藁城8901和山农1391淀粉合成酶活性和淀粉组分积累特征的比较

 选用藁城8901（强筋）和山农1391（弱筋）两个小麦品种，比较研究了其小麦蔗糖代谢、淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化及淀粉组分的积累特征。结果表明，蔗糖合成酶（SS）、磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）活性以及蔗糖积累量的高低均存在明显的基因型差异，淀粉积累量较高的弱筋品种山农1391显著高于淀粉积累量较低的强筋品种藁城8901。而结合态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）活性与两品种籽粒直链淀粉积累量的变化情况相吻合，小麦籽粒灌浆中后期的GBSS活性对直链淀粉终积累量的调节作用大于籽粒灌浆前期。用Richards方程模拟籽粒直链淀粉和支链淀粉的积累过程发现，直链淀粉和支链淀粉终积累量的高低取决于其积累启动时间的早晚和前期积累速率的高低，而不是积累持续期的长短。通过比较两品种蔗糖转化量、淀粉积累速率与蔗糖和淀粉代谢相关酶活性的变化趋势可以看出，蔗糖转化量与SSS和GBSS的变化趋势一致；淀粉积累速率与ADPGPPase活性和SS/SPS活性比率的变化趋势一致，而与SS 、SPS、SSS或GBSS活性的变化并不吻合，说明籽粒中淀粉积累速率及其组分积累量的高低与SS、SPS、SSS和GBSS单个酶活性的高低并不存在必然联系，而与ADPGPPase活性和籽粒中蔗糖合成与降解的平衡密切相关。     

不同株型玉米籽粒胚乳细胞与淀粉合成关键酶活性分析

【目的】研究不同类型玉米品种籽粒胚乳细胞增殖与籽粒充实期淀粉合成关键酶活性的关系。【方法】以紧凑型玉米品种(先玉335和郑单958)和平展型玉米品种(长城799和农大364)为试验材料,于授粉后不同时间取果穗中部籽粒,测定胚乳细胞数、单粒质量、淀粉含量、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPG)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDPG)活性、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性,研究不同玉米品种籽粒胚乳细胞增殖动态和籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性的关系。【结果】在灌浆中后期,先玉335籽粒淀粉合成关键酶(ADPG、UDPG、SSS和GBSS)活性均高于其他3个玉米品种;先玉335和郑单958籽粒胚乳细胞数、淀粉含量、单粒质量均显著高于长城799和农大364。玉米籽粒胚乳细胞数与单粒质量、淀粉含量和4种淀粉合成关键酶均呈正相关。【结论】库容量和库活性是制约玉米籽粒淀粉积累的主要因素。保证籽粒充实期间较高的胚乳细胞增殖速率及淀粉合成关键酶活性是实现玉米高产的关键。     

玉米籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性分析

【目的】分析玉米籽粒发育过程中灌浆速率、蔗糖代谢、淀粉积累及相关酶活性的变化,了解玉米籽粒淀粉积累的控制机理。【方法】以高淀粉玉米（费玉3号）和普通玉米（豫玉22）为材料,进行大田试验,采用比色法测定蔗糖含量,采用双波长法测定淀粉及其组分含量的变化动态,参照Douglas等的方法测定蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性,参照Nakamura等的方法测定腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）、束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）和去分支酶（DBE）的活性。【结果】灌浆速率、蔗糖含量、淀粉积累速率及SS、GBSS、SBE活性的高低均存在明显的基因型差异,授粉后10 d后,费玉3号上述指标均高于豫玉22。相关性分析表明,灌浆中后期SS活性与淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率均呈（极）显著正相关;ADPGPPase、DBE活性与淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率的相关性未达到显著水平;GBSS活性与直链淀粉积累速率呈极显著正相关,与籽粒灌浆速率相关性不显著;SBE活性与支链淀粉积累速率和籽粒灌浆速率呈极显著正相关。【结论】ADPGPPase和DBE不是影响玉米籽粒中淀粉积累的关键酶;SS是淀粉积累的限速因子;GBSS对直链淀粉积累起重要的调节作用;SBE对支链淀粉积累起关键作用。     

高直链淀粉玉米和糯玉米籽粒发育过程中与淀粉合成相关酶活性的比较

为深入了解高直链淀粉玉米籽粒发育时期直链淀粉积累的理化机制,选取1个糯玉米自交系为对照,分析和比较糯玉米和3个高直链淀粉玉米自交系在籽粒发育时期淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,籽粒发育过程中蔗糖合成酶(SS)、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸(ADPGPPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)、淀粉去分支酶(DBE)在糯玉米和高直链淀粉玉米中均呈单峰变化趋势,但是不同酶达到峰值的时间不同。SS和ADPGPPase为淀粉合成提供合成底物;高直链淀粉玉米中直链淀粉大量积累可能是SSS、GBSS、SBE这3种酶综合作用的结果,而DBE在淀粉合成过程中的作用可能是对支链淀粉精细结构的修饰,对淀粉积累没有简单直接的关联。     

高产小麦强势和弱势籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化

 小麦强势粒中蔗糖含量在开花后 2 5d前高于弱势粒 ,花后 2 5d低于弱势粒 ;强势粒中SS(蔗糖合成酶 )、ADPGPPase(ADPG焦磷酸化酶 )、SSS(可溶性淀粉合成酶 )和GBSS(束缚态淀粉合成酶 )活性高于弱势粒。研究结果表明 ,灌浆前期淀粉合成底物的供应 ,以及SS、ADPGPPase、SSS和GBSS活性与淀粉合成密切相关     

施钾时期对甘薯济徐23块根淀粉积累 与品质的影响及酶学生理机制

【目的】阐明施钾时期对甘薯“济徐23”块根淀粉积累和粒度分布特征的影响及其酶学生理机制。【方法】在大田栽培条件下,以淀粉型品种“济徐23”为材料,设置不施钾肥（T1）、基施钾肥（T2）、封垄期追施钾肥（T3）和茎叶生长高峰期追施钾肥（T4）4个处理,于2008-2009年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行试验。采用甘薯块根膨大过程中定期取样的方法留样,测定块根中淀粉、直链和支链淀粉含量,同时测定块根淀粉粒体积分布的中位粒径和大（>19.76 μm）、中（3.359-19.76 μm）、小（<3.359 μm）型淀粉粒所占的体积百分比以及淀粉合成相关酶（SS、ADPGPPase、UDPGPPase、GBSS和SSS）活性,分析不同时期施用钾肥对甘薯各生育时期块根内淀粉及组分含量、淀粉粒度分布特征及淀粉合成相关酶活性的影响。【结果】与对照（T1）相比,施用钾肥提高了块根干物质积累量和淀粉产量,3个施钾处理淀粉产量的增幅分别为24.90%、16.57%和9.24%,随施用时间的推迟淀粉产量增幅降低。封垄期和茎叶生长高峰期追施钾肥显著降低直链淀粉含量而提高支链淀粉含量。基施钾肥提高了大型淀粉粒的体积百分比,茎叶生长高峰期追施则提高中、小型淀粉粒的体积百分比,增幅均达到显著水平。不同时期施钾均可提高块根中SS、ADPGPPase和UDPGPPase的活性,提高淀粉合成前体物质的供应能力,施用钾肥对SS和ADPGPPase活性的作用时间最长为130 d,基施钾肥主要作用时期为块根膨大的前、中期,追施钾肥的主要作用时期为块根膨大的中、后期,施钾越早对UDPGPPase活性的作用时间越长;追施钾肥提高了块根膨大后期SSS活性、而降低了块根膨大后期GBSS活性。总淀粉含量与SS和ADPGPPase活性呈极显著正相关,直链淀粉含量与GBSS和SS活性呈极显著正相关,支链淀粉含量与ADPGPPase和SSS活性呈显著正相关关系。【结论】基施或封垄期追施钾肥显著提高块根干物质积累量和淀粉产量,追施钾肥显著提高支链淀粉含量、降低直链淀粉含量,基施钾肥处理的大型淀粉粒体积百分数高,高峰期施用钾肥处理的中、小型淀粉粒体积百分数高。施钾时期显著影响直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量和淀粉产量,这与块根中SS、ADPGPPase、UDPGPPase、GBSS和SSS活性的变化密切相关。     

氮肥基追比对弱筋小麦宁麦9号籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响

 为研究弱筋小麦籽粒淀粉形成的机制，以弱筋小麦宁麦9号为材料，对不同氮肥基追比对其籽粒淀粉合成及相关酶活性的影响及相关生理基础研究表明，氮肥基追比7∶1∶2处理与5∶1∶4处理相比，花后7～28 d籽粒直、支链淀粉及总淀粉积累速率低，成熟籽粒直链淀粉含量低，支链淀粉、总淀粉含量高，剑叶蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性和蔗糖含量低，籽粒蔗糖合成酶（SS）活性低，籽粒蔗糖含量高，籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性低，淀粉积累量低。相关分析表明，籽粒中AGPP、SSS、GBSS与直、支链及总淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率呈极显著正相关，说明这几种酶对促进籽粒淀粉的积累起重要作用。     

灌浆期高温胁迫对玉米籽粒灌浆及产量的影响

为研究高温胁迫对玉米灌浆特性和产量的影响,以郑单958和先玉335为试验材料,研究玉米灌浆速率、淀粉合成相关酶活性、玉米产量及品质的变化特征。结果表明,高温胁迫显著降低了2个品种籽粒干重和灌浆速率,结合态淀粉合酶(GBSS)、可溶性淀粉合酶(SSS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)和蔗糖合酶磷酸和酶(SPS)活性和玉米产量显著降低;高温胁迫下籽粒蛋白质含量增加,淀粉含量减少。因此,灌浆期高温不利于玉米产量形成和品质的改善。     

花后干旱和渍水下氮素供应对小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积聚关键调控酶活性的影响

 防雨池栽条件下，设置渍水、干旱和对照3个水分处理，每个水分处理下再设置2个施氮水平，研究了花后渍水和干旱逆境下氮素对两个籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）品种籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积聚关键调控酶活性的影响。研究结果表明，与对照相比，花后干旱和渍水均降低旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和谷丙转氨酶（GPT）活性，但水分逆境下增施氮肥可以提高旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、GS和GPT活性。灌浆期籽粒-蔗糖合成酶（SS）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、结合态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、GS和GPT活性均呈下降趋势，水分逆境下小麦籽粒SS和GS活性降低，干旱提高GPT活性，而渍水使其降低。土壤水分适宜或亏缺条件下增施氮肥可以提高籽粒SS活性，而渍水下增施氮肥降低SS活性。干旱和渍水下增施氮肥可以提高籽粒SSS、GBSS、GS和GPT活性。干旱处理提高直链淀粉积累速率和蛋白质含量，而渍水使其降低。土壤干旱和渍水下增施氮肥降低直链淀粉和支链淀粉积累速率，提高了蛋白质含量，且适宜水分或亏缺条件下增施氮肥可以提高蛋白质积累量，而渍水下增施氮肥不利于蛋白质积累。     

氮营养水平对秋马铃薯块茎发育中淀粉合成关键酶的影响

【目的】研究在秋季栽植条件下不同氮营养水平对马铃薯块茎发育过程中淀粉合成关键酶的影响。【方法】以高、低两类淀粉型品种为试验材料,4种氮营养水平处理,块茎形成后每隔7d取样测定块茎发育过程中的ADPG焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)、淀粉分支酶(SBE)和结合性淀粉合成酶(GBSS),探讨他们之间的内在联系。【结果】结果表明:随着生育期的推进,各马铃薯块茎中不同施氮水平下的ADPGPPase、SSS、GBSS、SBE,呈现先逐渐增加,达到最大值后又开始下降的单峰曲线变化趋势,各施氮水平组的淀粉合成酶活性均在出苗后54～61d左右达到最大值。随着施氮量的增加,ADPGPPase、SSS也出现先升后降的单峰曲线变化趋势,而对于GBSS和SBE的影响,品种间表现差异。低淀粉品种CY-117的ADPGPPase、SSS的含量在各施氮水平下均高于高淀粉品种QS-2,具有较高的ADPGPPase、SSS活性。在氮营养影响条件下,SSS活性与淀粉总含量和支链淀粉的含量极显著正相关(r总淀粉=0.86**,r支链淀粉=0.83**),而与直链淀粉含量相关不大。【结论】氮营养主要是通过影响SSS的活性来实现对马铃薯块茎淀粉含量的影响。     

Activities of the Enzymes Involved in Starch Synthesis and Starch Accumulation in the Grains of Wheat Cultivars, GC8901 and SN1391

Two wheat cultivars, GC8901 (hard winter wheat) and SN1391 (soft winter wheat), were used for investigating the changes of enzyme activities for sucrose metabolism and starch biosynthesis and the accumulation character of starch composition.The result showed that activities of sucrose (SS), sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), adenosine diphosphorate glucose pyrophrylase (AGPase) and soluble starch syntheses (SSS) of 1391, which have more starch, were significant higher than those of 8901, that with low starch content. But the changing of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activity was consistent with the amylose content, which indicated that amylose contents in grain were determined by GBSS activity,especially the activity at later grain filling stages. Simulating with Richards equation showed that it was initiating time and accumulation rate, but not accumulation duration that determined the content of starch composition. Furthermore, changing of sucrose transport capacity was consistent with SSS and GBSS activities, starch accumulation rate was accordant to AGPase and SS/SPS ration, not SS, SPS, SSS or GBSS activities. The results suggested that there was no inevitable relation of starch accumulating rate and starch composition contents with the activity of single enzyme such as SS, SPS,SSS or GBSS, but closely related to AGPase activity and SS/SPS ratio, and it was SPS and AGPase that play a vital role in the biosynthetic pathway. Later polymerization reactions catalyzed by SSS and GBSS don't seem to control the rate of starch accumulation, but do affect starch structure.     

Starch Accumulation and Enzyme Activities Associated with Starch Synthesis in Maize Kernels

The filling rate and the starch accumulation in developing maize kernel were analyzed. The changes of enzyme activities associated with sucrose metabolism and starch biosynthesis were investigated. The purpose is to discuss the enzymatic mechanisms responsible for starch synthesis. Two types of maize cultivars （Zea mays）, high starch maize （Feiyu 3） and normal maize （Yuyu 22）, were grown in a corn field. The factors involved in starch synthesis were performed during the growth period. The kernel filling rate, the sucrose content, the starch accumulating rates and the activities of SS （sucrose synthase）, GBSS （granule-bound starch synthase）, SBE （starch branching enzyme） of Feiyu 3, which has high starch content, were significantly higher than those of Yuyu 22, which has low starch content, after 10 DAP （days after pollination）. Correlation analysis indicated that ADPGPPase （ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase） and DBE （starch debranching enzyme） were not correlated with the starch accumulating rates and the kernel filling rate, but the SS activity at the middle and late period were highly significantly correlated with the starch accumulating rates and the kernel filling rate. The GBSS activity was highly significantly correlated with the amylose accumulating rate, but not correlated with the kernel filling rate. The SBE activity was highly significantly correlated with the amylopectin accumulating rate and the kernel filling rate. It was not ADPGPPase and DBE, but SS was the rate-limiting factor of starch biosynthesis in developing maize kernels. GBSS had an important effect on amylose accumulation, and SBE had a significant effect on amylopectin accumulation.     

Wx蛋白组成对小麦籽粒淀粉合成的影响

 【目的】通过对籽粒淀粉积累和淀粉合成关键酶的活性进行比较,初步明确不同Wx蛋白组成小麦品种淀粉理化特性差异的酶学基础。【方法】以6类Wx蛋白组成的14个小麦品种为试材,测定其籽粒灌浆过程中直、支链淀粉积累动态和4种淀粉合成关键酶的活性变化,对测定结果进行统计分析。【结果】Wx蛋白数目和类型对4种淀粉合成关键酶活性和直、支链淀粉合成有明显影响。随着Wx蛋白数目的增多,4种淀粉合成关键酶活性呈现升高的趋势,尤其是淀粉粒束缚淀粉合成酶（GBSS）,籽粒直链淀粉含量也相应升高。Wx-B1缺失蛋白对GBSS活性影响最大,直链淀粉合成能力下降最明显,其次是缺失Wx-D1蛋白,Wx-A1蛋白缺失作用最小。籽粒灌浆过程中,4种淀粉合成关键酶活性高度相关,并与直、支链淀粉含量密切相关,说明直、支链淀粉的合成是相互影响、相互制约、同步进行的。【结论】Wx基因是影响籽粒直链淀粉含量的重要决定因素,Wx基因可以通过自身数目和组成的变化,控制GBSS的活性,并对其它淀粉合成关键酶的活性产生影响,最终影响直、支链淀粉的合成,形成不同的淀粉理化特性和加工品质。     

Effect of Temperature on Rice Starch Biosynthesis Metabolism at Grain-Filling Stage of Early Indica Rice

The sucrose content, starch content and the ratio of amylose to total starch and the activitiesof six key enzymes, sucrose synthase (SS), soluble starch synthesis enzyme (SSS), ADPG pyrophosphorylase(ADPG-Ppase), granule-boundstarch synthase ( GBSS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and debranchingenzyme (DBE), which involved in starch synthesis metabolism of developing rice grains and effect of tempe-rature on their activities were analyzed by using two early indica varieties Zhefu49 and Jiazao935 in phyto-trons, the daily average temperature was 22 and 32℃ , respectively. Results showed that the sucrose con-tent, the starch content, and the activities of enzymes such as SS, ADPG-Ppase, SSS, SBE, and DBEwere generally higher under the high temperature treatment (32℃)at the beginning stage as compared withthat under low temperature treatment (22℃). However, at the middle and late stages, there were greatdifferences in the change trend of some enzyme activities, and the association with the sucrose content andstarch content was very complicated. It could be found that the activities of SS and SSS under high temper-ature were always lower than that under Iow temperature, which was closely related to the variation of thesucrose content and starch-accumulating rate. Moreover, compared with ADPG-Ppase, the SS and SSS ac-tivities were more sensitive to temperature, indicating that SS and SSS were controlled by enzyme throughaffecting starch accumulating rate. Difference of the amylose/total starch ratio in developing grains between32 and 22℃ was significant and the lower amylose/total starch ratio was always lower in 32℃ , which wasclosely related to the lower activity level of GBSS. Therefore, it could be concluded that effect of tempera-ture on amylose/total starch was more attributable to GBSS rather than to SS, SSS, ADPG-Ppase, SBEand DBE.     

小麦淀粉合成相关酶的研究现状

对小麦碳代谢过程中相关酶进行了综述,重点分析了与淀粉合成相关的酶。蔗糖合成酶、磷酸蔗糖合成酶、ADPG焦磷酸化酶和淀粉合成酶都是淀粉合成的关键酶。     

Mulching with plastic film improved the root quality of summersown sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas(L).Lam.)in northern China

The root quality of sweet potato cultivated during the summer season is poor in northern China;thus,this study was conducted to determine whether root quality could be improved through mulching with plastic film(MPF).The effect of MPF on root starch and its composition,the activity of starch synthesis enzymes,and other quality-related parameters were investigated in two purple flesh sweet potato cultivars,Jishu 18 and Ayamurasaki(Aya).The results indicated that root dry matter,anthocyanin content,adenosine triphosphate(ATP),and starch content were higher in both cultivars under the MPF treatment than those under the control treatment.The root adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase/uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase(ADPGPPase/UDPGPPase)activity and adenosine triphosphatease(ATPase)activity were increased using MPF.However,under the MPF treatment,the amylose content,soluble sugar content,and granule-bound synthase(GBSS)activity increased in Jishu 18 but decreased in Aya,and the amylopectin content,protein content,and soluble starch synthase(SSS)activity decreased in Jishu 18 but increased in Aya.Therefore,MPF seems benifit to improve the quality of sweet potato,but the effects of this treatment condition may be dependent on the cultivar.