新疆12种十字花科植物核型报道

利用细胞学方法观察十字花科12种植物的染色体和核型:菘蓝(Isatis tinctoria),2n=2x=22=20m+2sm;绵果荠(Lachnoloma lehmannii),2n=2x=14=8m (2SAT) +6sm;团扇荠(Berteroa incana),2n=2x=16=16m;扭果花旗杆(Dontostemon elegans),2n=2x=14=6m+8sm;无茎光籽芥(Leiospsra exsca pa),2n=2x=14=8m+6sm;对枝芥(Cithareloma vernum),2n=2x=12=8m+4sm;爪花芥(Oreoioma violaceum),2n=4x=28=28m;棱果糖芥(Erysi mum siliculosum),2n=2x=14=14m;绒毛假蒜芥(Sisymbriopsis mollipila),2n=2x=14=8m+6sm;甘新念珠芥(Neotorularia korolkovi),2n=2x=14=14m;中亚羽裂叶荠(Sophiopsis annua),2n=2x=12=12m;芹叶荠(Smelowskia cal ycina)2n=2x=12=12m.并分析了染色体数目、随体数目和位置、核型公式、核型类型、臂比、相对长度、核型不对称系数等内容,可作为细胞学证据.     

不同类型茎用芥菜核型分析

采用根尖染色体压片技术对茎瘤芥、笋子芥和抱子芥不同类型茎用芥菜的染色体核型进行分析,结果表明,茎瘤芥染色体数目为2n=2x=36,核型公式为2n=2x=2sm+34m;笋子芥染色体数目为2n=2x=36,核型公式为2n=2x=8sm+28m;抱子芥染色体数目为2n=2x=36,核型公式为2n=2x=12sm+24m。不同类型茎用芥菜没有出现染色体条数的变化,都属于小染色体,多数染色体为中部着丝点,都属于2B型;仅在染色体长度、着丝点位置、核不对称系数等核型组成上出现了细微的差异,说明不同类型茎用芥菜间具有相似的遗传特性。核不对称系数依次为笋子芥茎瘤芥抱子芥,据此推测抱子芥和茎瘤芥可能是由笋子芥进化而来,属于笋子芥的变种。     

培育刺玫月季新品种的初步研究(Ⅱ)——刺玫月季育种中的染色体观察

本文报道了在刺玫月季育种中使用的6个亲本和4个F_1代杂种的染色体数目和核型。染色体数目及形态,亲本报春刺玫2n=2x=14=14m,单瓣黄刺玫2n=2x=14=14m,黄蔷薇2n=4x=28=28m,‘粉后’2n=4x=28=20m+8sm,‘秋水芙蓉’2n=4x=28=24m+4sm,‘丹凤朝阳’2n=4x=28=28m(2SAT);杂交种8401(报春刺玫ב早霞’)2n=2x=14=12m+2sm,8601(‘粉后’×黄蔷薇)2n=4x=28=28m,8703(‘丹风朝阳’×报春刺玫)2n=4x=28=28m,8706(‘秋水芙蓉’×报春刺玫)2n=3x=21=15m+6sm。核型均为1A型。文中讨论了与刺玫月季育种有关的细胞遗传学问题。     

半边莲属2种植物的染色体核型分析

采用常规压片法,对半边莲属(Lobelia Linn.)2种植物的染色体核型进行了研究.结果表明:2种半边莲属植物的染色体数目均为2n=28,其中江南山梗菜的核型为2n=28=18m+8sm+2st,核型不对称系数为63.42%,核型类型为2B;线萼山梗菜的核型为2n=28=22m+6sm,核型不对称系数为60.65%,核型类型为2A.这2种山梗菜的染色体数目和核型为首次报道.     

象草和巨菌草的核型分析

为巨菌草的种质鉴定、遗传育种和亲缘关系提供一定的细胞学基础,采用传统压片法,对象草(Pennisetum purpureum schumach)和巨菌草〔Pennisetum giganteum z.x.lin(暂定名)〕的染色体数目及核型进行分析。结果表明:象草和巨菌草的染色体形态较为一致,大部分由中部(m)和近中部(sm)着丝粒的染色体组成,象草和巨菌草的核型公式分别为2n=4x=28=20m+8sm和2n=4x=28=16m+8sm+4st;染色体相对长度组成分别为2n=4x=28=6L+6M2+10M1+6S和2n=4x=28=4L+8M2+10 M1+6S,染色体基数和总数目一致,核型分类均为2A型,不对称系数为58%~60%,均属于较原始的类型。结论:象草和巨菌草的的染色体无明显差异性,从细胞染色体水平上认为两者亲缘关系较近。     

青藏高原东缘4个风毛菊居群的核型研究

【目的】研究生长于青藏高原东缘的风毛菊属(Saussurea DC.)植物风毛菊(S.japonica)4个居群的染色体数目和核型。【方法】利用常规压片技术,对4个风毛菊居群的染色体数目和核型进行分析。【结果】4个风毛菊居群的染色体数目和核型为,迭部腊子口居群为2n=2x=28=16m+12sm,卓尼旗布寺居群为2n=2x=28=20m+8st,车巴沟居群为2n=2x=28=20m+4sm+4st,尼巴乡居群为2n=2x=28=22m+6sm,核型均属2A型。其中,卓尼旗布寺居群较其他3个居群进化地位更高。【结论】在4个风毛菊居群的染色体中均未发现B染色体和随体,且均为二倍体;这4个居群在核型上存在一定分化,可能是由所处生境不同造成的。     

4种薯蓣属植物的核型分析

 采用染色体压片技术对薯蓣属(Dioscorea)4种植物进行核型研究。结果显示小花盾叶薯蓣(Dparviflora CTTing)的染色体数目为2n=2x=20,核型公式K(2n)=20=8m+12sm;盾叶薯蓣(野生种)(Dzingiberensis CH Wright)的染色体数目为2n=2x=20,核型公式K(2n)=20=14m+6sm;盾叶薯蓣(Dzingiberensis CH Wright)栽培株系A-02-6的染色体数目为2n=4x=40,核型公式K(2n)=40=20m+18sm+2st;黄独(Dbulbifera L)的染色体数目为2n=8x=80,核型公式K(2n）=80=34m +46sm;山药(薯蓣Dopposita Thunb)的染色体数目为2n=14x+4=144,核型公式K（2n）=144=57m+84sm+3st。结果表明：薯蓣属是染色体数目和倍性复杂并且存在许多多倍体的植物群,核型上也存在一定差异。     

翠芦莉与大花芦莉染色体核型分析

对爵床科芦莉草属2种植物翠芦莉(Ruellia brittoniana leonard)和大花芦莉(Ruellia elegans Poir.)的染色体数目与核型进行了分析.结果表明,翠芦莉与大花芦莉的体细胞染色体数目均为2n=36,为二倍体;翠芦莉和大花芦莉的核型公式分别为2n=2x=26m+8sm+2T和2n=2x=28m+6sm+2T,核型均属于2B型.     

青藏高原东缘4种风毛菊属植物的核型研究

【目的】研究产于青藏高原东缘4种风毛菊属(SaussureaDC.)植物的染色体数目和核型。【方法】利用常规压片技术,对4种风毛菊的染色体数目和核型进行了分析。【结果】4个种的染色体数目和核型如下:星状雪兔子(S.stella)为2n=2x=30=18m+12sm,水母雪兔子(S.medusa)为2n=2x=34=20m+10sm+4st,异色风毛菊(S.brunneopilosa)为2n=2x=30=10m+20sm,禾叶风毛菊(S.graminea)为2n=2x=28=6m+20sm+2st;核型均属2B型。【结论】4个种的染色体中均未发现随体,且都为二倍体;禾叶风毛菊较其他3种风毛菊进化。     

彩棉三个品种的核型对比分析

采用常规压片法对滨彩2号(浅棕色)、99-55(深棕色)和滨绿1号(绿色)的染色体数目和核型进行了研究,得出结论:滨彩2号的染色体数目为2n=4x=52,核型公式为:k(2n)=4x=52=22m 18sm(2SAT) 12st,属于"2B"类型.染色体相对长度组成为2n=4x=52=10L 16M2 14M1 12S;99-55染色体数目为2n=4x=52,核型公式为:k(2n)=4x=52=26m(2SAT) 22sm 4st,属于"2B"类型.染色体相对长度组成为2n=4x=52=12L 10M2 22M1 8S;滨绿1号的染色体数目为2n=4x=52,核型公式为:k(2n)=4x=52=40m 12sm(2SAT),属于"1B"类型.染色体相对长度组成为2n=4x=52=8L 16M2 18M1 10s.     

中国小麦族旱麦草属的研究

本文对国产仅有的４种旱麦草属植物：旱麦草Ｅｒｅｍｏｐｙｒｕｍｔｒｉｔｉｃｅｕｍ（Ｇａｅｒｔｎ．）Ｎｅｖｓｋｉ（２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１４）、毛穗旱麦草Ｅ．ｄｉｓｔａｎｓ（Ｃ．Ｋｏｃｈ）Ｎｅｖｓｋｉ（２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１４）、东方旱麦草Ｅ．ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｅ（Ｌ．）Ｊａｕｂ．ｅｔＳｐａｃｈ（２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８）和光穗旱麦草Ｅ．ｂｏｎａｅｐａｒｔｉｓ（Ｓｐｒｅｎｇ．）Ｎｅｖｓｋｉ（２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８）的系统分类、分布、染色体组构成和生物系统学关系进行了研究。它们分布于新疆天山山脉，Ｅ．ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｅ是由Ｅ．ｄｉｓｔａｎｓ与Ｅ．ｔｒｉｔｉｃｅｕｍ天然杂交，染色体加倍的双二倍体衍生而来。Ｅ．ｂｏｎａｅｐａｒｔｉｓ是由分布在伊朗、伊拉克、土耳其的二倍体Ｅ．ｂｏｎａｅｐａｒｔｉｓ和Ｅ．ｄｉｓ－ｔａｎｓ杂交形成的双二倍体衍生而来。旱麦草属与小麦族中的其他属之间的亲缘关系很远，染色体组的同源性很小。旱麦草属是在第四纪地中海气候形成后才逐渐分化形成的，起源于地中海—中亚区域。它的核型极端不对称，说明它在小麦族中处于更为进化的位置。     

燕麦属不同种的核型分析与进化的关系

我们观察研究了燕麦属(Avena)中不同倍性三个种的染色体数目和核型。结果如下:砂燕麦Avena strigosa为二倍体,2n=2X=14,核型公式是2n=2X=14=10m+4sm(2SAT),核型类型为2A;野生大燕麦Avena magna为四倍体2n=4X=28,核型公式是2n=4X=28=16m+12Sm(2SAT),核型类型为2A;裸燕麦(莜麦)Avena nuda为六倍体2n=6X=42,核型公式是2n=6X=42=22m+20sm(2SAT),核型类型为2B。从核型结果中可以看出,多倍化是三个种进化重要趋势,随着倍性的增加,核型的不对称性也增加。     

Cytological Evaluation and Karyotype Analysis in Plant Germplasms of Elytrigia Desv.

Elytrigia Desv. is widely distributed throughout the world and is represented with species of various levels of ploidy including diploids, tetraploids, hexaploids, octaploids, and decaploids. The distribution pattern of these ploidy levels, however, is not well-defined. In this study, the levels of ploidy for 64 accessions of Elytrigia from 25 countries were determined with microscopic procedures. The results showed that accessions of E. intermedia and E. repens were grouped into three distinct levels of ploidy including diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids. For E. elongata, E. pontica, and E. caespitosa, it was found that two ploidy levels presented, and only one ploidy level was in those of E. hybrid, E. pycnantha, E. pungens, E. juncea, and E. alatavica. Karyotype analysis indicated that the karyotype formula of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid of E. intermedia was 2n = 2x = 14 = 6m + 6sm + 2st, 2n = 4x = 28 = 2M + 10m + 16sm and 2n = 6x = 42 = 4M + 18m + 20sm, respectively. Furthermore, the karyotype formula of three germplasms in tetraploid of E. intermedia was 2n = 4x = 28 = 2M + 10m + 16sm, 2n = 4x = 28 = 4M + 22m (sat) + 2sm and 2n = 4x = 28 = 4M + 12m + 12sm (sat), which were not completely uniform. Therefore, it could be suggested that the studies about chromosome constitution would be helpful for the detail understanding of the diversity of germplasm resource in Elytrigia and promoting the utilization in the crop molecular breeding.     

Cytological Evaluation and Karyotype Analysis in Plant Germplasms of Elytrigia Desv

Elytrigia Desv.is widely distributed throughout the world and is represented with species of various levels of ploidy including diploids,tetraploids,hexaploids,octaploids,and decaploids.The distribution pattern of these ploidy levels,however,is not well-defined.In this study,the levels of ploidy for 64 accessions of Elytrigia from 25 countries were determined with microscopic procedures.The results showed that accessions of E.intermedia and E.repens were grouped into three distinct levels of ploidy including diploids,tetraploids and hexaploids.For E.elongata,E.pontica,and E.caespitosa,it was found that two ploidy levels presented,and only one ploidy level was in those of E.hybrid,E.pycnantha,E.pungens,E.juncea,and E.alatavica.Karyotype analysis indicated that the karyotype formula of diploid,tetraploid and hexaploid of E.intermedia was 2n=2x=14=6m+6sin+2st,2n=4x=28=2M+10m+16sm and 2n=6x=42=4M+18m+20sm,respectively.Furthermore,the karyotype formula of three germplasms in tetraploid of E.intermedia was 2n=4x=28=2M+10m+16sm,2n=4x=28=4M+22m(sat)+2sm and 2n=4x=28=4M+12m+12sm(sat),which were not completely uniform.Therefore,it could be suggested that the studies about chromosome constitution would be helpful for the detail understanding of the diversity of germplasm resource in Elytrigia and promoting the utilization in the crop molecular breeding.     

几种葱属物的核型分析与比较

对洋葱、大葱、分葱和大蒜等葱属植物的染色体核型进行了分析和比较。结果表明,洋葱、大葱和分葱的核型比较相近,均属进化程度较低的2A型,其核型公式分别为2n=2x=16=14m+2st(SAT),2n=2x=16=12m+2sm+2st(SAT)和2n=2x=16=2M+12m+2st(SAT);大蒜的核型较前者差异明显,为进化程度较高的2B型,其核型公式为2n=2x=16=4M+8m+4st(SAT)。     

青藏高原东缘高寒草甸风毛菊属4个优势种的核型研究

对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸风毛菊属的球花雪莲(S aussurea g lobosa Chen.)、钝苞雪莲(S.n ig rescensM ax im.)、羽裂风毛菊(S.p inna tid enta ta L ipsch.)和林生风毛菊(S.sy lva tica M ax im)4个优势种植物的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。结果表明,球花雪莲的核型公式为2n=2x=32=14m+18sm,属2B型,核型不对称系数为64.8%;钝苞雪莲的核型公式为2n=2x=32=10m+22sm,属2B型,核型不对称系数为66.1%;羽裂风毛菊核型公式为2n=2x=28=24m+4sm,属2B型,核型不对称系数为58.6%;林生风毛菊的核型公式为2n=2x=34=10m+24sm,属3B型,核型不对称系数为64.6%。钝苞雪莲较其他3种风毛菊属植物进化。     

新疆蓝刺头属两种植物的染色体核型分析

[目的]探讨新疆两种蓝刺头植物的核型差异.[方法]应用改进的染色体制片方法研究新疆两种蓝刺头植物的核型.[结果]天山蓝刺头的细胞染色体数为2n=30,其中中部着丝点染色体(m)为16对,近中部着丝点染色体(sm)为14对,在第5,6对染色体长臂上带有随体,核型为2A型,核型公式为2n=2x=30=16m+14sm(4SAT).硬叶蓝刺头的细胞染色体数为2n=28,其中中部着丝点染色体(m)为22对,近中部着丝点染色体(sm)为6对,在第2对染色体长臂上带有随体,核型为2A型,核型公式为2n=2x=28=22m(2SAT)+6sm.[结论]两种蓝刺头染色体数目不同,随体存在与否及数目亦不相同.     

几种茄科蔬菜的核型分析和比较

对牛角辣椒‘绿龙9号’,朝天椒‘天鹰’,小果番茄‘绿玛瑙’,圆形茄‘快青’,野生茄‘红刺茄’和‘托鲁巴姆’的染色体核型进行了分析和比较。结果表明:染色体数均为2n=2x=24,且均具有1对带随体的染色体;染色体长度茄子约在3～5μm、辣椒约在5～7μm、番茄约在2～4μm;辣椒‘绿龙9号’和‘天鹰’的核型公式分别为2n=2x=24=18m+4sm(2SAT)+2st和2n=2x=24=18m(2SAT)+6sm,核型类别分属2B和2A;番茄‘绿玛瑙’的核型公式为2n=2x=24=14m(2SAT)+8sm+2st,核型类别属2C;茄子‘快青’的核型公式为2n=2x=24=20m+4sm(2SAT),核型类别属2A;野生茄‘红刺茄’和‘托鲁巴姆’的核型公式分别为2n=2x=24=20m(2SAT)+4sm和2n=2x=24=22m(2SAT)+2sm,核型类别分属2A和1A。     

Cytological Evaluation and Karyotype Analysis in Plant Germplasms of Elytngia Desv.

Elytrigia Desv. is widely distributed throughout the world and is represented with species of various levels of ploidy including diploids, tetraploids, hexaploids, octaploids, and decaploids. The distribution pattern of these ploidy levels, however, is not well-defined. In this study, the levels of ploidy for 64 accessions of Elytrigia from 25 countries were determined with microscopic procedures. The results showed that accessions of E. intermedia and E. repens were grouped into three distinct levels of ploidy including diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids. For E. elongata, E. pontica, and E. caespitosa, it was found that two ploidy levels presented, and only one ploidy level was in those of E. hybrid, E. pycnantha, E. pungens, E. juncea, and E. alatavica. Karyotype analysis indicated that the karyotype formula of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid of E. intermedia was 2n = 2x = 14 = 6m ＋ 6sm ＋ 2st, 2n = 4x = 28 = 2M ＋ 10m ＋ 16sm and 2n = 6x = 42 = 4M ＋ 18m ＋ 20sin, respectively. Furthermore, the karyotype formula of three germplasms in tetraploid of E. intermedia was 2n=4x=28 =2M＋ 10m＋ 16sm, 2n=4x=28=4M＋22m （sat）＋2sm and 2n=4x=28 =4M＋ 12m＋ 12sm （sat）, which were not completely uniform. Therefore, it could be suggested that the studies about chromosome constitution would be helpful for the detail understanding of the diversity of germplasm resource in Elytrigia and promoting the utilization in the crop molecular breeding.