日光温室番茄单叶净光合速率模型的温度修正

番茄单叶净光合速率模型是温室番茄环境调控中的核心模型之一,而温度修正模型对于正确解析番茄单叶净光合速率模型非常重要。试验根据前人确定的植物单叶净光合速率模型中最大光合速率的温度修正模型,通过对不同的CO2浓度、光强和温度条件下日光温室番茄净光合速率的测定,明确了日光温室番茄最大光合速率的温度修正模型中修正因子C的取值公式,并经拟合检验,结果表明在不同CO2浓度、不同光强条件下日光温室番茄最大光合速率下温度修正模型的模拟值与实测值拟合良好,说明可将这一温度修正模型作为日光温室番茄光合模型的温度影响子模型应用,从而使植物单叶净光合速率模型更好地适用于日光温室番茄生产。     

基于PLSR和BPNN方法的番茄光合速率预测比较（英文）

CO2作为温室作物光合作用的重要原料,不同环境因子交互作用的植株叶片对CO2浓度需求具有较大差异。为寻求CO2浓度合理增施量,该文基于偏最小二乘法和BP神经网络方法对不同生长阶段番茄作物进行光合速率预测,进而探讨作物生长过程中可通用的光合速率预测方法。试验以无线传感器网络系统实时监测环境信息(CO2浓度,光照强度,空气温度及相对湿度),以LI-6400XT光合速率仪获取作物单叶净光合速率。剔除样本奇异点后,对样本值进行统一归一化。以CO2浓度、光照强度、空气温度及相对湿度为模型输入变量,以光合速率为输出量,利用偏最小二乘法和BP神经网络方法分别建立番茄幼苗期,开花期及结果期的光合速率预测模型。模型验证结果表明,偏最小二乘法在番茄各生长阶段的决定系数分别为0.74,0.88和0.85,最大相对误差为15.01%;而BP神经网络在各阶段具有较高的预测精度,其决定系数分别为0.94,0.96和0.97,最大相对误差为9.56%。因此,基于BP神经网络模型预测了特定环境下的CO2浓度饱和点,为温室CO2增施提供依据。     

基于PLSR和BPNN方法的番茄光合速率预测比较

CO₂作为温室作物光合作用的重要原料,不同环境因子交互作用的植株叶片对CO₂浓度需求具有较大差异。为寻求CO₂浓度合理增施量,该文基于偏最小二乘法和BP神经网络方法对不同生长阶段番茄作物进行光合速率预测,进而探讨作物生长过程中可通用的光合速率预测方法。试验以无线传感器网络系统实时监测环境信息(CO₂浓度,光照强度,空气温度及相对湿度),以LI-6400XT光合速率仪获取作物单叶净光合速率。剔除样本奇异点后,对样本值进行统一归一化。以CO₂浓度、光照强度、空气温度及相对湿度为模型输入变量,以光合速率为输出量,利用偏最小二乘法和BP神经网络方法分别建立番茄幼苗期,开花期及结果期的光合速率预测模型。模型验证结果表明,偏最小二乘法在番茄各生长阶段的决定系数分别为0.74,0.88和0.85,最大相对误差为15.01%;而BP神经网络在各阶段具有较高的预测精度,其决定系数分别为0.94,0.96和0.97,最大相对误差为9.56%。因此,基于BP神经网络模型预测了特定环境下的CO₂浓度饱和点,为温室CO₂增施提供依据。     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗光合特性的影响

在100.mmol/L.NaCl胁迫下,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对番茄(Lycos.641.2..persicon.esculentum.Mill.)幼苗光合作用光响应曲线、CO2响应曲线等光合特性的影响。结果表明,在NaCl胁迫下,外源NO显著提高了番茄幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),降低了胞间CO2浓度(Ci);显著提高了光饱和点(LSP)、光饱和光合速率、表观量子效率(AQY)、CO2饱和点(CSP)、羧化效率(CE)、RuBP最大再生速率;显著降低了光补偿点(LCP)、CO2补偿点(CCP);同时提高了叶片叶绿素含量。以上结果表明,外源NO能改善番茄幼苗NaCl胁迫下的光合作用,从而增强植株的耐盐性。     

基于MOPSO和TOPSIS的多目标优化温室黄瓜光环境调控模型

针对在现有温室光环境调控模型中,未考虑光质-光强的协同影响以及净光合速率与光能利用率双优化的问题。该研究面向温室黄瓜的高效补光,提出一种基于多目标优化思想的光质-光强协同调控方法。通过设计多因子耦合的净光合速率试验,获取叶片的净光合速率数据,建立净光合速率模型,并计算叶片尺度的光能利用率;构建光能利用率与净光合速率双优化的多目标优化模型,利用多目标粒子群算法获取非劣解集,基于理想解逼近算法得到光质-光强的调控单点,从而建立设施黄瓜红、蓝光模型。理论验证试验表明,与光合最大补光法相比,净光合速率降低21.39%,需光量降低59.40%;与固定光质0.5和0.8相比,在相同光强下净光合速率依次提升3.66%和9.69%。在此基础上开展实际验证试验,结果表明与固定光质法相比,在耗电量相近的前提下,生理指标均优于固定光质补光法,且在茎粗、干质量以及壮苗指数上存在显著差异;与光合最大补光法相比,生理指标不存在显著差异,且耗电量节省27.43%,表明本研究方法在保证生理指标高水平的前提下,有效节省了光电资源的消耗。本研究方法为设施农业调控提供了新型补光策略,保障了农业生产资源的高效利用。     

温室黄瓜叶片光合速率的类卡方模型

为了精确模拟不同光照下温室黄瓜光合作用的变化规律,提出了一种类卡方模型（QCSM）进行建模。使用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统测定了温度分别为16℃、20℃、24℃、26℃、28℃、30℃和光量子流通量密度（PPFD）为0～ 2000 μmol/(m2?s)动态条件下温室黄瓜叶片净光合速率（Pn）,以Pn测定值为基础对QCSM参数进行了模拟。结果表明：QCSM拟合得到的黄瓜叶片净光合速率估计值 与实测值Pn相符。经过前一年的数据验证,模型精度较高,拟合优度达0.9908,残差标准误差（RSE）为0.4537。与负指数模型（ME）相比,QCSM净光合速率估计值与实测值较接近,同时,QCSM能得到包括光饱和点、补偿点、最大光合速率、暗呼吸、表观量子效率等在内的五个光合作用参数值。与非直角模型（NRH）相比,由QCSM估计的光饱和点、补偿点、暗呼吸与实际较接近。     

基于无线传感器网络的温室光环境调控系统设计

为了解决现有光环境调控系统存在光照度不可调、能耗高、部署困难等问题,该文设计基于无线传感器网络的光环境调控系统。该光环境调控系统以CC2530处理器为核心设计中央控制节点、监测节点、调光节点,采用ZigBee协议实现自组网络、监测数据和控制信号传输。监测节点通过周期监测光合有效辐射值,利用自然光中太阳高度角与红蓝光比例关系,计算当前红蓝光光量子通量密度;利用智能中央控制节点计算其与作物所需目标量的差值,并将其转换为脉宽调制控制信号,通过调光节点控制LED输出亮度,实现LED调光灯输出光量的动态、精确、无线调控。试验检验表明,该系统红蓝光光量子通量密度监测误差小于6%,调控输出光照度相对误差小于3%,可满足多个温室实时、按需、定量光环境调控的需求,具有部署灵活、易扩展、低能耗的特点。     

地下水埋深及矿化度对多枝柽柳幼苗光合特征及生长的影响

采用简易Lysimeter研究了不同地下水埋深(20,60,100 cm)和不同矿化度(<1.00 g/L淡水,1.0～3.0 g/L微咸水,3.0～10.0 g/L咸水)对多枝柽柳幼苗光合特征及生长的影响。结果表明,不同地下水埋深与矿化度对多枝柽柳幼苗的光合特征及生长均有影响;在地下水埋深20 cm,矿化度为3.0～10.0 g/L的咸水条件下,多枝柽柳幼苗的最大光合速率(Pnmax)为66.93μmol/(m2.s),光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cond)、水分利用效率(WUE)及羧化速率(CE)对光强的响应均大于其它试验处理。不同的地下水埋深、矿化度可显著影响多枝柽柳幼苗的最大光合速率(Pnmax)、表观量子效率(AQY)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光饱和点(LSP)等光合特征。进一步分析表明,在地下水埋深20 cm,矿化度为3.0～10.0 g/L的咸水条件下,多枝柽柳幼苗的生态适应能力较强,幼苗能够适应生境变化迅速生长,获得竞争优势。     

组培微环境热平衡过程的实验研究

温度对组培苗的生长发育具有重要的作用，提高光合光量子通量密度会引起微环境温度强烈变化。为探讨光合光量子通量密度对组培微环境温度的影响，测定了不同光合光量子通量密度下，组培环境中各主要测点温度的历时变化值，分析了组培微环境温度变化的影响因素和热平衡过程，建立了组培微环境的热平衡模式。实验结果表明增高光合光量子通量密度所导致的微环境温升高于经验估测值，必须采取措施降低微环境温度，进一步的分析指出调控组培箱内气温和支承板温度是降低组培微环境温度的有效措施。     

不同浓度的NO_3~-对黄瓜幼苗光合特性的影响

水培条件下,不同浓度的NO_3~-处理黄瓜幼苗7d.测定了黄瓜幼苗光合速率及相关参数的变化,揭示了黄瓜幼苗光合作用功能对高浓度NO_3~-胁迫响应机理。结果表明.营养液中NO_3~-浓度在较低范围(14～98 mmol/L)内时,适当增加NO_3~-有利于净光合速率的提高,光饱和点的升高,羧化效率增大,淀粉粒增加,叶面积增加,有利于黄瓜幼苗光合物质的积累及植株的生长;营养液中NO_3~-浓度进一步增加(>98 mmoL/L)时,黄瓜幼苗叶绿素的含量降低,净光合速率显著降低,光饱和点、羧化效率均降低;182 mmoL/L NO_3~-的处理,叶绿体的结构受到损伤,基粒数、基粒片层数、淀粉粒均减少,且淀粉粒变小,干重和叶面积均降低。所以,NO_3~-浓度过高时,黄瓜幼苗利用强光、弱光、CO_2的能力减弱,叶肉细胞被损伤,非气孔限制造成光合速率降低,不利于黄瓜幼苗的生长。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.