands of L. gmelinii is larger than those in middle aged stands. They do not damage healthy trees of L. gmelinii. The ecological niche of A. carinulatus is higher in dead L. gmelinii trees than in weak ones. The degree of damage is directly proportional with age and depth of bark. M. urussovi mainly damages trunks below 4 m in weak trees; in dead trees they can do damage up to 6 m in height. M. sutor mainly damages trunks below 5 m in weak L. gmelinii trees; in dead trees they cause damage up to 7 m. Again, the degree of damage is directly proportional with age. None of the three species of longhorn beetles damage healthy L. gmelinii and younger trees. Among the main insect borers, the degree of damage caused by I. subelongatus is more serious than that of other insects.     

杨树新无性系冠层特性与生长关系研究

对 5年生黑杨无性系的冠层特性与材积生长之相关性进行了研究。材积生长与全树总叶面积TLA、树冠表面积TCA和冠型率CSR呈极显著正相关而与叶面积指数LAI、冠层密度CLD呈负相关。冠层内上、中层的叶面积对材积生长起了决定性作用 ,下层叶面积与材积生长关系不大。水平方向 ,冠层内、外部叶面积特性对材积生长贡献较大 ,而中部叶面积特性贡献小。阐明了杨树生长的理想冠层特性。     

乌柏金带蛾生物生态学研究

乌桕金带蛾(Eupterote sapivora Yang)属鳞翅目带蛾科,是乌桕(Sapium sebiferum Roxb.)树上重要的害虫,还为害22种重要的经济林和用材林。幼虫取食叶片、嫩枝及花萼。该虫在贵州常年成灾,受害面积达30多万亩,可使乌桕籽减产20％,出油率下降8％—15％。为开展防治技术研究,我们于1986—1988年在正安县、遵义县对其生物生态学作了研究,现将结果报道如下。     

竹小蜂幼虫空间分布型及其抽样技术研究

对竹小蜂幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术进行研究,结果表明,幼虫种群呈普通聚集分布。在较低密度下,其基本成分是面积为4株楠竹大小的个体群。个体间相互吸引。进行化学防治以后,对种群的空间分布型无影响。但因种群密度降低而使种群聚集程度提高。幼虫在竹梢中部的分布显著不同于上部,而与下部无显著差异。在株内取样调查时,以竹梢中部为最佳:进行样地调查时,以双对角线法取样为最佳。     

祥云新松叶蜂茧空间格局的研究

祥云新松叶蜂(NeDdiP,l’o:石ang夕翻ic姗)是云、贵、川三省飞播云南松林区发生和危害严重的新害虫,有关其茧的空间格局尚未有过报道,作者于1988年在这方面作了研究,现将结果报道于下。     

松阿扁叶蜂虫龄和虫口密度对油松松针的影响

松阿扁叶蜂是我国林业的主要害虫之一,严重危害油松、樟子松。本试验采用室内饲养法,在实验室从卵开始饲养各个虫态的松阿扁叶蜂幼虫,分析不同虫口密度下各虫龄幼虫对松针的危害状况。试验结果表明,松阿扁叶蜂在3龄前食量较小,3龄和4龄阶段是快速生长期,也是危害油松高峰期。在3龄前进行防治,可以取得较高的防治效果。     

蜀柏毒蛾自然种群生命表研究初报

1990年～1991年在中江县柏木林区对蜀柏毒蛾自然种群生命在进行了系统观测,组建了3个生命表。蜀柏毒蛾自然种群生存曲线属Southwood N型,卵期和低龄幼虫期死亡率很高,主要消亡因子是卵寄生蜂、越冬卵不育、初孵幼虫的生理死亡及雨水的作用。1990、1991年第1代种群增长指数为0.9066。0.2063,下代种群均呈下降趋势,而1990年越冬代种群增长指数为12.1732,下代种群呈上升趋势。天敌的控制作用表现在中老龄幼虫以及蛹期,且随着虫龄的增大而越加显著。因此采取化学防治方法控制虫灾时,宜在低龄幼虫期进行。