罩网兼作金枪鱼延绳钓的钓钩深度与渔获水层分析

2015年3-4月及2017年1月在南海外海进行了两次罩网渔船兼作金枪鱼延绳钓的捕捞试验,基于试验数据分析延绳钓钓钩深度及渔获水层分布,以期优化改进试验钓具,有效提高南海金枪鱼延绳钓捕捞效益。研究发现:1)经济渔获以剑鱼(Xiphias gladius)与黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)为主,剑鱼的单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE,kg·千钩-1)为所有渔获中最高; 2)钓钩深度(D)与钩位(n)、风速(SW)、风流合压角(γ)成正相关,与漂移速度(SD)、投绳船速(SV)呈负相关,回归方程为:D=10. 259n-37. 247SD-29. 878SV+6. 940SW+23. 493γ+35. 633; 3)模型的预测结果与实测数据间无显著性差异,相对权重表明各影响因子中钩位具有最大的相对重要性; 4)试验中拟合钩深分布范围为35. 08～110. 80 m,剑鱼上钩率与CPUE最高的水层为60～80 m,黄鳍金枪鱼上钩率与CPUE最高的水层为80～100 m; 5) 60～80 m水层主要经济渔获CPUE最大且钓钩数目最多,认为钓钩水层分布较合理。     

印度洋公海温跃层与黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼渔获率的关系

2005年9月15日-12月12日,金枪鱼延绳钓渔船"华远渔18、19号"对印度洋公海进行了金枪鱼渔业调查.利用多功能水质仪(XR-620)、温盐深仪(CTD SBE37SM)和微型温度深度计(TDR-2050)等获取海洋环境数据,得出作业海域的温跃层深度和强度,结合每天作业时记录的渔获数据,分别计算黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼在温跃层内和深水层的渔获率,研究温跃层与黄鳍金枪鱼和大眼金枪鱼渔获率之间的关系.结果表明:(1)2艘船分别有60.9%和60.0%的作业天数中,温跃层内黄鳍金枪鱼渔获率较高,"华远渔18号"船在温跃层内和温跃层以下的平均渔获率分别为18.22尾每千钩和6.04尾每千钩,"华远渔19号"船温跃层内和温跃层以下平均渔获率分别为2.22尾每千钩和1.31尾每千钩.通过t-检验成对双样本均值分析,温跃层以内和温跃层以下黄鳍金枪鱼总平均渔获率有显著性差异(P=0.02<0.05),温跃层以内比温跃层以下的渔获率明显要高;(2)2艘船分别有69.6%和100%的作业天数中,温跃层以下水深大眼金枪鱼渔获率较高,"华远渔18号"温跃层以内和温跃层以下平均渔获率分别为4.18尾每千钩和4.88尾每千钩."华远渔19号"温跃层以内和温跃层以下平均渔获率分别为0.10尾每千钩和2.57尾每千钩.大眼金枪鱼渔获率在温跃层以下水深较高.通过t-检验成对双样本均值分析,温跃层以内和温跃层以下大眼金枪鱼总平均渔获率无显著性差异(P=0.070.05),但对"华远渔19号"船的渔获率数据经t-检验发现大眼金枪鱼在温跃层以内和温跃层以下的渔获率有显著性差异(P=0.00<0.05).     

大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓性能评估初步研究

利用2009～2010年我国大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓调查数据,对金枪鱼延绳钓钓具性能进行评估。结果表明:金枪鱼延绳钓具有较好的种类选择性,大眼金枪鱼渔获量和尾数分别占总渔获量的73.67%和76.00%;大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)、黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)和剑鱼(Xiphias gladius)未达到性成熟的渔获尾数比例分别为13.00%、25.97%和48.93%;1～6号钓钩,大眼金枪鱼上钩率随钓钩深度增加呈递增趋势,6～8号钓钩上钩率呈递减趋势,6号钓钩上钩率最大为9.46尾/千钩;3号至8号钓钩上钩率均大于7尾/千钩,表明1号和2号钓钩利用率偏低;根据钓钩理论深度,推测大眼金枪鱼主要分布水层为220m～350m。通过调节缩短率和浮子绳长度对钓具进行优化,使得钓钩分布水层与大眼金枪鱼分布水层更为接近,提高钓钩利用率。     

黄鳍金枪鱼性别比例初步分析

本文根据西班牙延绳钓渔船采用不同的钓钩和饵料在印度洋西南海域进行试验探捕所收集的有关数据进行黄鳍金枪鱼性别比例初步分析。探捕作业由2艘延绳钓渔船在2004年12月12日开始执行。试验海域在5-35°S,30-50°E之间。至今对244条黄鳍金枪鱼样本进行性别、叉长鉴定,其中雄性129尾,雌性115尾,分别占总数的53%和47%;在整个生产过程中,取样鉴定的黄鳍的叉长范围110-170CM,其中92%叉长组集中在120-165CM。     

印度洋金枪鱼延绳钓主要渔获种类及分布

根据印度洋金枪鱼管理委员会IOTC的金枪鱼生产数据库,对1967-2004年间印度洋金枪鱼延绳钓主要渔获种类的产量按年进行汇总和基于5度格网进行了空间上的统计,采用GIS软件制作了印度洋金枪鱼延绳钓主要渔获种类的捕捞产量的地理空间分布图,分析了其资源的空间分布特征。分析结果表明,大眼金枪鱼Thunnus obesus、黄鳍金枪鱼Thunnus albacares、长鳍金枪鱼Thun-nus alalunga和剑鱼Xiphias gladius是印度洋金枪鱼延绳钓的主要渔获种类,其产量之和占到总产量的90%,这4种印度洋金枪鱼延绳钓的主要渔获种类从1967-2004年的产量均呈上升趋势,但产量的峰谷变化各不相同;空间分布特征研究表明,尽管在印度洋海域分布范围广泛,但产量丰沛的区域存在明显差异。     

南海南沙群岛灯光罩网渔场金枪鱼科渔获种类、渔获率及其峰值期

根据2014年4~6月在南海南沙群岛附近海域灯光罩网渔场的调查数据,分析了该海域内金枪鱼科种类、渔获率及其峰值期等特征。结果表明:共采集到金枪鱼科鱼类6种,鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)的平均渔获率最高,为58.2 ind·net-1;其次为鲔(Euthynnus yaito)和扁舵鲣(Auxis thazard),平均渔获率分别为10.12 ind·net-1和9.96 ind·net-1;而金枪鱼属的黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)和大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)渔获率很低,仅为0.57 ind·net-1和0.02 ind·net-1,且以幼鱼为主。在上半夜(20∶00~23∶59)金枪鱼科渔获率明显低于下半夜(00∶00~06∶00),仅约是后者的10%。鲔和扁舵鲣渔获率随时间的变化趋势较为类似,而黄鳍金枪鱼渔获率变化与鲔、圆舵鲣(Auxis rochei)和扁舵鲣呈显著负相关。在农历新月前后期(农历二十二至下月的初八)作业网次数相对较高,每天的作业次数范围为4~10次;而满月前后期(初十至十七)未进行捕捞活动。总之,黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和圆舵鲣3种鱼类的渔获率值均相对较低,且仅在新月期间出现的比例较高;而其它3种鱼类的渔获率值相对较高,波动性也较大,也以新月期间渔获率值较高。本研究为我国南海金枪鱼开发提供基础数据参考。     

北太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓钓钩垂直分布及浸泡时间对渔获物的影响

根据中国金枪鱼延绳钓渔业观察员于2018年9-12月在北太平洋公海(150°W-164°W,30°N-37°N)采集的金枪鱼延绳钓渔获数据,分析了钓钩的垂直分布及浸泡时间与渔获物之间的关系。结果表明,11种主要渔获物钓获深度差异很大,鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)的平均钓获深度最浅,大青鲨(Prionace glauca)最深;除大青鲨和帆蜥鱼(Alepisaurus ferox)外,其他兼捕鱼类的钓钩深度分布与大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus,目标鱼种)之间差异显著;随着浸泡时间的增加,总渔获率呈先增加后下降的趋势,10~14 h内渔获率较高,且在第10小时达到峰值[1.44尾·(千钩·h)-1];浸泡时间在10~16 h内大眼金枪鱼的渔获率较高,且在第11小时达到峰值[0.45尾·(千钩·h)-1]。研究结果可为渔业生产和CPUE的标椎化提供参考,为制定有效减少兼捕鱼种的管理措施提供科学依据。     

2011年春季南海中南部海域灯光罩网渔业渔获组成的初步分析

根据2011年春季南海中南部海域灯光罩网渔业海上调查数据,对南海中南部海域灯光罩网渔获组成、主要鱼种的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,鸢乌贼（Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis）是南海中南部灯光罩网的主捕鱼种,占绝对地位,优势胴长组为110～130 mm;其他主要鱼种有长体圆！（Decapterus macrosoma）、黄鳍金枪鱼（Thunnus albacaes）、鲔（Euthynnus affinis）和鲣（Katsuwonus pelami）。运用相对重要性指数（IRI）作为鱼种优势度的度量指标,得出灯光罩网渔获优势种只有鸢乌贼一种,IRI 值高达19418.013（IRI≥1000）,重要种有2种,长体圆！和黄鳍金枪鱼,IRI 值分别为176.731和175.703（1000﹥ IRI≥100）。灯光罩网是南海捕捞中上层鱼类的主要作业方式之一,发展前景好,应合理开发,实现南海渔业的更好发展。     

韩国金枪鱼渔业现状和发展趋势

本文主要叙说了韩国在太平洋和中西太平洋地区最近几年来金枪鱼渔业发展的情况。2002年韩国存太平洋地区作业渔船188艘,总的金枪鱼渔获量估计为266,466t,其中围网渔船26艘,产量206,150t,延绳钓渔船162艘,产量60,316t。2002年4种主要种类:鲣鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼、大眼金枪鱼和长鳍金枪鱼的产量占太平洋总产量的96％以上,其中鲣鱼173,693t,黄鳍金枪鱼48,424t,大眼金枪鱼31,754t和长鳍金枪鱼2,470t。     

秋季南海中南部海域的一次灯光罩网探捕调查

文章根据2012年9月~10月灯光罩网探捕调查的数据,分析了秋季南海中南部海域罩网的渔场分布和主要渔获组成。根据相对重要性指数(IRI),鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)和鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)是优势种渔获,鲔(Euthynnus affinis)、扁舵鲣(Auxis thazard)和圆舵鲣(A.rochei)是重要种渔获,细鳞圆鲹(Decapterus macarellus)和长体圆鲹(D.macrosoma)等是常见种渔获。鸢乌贼、金枪鱼类和圆鲹属是居前3位的渔获类群,分别占总渔获量的48.35%、48.33%和0.98%,其中小型金枪鱼类占比47.77%;渔获率区域差异明显,西中沙海域411.47 kg·h-1,南沙海域25.66 kg·h-1,中心渔场位于12°30'N~15°30'N、110°30'E~115°00'E海域。结果表明,秋季依然是南海外海深水区灯光罩网主要的作业渔汛期,除了鸢乌贼和大型金枪鱼类以外,还需要加强外海小型金枪鱼类和圆鲹属鱼类的调查研究。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).