香蕉组培苗果实的采后病害及防腐保鲜

对香蕉青果和贮藏期间的病果进行了分离培养和致病性测定,鉴定出潜伏侵染幼果的真菌有Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｍｕｓａｅ（Ｂｅｒｋ＆Ｃｕｒｔ．）Ａｒｘ,Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ．Ｐｅｔａｌｏｔｉａｓｐ．和Ｍａｒｃｒｏｐｈｏｍａｍｕｓａｅ等,造成贮藏病害的主要病菌有Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｍｕｓａｅ,Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ;Ｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌｉｕｍｓｐ;Ｍａｃｒｏｐｈｏｍａｍｕｓａｅ;Ｂｏｔｒｙｏｄｉ     

香蕉萎蔫病菌小种Ⅰ和Ⅱ对香蕉栽培品种的接种研究及自然感染

集装箱化生产的ＧｒｏｓＭｉｃｈｅ（ＡＡＡ）和Ｂｌｕｇｇｏｅ（ＡＢＢ）香蕉栽培品种，作为指示植物被接种真菌，用来测定香蕉萎蔫病菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍｆｃｕｂｅｎｓｅ）的小种Ⅰ和小种Ⅱ的发生情况；这些小种是从亚洲，澳洲和拉丁美洲的尖叶蕉（Ｍｕｓａａｃｕｍｉｎａｔａ）和尖叶蕉与长梗蕉（Ｍｕｓａｂａｌｂｉｓａｎａｎ）的杂交种植株上分离     

湖北恩施马铃薯一种新记录病害

在湖北恩施从马铃薯上采集到一种叶斑病，病原菌鉴定为Ｍｙｃｏｖｅｌｏｓｉｅｌａ（Ｃｅｒ－ｃｏｓｐｏｒａ）ｃｏｎｃｏｒｓ（Ｃａｓｐ．）Ｄｅｉｇｈｔｏｎ，经文献检索该病害为湖北省内新记录。初步调查，马铃薯灰斑病（Ｍ．ｃｏｎｃｏｒｓ）在个别品种上零星发生。     

Creating new middle breeding materials by utilizing new techniques

ＴｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｌｅｄｂｙＤｒＫｕｎｉｈｉｒｏＹ．（Ｊａｐａｎ）ａｎｄＤｒＱＩＡＮＱｉａｎ（Ｃｈｉｎａ）ｎｏｗａｄｖａｎｃｅｓｓｍｏｏｔｈｌｙ．Ｍａｉｎｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓａｎｄｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｃａｎｂｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄａｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ：１）ＲｉｃｅｉｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｃｅｒｅａｌｃｒｏｐｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．Ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｏｆｔｈｅｈｙｂｒｉｄｒｉｃｅｍａｋｅｓｔｈｅｒｉｃｅｙｉｅｌｄｓａｔｉｓｆｙｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓ ｉｎｇｄｅｍａｎｄｓ．Ｂｕｔｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇ ａｃｏ…     

田野菟丝子形态、特性与危害的研究

田野菟丝子形态、特性与危害的研究郭琼霞，黄可辉（福州动植物检疫局福州３５００１３）田野茧丝子ＣｕｓｃｕＺａｃａ。ｐ。ｓｉｒ。。Ｙ。。－ｎｃｋｅｒ属族花科Ｃｏｔ；。ｏｌｖｕｌａｃｅａｅ．冤丝子亚科Ｃｕ。ｃ。ｔｏｉｄｅａ。、茧丝子属Ｃｕｓｃ。ｔａ的全寄生...     

The insecticide resistance in stripped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis （Walker）

Ｔｈｅｓｔｒｉｐｐｅｄｓｔｅｍｂｏｒｅｒ（ＳＳＢ），Ｃｈｉｌｏｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓａｌｉｓ（Ｗａｌｋｅｒ）ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｉｎｓｅｃｔｐｅｓｔｓｏｆｒｉｃｅｉｎＣｈｉ ｎａ．ＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｃｏｍｍｏｎｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｉｎＳＳＢｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｓｉｎｃｅ１９５０ｓ．Ｉｎｓｅｃｔｉｃｉｄｅｓｕｓｅｄｉｎ ｃｌｕｄｅｄＢＨＣｂｅｆｏｒｅ１９８３；ｏｒｇａｎｏｐｈｏｓ＿ｐｈｏｒｕｓｉｎｓｅｃｔｉｃｉｄｅｓ（ｍｅｔｈｙｌ＿ｐａｒａ＿ｔｈｉｏｎ，ｔｒｉｃｈｏｐｈｏ…     

‘Kabuli’鹰嘴豆种质的抗枯萎病筛选

由ＦｕｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍＳｃｈｌ．Ｅｍｏｎｄ．ＳｎｙｄａｎｄＨａｎｓ．ｆ．ｓｐ．ｃｉｃｅｒｉ（Ｐａｄｗｉｃｋ）Ｓｎｙｄ．ａｎｄＨａｎｓ（简称ＦＯＣ）侵染引起的枯萎病是鹰嘴豆（ＣｉｃｅｒａｒｉｅｔｉｎｕｍＬ．）的一种毁灭性病害,有２３个国家...     

鹰嘴豆有限生长习性的诱导和遗传

鹰嘴豆有限生长习性的诱导和遗传Ｈ．Ａ．ＶａｎＲｈｅｅｎｅｎ等几种豆科植物如菜豆（ＰｈａｓｅｏｌｕｓｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓＬ．），大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｍａｘ（Ｌ．）Ｍｅｒｒ）和木豆（Ｃａｊａｎｕｓｃａｊａｎ（Ｌ．）Ｈｕｔｈ）可以表现出有限生长习性或无限生长习...     

侵染红花的黄瓜花叶病毒的鉴定及株系初步研究

１９９５和１９９６年分别在武昌和云南红花病株上获得两个黄瓜花叶病毒（ＣＭＶ）分离物ＣＭＶ—ＣＷ和ＣＭＶ—ＣＹ。ＣＭＶ—ＣＷ引起红花黄化花叶、严重矮化，而ＣＭＶ—ＣＹ仅引起红花轻花叶。在供试２３种植物中，两个分离物侵染１６种植物。两个分离物均能被桃蚜以非持久性方式传播，不通过红花种传；体外稳定性状分别为：致死温度５５～６０℃和５０～６０℃，稀释限点１０－４～１０－５和１０－３～１０－４，体外存活期３ｄ和４ｄ；病毒颗粒球状，直径分别为２７．２ｎｍ和２８．０ｎｍ；外壳蛋白分子量分别为２７５００和２８１００Ｄ。ＣＭＶ—ＣＷ和ＣＹ血清学性质和ＣＭＶ—ＣＡ相近。通过ＲＴ—ＰＣＲ扩增，获得ＣＭＶ—ＣＷ和ＣＭＶ—ＣＹ预期的５３４ｂｐ病毒外壳蛋白基因ｃＤＮＡ片断。株系研究表明，参试的ＣＭＶ—ＣＷ、ＣＭＶ—ＣＹ和其他２个ＣＭＶ中国分离物在温度敏感实验和血清学性质上与ＣＭＶ—Ｄ株系一致或相近，属于ＣＭＶ亚组Ｉ。依据在一组寄主植物上的反应，将４个参试ＣＭＶ分离物作了初步株系划分。     

Special rice in China

ＭｉｎｇｓｈｕｉＲｉｃｅ：ＩｔｏｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＺｈａｎｇｑｉｕＣｏｕｎｔｙ，ＳｈａｎｄｏｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．ＴｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＭｉｎｇｓｈｕｉＲｉｃｅｗｅｒｅ：ａｂｓｏｒｂｉｎｇｍｏｒｅｗａｔｅｒ，ｓｗｅｌｌｉｎｇｕｐｇｒｅａｔｌｙａｆｔｅｒｂｅｉｎｇｓｏａｋｅｄ，ａｎｄｂｅｉｎｇ ｓｔｉｃｋｙ ａｎｄｓｍｅｌｌｉｎｇ ｆｒａｇｒａｎｔａｆｔｅｒｃｏｏｋｅｄ．Ｌｅｎｇｓｈｕｉｂａｉ：Ｉｔｗａｓａｌｓｏｃａｌｌｅｄ＂ＭａｇｕＲｉｃｅ＂ｆｒｏｍＧｕｓｈａｎＴｏｗｎ，…     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.