高氮和NO2-对中亚热带森林土壤N2O和NO产生的影响

利用15N同位素标记方法,研究在两种水分条件即60％和90％ WHC下,添加硝酸盐(NH4NO3,N 300 mg kg-1)和亚硝酸盐(NaNO2,N 1 mg kg-1)对中亚热带天然森林土壤N2O和NO产生过程及途径的影响.结果表明,在含水量为60％ WHC的情况下,高氮输入显著抑制了N2O和NO的产生(p＜0.01);但当含水量增为90％ WHC后,实验9h内抑制N2O产生,之后转为促进.所有未灭菌处理在添加NO2-后高氮抑制均立即解除并大量产生N2O和NO,与对照成显著差异(p＜0.01),在60％ WHC条件下,这种情况维持时间较短(21 h),但如果含水量高(90％ WHC)这种情况会持续很长时间(2周以上),说明水分有效性的提高和外源NO2-在高氮抑制解除中起到重要作用.本实验中N2O主要来源于土壤反硝化过程,而且加入未标记NO2-后导致杂合的N2O(14N15NO)分子在实验21 h内迅速增加,表明这种森林土壤的反硝化过程可能主要是通过真菌的“共脱氮”来实现,其贡献率可多达80％以上.Spearman秩相关分析表明未灭菌土壤NO的产生速率与N2O产生速率成显著正相关性(p＜0.05),土壤含水量越低二者相关性越高.灭菌土壤添加NO2-能较未灭菌土壤产生更多的NO,但却几乎不产生N2O,表明酸性土壤的化学反硝化对NO的贡献要大于N2O.     

长白山森林土壤反硝化潜力及产物组成

采用淹水厌氧密闭培养-乙炔抑制法测定了长白山4种森林土壤的反硝化势以及气态产物N2O、NO和N2的产生量。供试4种森林土壤均呈酸性,pH(H2O)4.5～5.3,有机碳含量24.6～83.0 g kg-1。结果表明,长白山4种典型森林土壤反硝化势及反硝化产物中氮氧化物的比例差异很大。土壤反硝化势强弱顺序依次为:阔叶红松>白桦>红松云杉冷杉>兴安落叶松,与土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈显著的正相关关系(p<0.01),与土壤pH的相关性不显著。比较加乙炔和不加乙炔处理发现,在培养过程中,N2O始终是反硝化的主要产物,占反硝化产物的比例变化于50%～85%之间,不随培养时间而发生显著的变化,与土壤pH呈弱负相关关系(p=0.22)。反硝化产物中,NO仅占0.2%～2.4%,随培养时间也未发生有规律的变化,与土壤有机碳含量呈显著的对数负相关关系(p<0.05)。上述结果表明,长白山森林土壤反硝化过程并不能有效地将活性氮转化为惰性氮,反硝化作用的生态环境意义需要重新评估。     

控释肥对土壤氮素反硝化损失和N_2O排放的影响

在实验室培养条件下,研究了3种控释肥对土壤氮素硝化反硝化损失和N2O排放的影响。结果表明,控释肥具有明显控制氮素释放的作用。在培养的前23d,控释肥处理的土壤NH4＋-N含量低于尿素处理,而后则高于尿素处理。各肥料处理土壤NO3--N含量均随培养时间逐渐增加,但不同肥料处理间差异不显著。28d培养期间,施入控释肥的土壤反硝化氮损失量为30.33～30.91mg N·kg-1土,比施加尿素处理土壤低13.83～14.41mgN·kg-1土,差异达到显著水平（P〈0.05）,控释肥降低氮肥的反硝化损失达3.45～3.60个百分点。控释肥处理土壤N2O累积释放量约为15.71～20.45mgN·kg-1土,比尿素处理高0.86～5.60mgN·kg-1土,但差异未达到显著水平。     

水稻土和菜田添加碳氮后的气态产物排放动态

【目的】动态连续监测添加碳氮底物后各气体产物—O2、 NO、 N2O、 CH4和N2的排放,对土壤碳氮转化过程和气体产生过程做更深入的理解,揭示不同土地利用方式典型红壤的温室气体产生机制。【方法】采集长江中游金井小流域不同土地利用方式稻田和菜地土壤为研究对象,利用全自动连续在线培养检测体系(Robot系统),通过两组试验分别研究土壤碳氮转化过程中各气体产物的动态变化。试验1采用菜地和稻田土壤进行好气培养,设置不施氮对照、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%硝化抑制剂、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖6个处理。试验2采用稻田土壤进行淹水培养,设不施氮对照、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%硝化抑制剂、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%秸秆、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%的葡萄糖、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖8个处理。培养温度均为20℃,土壤水分含量为70% WFPS (土壤孔隙含水量),培养周期为15天。【结果】从菜地和稻田土壤不同碳氮添加处理气态产物及无机氮的动态变化可看出: 1)菜地土壤好气培养初期硝化作用产生了大量N2O; 受低碳和低含水量的限制,反硝化作用较弱。当提供充足碳源和厌氧条件,出现N2O和NO的大量排放。2)在好气稻田和淹水稻田培养过程中,反硝化作用是N2O产生的主要途径。3)稻田土壤中,提供充足碳源和厌氧条件,各气态产物出现的顺序依次是NO、 N2O和N2,与三种气体在反硝化链式反应过程中的生成顺序一致。淹水稻田加铵态氮和碳源处理N2为主要产物,添加硝态氮处理后,N2O成为主要气态产物。当土壤碳源充足时,反硝化过程进行彻底,反硝化产物以终产物(N2)为主。4)在稻田土壤出现厌氧或添加碳源条件下,均检测到大量CH4产生; 且在甲烷产生的同时,NO-3几乎消耗殆尽。【结论】金井小流域典型红壤菜地N2O主要来自于硝化作用,好气和淹水稻田N2O主要来源于反硝化作用; 当碳源充足和厌氧时,菜地及稻田反硝化作用增强; 反硝化产物组成、 产物累积量及出峰顺序与碳源和氧气浓度有关。     

土壤N2O和NO产生机制研究进展

N2O和NO是大气中两种重要的活性氮气体,强烈影响着全球变化和生态环境。土壤是N2O和NO的重要排放源,生物和非生物途径均可产生N2O和NO。本文详细论述了自养硝化、异养硝化、生物反硝化、化学反硝化、硝化细菌反硝化和硝态氮异化还原成铵作用产生N2O和（或）NO的机制,并对研究中存在的一些问题进行了探讨。     

草甸沼泽土壤硝化-反硝化作用和有机碳矿化对氮输入的响应

通过室内培养实验.研究了草甸沼泽土壤N2O排放和反硝化损失对氮输入的响应特征,结果表明,在培养期(23 d)内N2O平均排放速率为0.32(NO).0.87(N1).17.69(N2),28.07(N3)μgN2O-N/(kg±·h),反硝化平均损失速率为0.25(NO),0.81(NI),22.29(N2),30.28(N3)μgN2O--N/(kg±·h).两者都随氮输入量增高而升高.其中,N3处理N2O平均排放速率和反硝化平均损失速率与对照差异显著(p<0.05),N1和N2与对照差异不显著.N2O排放总量占氮输入的比例为0.03%(N1),1.04%(N2).1.76%(N3),反硝化损失总量占氮输入的比例为0.04%(N1),1.29%(N2),1.93%(N3).均表现为随氮输入量的增大而增高.N1处理下有机碳矿化速率低于对照,而N2和N3有机碳矿化速率高于对照,说明低氮输入对有机碳矿化有一定抑制作用,.高氮输入促进有机碳矿化.     

追氮方式对夏玉米土壤N2O和NH3排放的影响

【目的】研究氮肥与硝化抑制剂撒施及条施覆土三种追施氮肥方式下土壤N2O和NH3排放规律、 O2浓度及土壤NH4+-N、 NO2--N和NO3--N的时空动态,揭示追氮方式对两种重要环境气体排放的影响及机制。【方法】试验设置3个处理: 1)农民习惯追氮方式撒施(BC); 2)撒施添加10%的硝化抑制剂(BC+DCD); 3) 条施后覆土(Band)。 3个处理均在施肥后均匀灌水20 mm。在夏玉米十叶期追施氮肥后的15天(2014年7月23日至8月8日)进行田间原位连续动态观测,并在玉米成熟期测定产量及吸氮量。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O排放量,土壤气体平衡管-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O浓度,PVC管-通气法测定土壤NH3挥发,土壤气体平衡管-泵吸式O2浓度测定仪测定土壤O2浓度。【结果】农民习惯追氮方式N2O排放量为N 395 g/hm2,NH3挥发损失为N 22.9 kg/hm2,同时还导致土壤在一定程度上积累了NO2--N。与习惯追氮方式相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著减少N2O排放89.4%,使NH3挥发略有增加,未造成土壤NO2--N的累积。条施覆土使土壤N2O排放量显著增加将近1倍,但使NH3挥发显著减少69.4%,同时造成施肥后土壤局部高NO2--N累积。条施覆土的施肥条带上土壤NO2--N含量与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关。土壤气体的O2和N2O浓度受土壤含水量控制,当土壤WFPS大于60%时,020 cm土层中的O2浓度明显降低,而N2O浓度增加,土壤N2O浓度和土壤O2浓度间呈极显著负相关。各处理地上部产量及总吸氮量差异不显著。【结论】土壤NO2--N的累积与铵态氮肥施肥方式密切相关,NO2--N的累积能够促进土壤N2O的排放,且在条施覆土时达到显著水平(P0.05)。追氮方式对N2O和NH3两种气体的排放存在某种程度的此消彼长,添加硝化抑制剂在减少N2O排放的同时会增加NH3挥发,条施覆土在显著减少NH3挥发的同时会显著增加土壤N2O排放。在条施覆土基础上添加硝化抑制剂,有可能同时降低N2O排放和NH3挥发损失,此推论值得进一步研究。     

森林土壤氧化亚氮排放对大气氮沉降增加的响应研究进展

森林土壤N2O来源于土壤氮素的氧化还原反应,硝化、反硝化、硝化细菌反硝化以及化学反硝化是其产生的四个关键过程。当前,氮素富集条件下森林土壤N2O排放存在硝化和反硝化主导作用之争,对大气氮沉降增加的响应模式以及微生物驱动机制尚不清楚。综述了森林土壤N2O来源的稳定性同位素拆分,森林土壤总氮转化和N2O排放对增氮的响应规律,增氮对N2O产生菌群落活性和组成的影响,并指出研究的薄弱环节与未来的研究重点。总体而言,森林土壤N2O排放对大气氮沉降增加的响应呈现非线性,包括初期无明显响应、中期缓慢增加和后期急剧增加三个阶段,取决于森林生态系统"氮饱和"程度。施氮会引起森林土壤有效氮由贫氮向富氮的转变,相应地改变了土壤硝化细菌和反硝化细菌群落丰度与组成,进而影响土壤N2O排放。由于森林土壤N2O排放监测、土壤总氮转化和N2O产生菌群落动态研究多为独立进行的,难以阐明微生物功能群与N2O排放之间的耦合关系。未来研究应该有机结合15N-18O标记和分子生物学技术,准确量化森林土壤N2O的来源,揭示森林土壤N2O排放对增氮的非线性响应机理。     

农田土壤硝化—反硝化作用与N2O的排放

在北京潮土上研究了冬小麦夏玉米轮作体系下土壤硝化反硝化作用以及N2O排放情况。结果表明，小麦生育期土壤温度及含水量降低，无论是反硝化损失氮量还是土壤的N2O生成排放量均不高。土壤的N2O生成排放量与反硝化氮量相当或低于反硝化氮量。玉米生育期土壤温度升高以及孔隙含水量的较大的改善，反硝化损失氮量、N2O生成排放量有明显上升。通常情况下土壤反硝损失氮量与N2O排放氮量基本处于同一水平。在玉米十叶期追肥后的较短时间内，N2O总排放量明显高于反硝化损失氮量，说明至少在这一阶段中，硝化作用在北方旱地土壤N2O的排放中发挥了主要作用。在评价北方旱地农田土壤氮素硝化反硝化损失中，硝化作用的氮素损失是不可忽视的重要方面。     

硝态氮浓度对亚热带土壤反硝化潜力和产物组成的影响

在实验室条件下,采用密闭、淹水、充 N2 的严格厌氧培养方法研究了NO3--N?浓度对亚热带土壤反硝化潜力和产物组成的影响。研究表明,在NO3-?-N?浓度为 10 ~ 200 mg /kg 范围内,该土壤的反硝化势变化于 0.024 ~ 0.224 mg/(kg×h) 之间,随着NO3--N?浓度的增加而呈显著线性增加(R2 = 0.94,P<0.01)。N2O 始终是反硝化的主要产物,占反硝化产物的 56% ~ 92%;NO 是次要产物,占 6% ~ 40%。在野外原位状态下,土壤的还原条件难以达到供试实验室条件,由此估计,亚热带森林土壤反硝化的主要产物并非 N2,而是 N2O 和 NO,这可能是该类土壤虽反硝化作用弱,但 N2O 排放量大的主要原因。     

Effects of organic material amendment and water content on NO, N2O, and N2 emissions in a nitrate-rich vegetable soil

Amending vegetable soils with organic materials is increasingly recommended as an agroecosystems management option to improve soil quality. However, the amounts of NO, N₂O, and N₂ emissions from vegetable soils treated with organic materials and frequent irrigation are not known. In laboratory-based experiments, soil from a NO ₃ ^? -rich (340 mg N?kg^?1) vegetable field was incubated at 30°C for 30 days, with and without 10 % C₂H₂, at 50, 70, or 90 % water-holding capacity (WHC) and was amended at 1.19 g?C kg^?1 (equivalent to 2.5 t?C ha^?1) as Chinese milk vetch (CMV), ryegrass (RG), or wheat straw (WS); a soil not amended with organic material was used as a control (CK). At 50 % WHC, cumulative N₂ production (398–524 μg N?kg^?1) was significantly higher than N₂O (84.6–190 μg N?kg^?1) and NO (196–224 μg N?kg^?1) production, suggesting the occurrence of denitrification under unsaturated conditions. Organic materials and soil water content significantly influenced NO emissions, but the effect was relatively weak since the cumulative NO production ranged from 124 to 261 μg N?kg^?1. At 50–90 % WHC, the added organic materials did not affect the accumulated NO ₃ ^? in vegetable soil but enhanced N₂O emissions, and the effect was greater by increasing soil water content. At 90 % WHC, N₂O production reached 13,645–45,224 μg N?kg^?1 from soil and could be ranked as RG?>?CMV?>?WS?>?CK. These results suggest the importance of preventing excess water in soil while simultaneously taking into account the quality of organic materials applied to vegetable soils.     

Effects of soil moisture on gross N transformations and N2O emission in acid subtropical forest soils

Soil moisture changes, arising from seasonal variation or from global climate changes, could influence soil nitrogen (N) transformation rates and N availability in unfertilized subtropical forests. A ¹⁵?N dilution study was carried out to investigate the effects of soil moisture change (30–90 % water-holding capacity (WHC)) on potential gross N transformation rates and N₂O and NO emissions in two contrasting (broad-leaved vs. coniferous) subtropical forest soils. Gross N mineralization rates were more sensitive to soil moisture change than gross NH₄ ⁺ immobilization rates for both forest soils. Gross nitrification rates gradually increased with increasing soil moisture in both forest soils. Thus, enhanced N availability at higher soil moisture values was attributed to increasing gross N mineralization and nitrification rates over the immobilization rate. The natural N enrichment in humid subtropical forest soils may partially be due to fast N mineralization and nitrification under relatively higher soil moisture. In broad-leaved forest soil, the high N₂O and NO emissions occurred at 30 % WHC, while the reverse was true in coniferous forest soil. Therefore, we propose that there are different mechanisms regulating N₂O and NO emissions between broad-leaved and coniferous forest soils. In coniferous forest soil, nitrification may be the primary process responsible for N₂O and NO emissions, while in broad-leaved forest soil, N₂O and NO emissions may originate from the denitrification process.     

土壤中羟胺和亚硝态氮非生物过程对N_2O排放的贡献

羟胺(NH_2OH)和亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)均可以通过非生物过程产生N_2O,但是同一土壤中其对N_2O排放的相对贡献尚不明确。本文采用高压灭菌和室内培养方法,测定了采自6个不同地点的农业利用土壤在灭菌和非灭菌条件下添加NH_2OH或NO_2~--N后N_2O的排放量,以研究土壤中NH_2OH和NO_2~--N非生物过程对N_2O排放的相对贡献及其关键因子。结果表明,供试土壤中,NH_2OH非生物过程产生的N_2O贡献介于6%~73%,NO_2~--N非生物过程产生N_2O占的比例为3%~236%;在pH7的衢州茶园、鹰潭旱地、常熟菜地和海伦旱地土壤中,添加NO_2~--N后非生物过程产生N_2O比例大于添加NH_2OH的处理,但是在pH7的常熟果园和封丘旱地土壤中则相反;pH是影响NH_2OH和NO_2~--N非生物过程产生N_2O的关键因子,添加NH_2OH处理中非生物过程产生N_2O占N_2O总排放量的比例与土壤pH呈正相关(p0.05),而在添加NO_2~--N处理中呈负相关(p0.01)。上述结果说明,NO_2~--N在偏酸性土壤中可能主要通过非生物过程产生N_2O,而在偏碱性土壤中主要通过生物过程;NH_2OH则与之相反。     

Evaluation of nitrate and ammonium as sources of NO and N2O emissions from black earth soils (Haplic Chernozem) based on 15N field experiments

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) released from soil is a concern since it can act as a potential atmospheric pollutant and it represents a loss of N from the soil. These gases are present in the atmosphere in trace amounts and are important to atmospheric chemistry and earth's radiative balance. Nitric oxide (NO) does not directly contribute to the greenhouse effect, but it contributes to climate forcing through its role in photochemistry of hydroxyl radicals and ozone and plays a key role in air quality issues. Nitrification and denitrification have been identified as major controlling microbial processes in soils responsible for the formation of NO and N₂O. To elucidate the contribution of both processes to the release of NO and N₂O from loess-black earth soils under field conditions—i.e. to evaluate nitrate and ammonium as sources of NO and N₂O emission—two field experiments with either [¹⁵N] nitrate (NO₃^?) or [¹⁵N] ammonium (NH₄⁺) labelling have been conducted at two sites differing in soil organic matter content (high and normal SOM). [¹⁵N] nitrate treatments revealed that denitrification of NO₃^? represents the main pathway of soil N₂O release. On average 76% and 54% of N₂O was emitted during denitrification from soils with high and normal SOM content, respectively. Contrarily, denitrification contributed on average only 17% and 12% of released NO from soil with high and normal SOM content, respectively. The [¹⁵N]ammonium treatments revealed that nitrification of NH₄⁺ is the major process responsible for soil NO emission. SOM content of the loess-black earth soil significantly influenced NO and N₂O emission. The soil with the higher SOM content showed lower NO emission but drastically increased N₂O emission after nitrate fertilisation. In particular the soil with high SOM content exhibited a high sorption capacity for ammonium ions which led to unexpected results after fertilisation with [¹⁵N]ammonium. To explain this results a revised concept containing three different interacting soil ammonium pools have been hypothesised.     

设施菜田土壤pH和初始C/NO3– 对反硝化产物比的影响

【目的】设施菜田土壤反硝化作用是N₂O排放和氮素损失的重要途径。本研究通过室内厌氧培养试验,在不同pH和初始C/NO₃–条件下,比较设施菜田土壤反硝化氮素气体排放及产物比的变化特征。【方法】以设施菜田土壤为研究对象,通过添加一定量低浓度的酸碱溶液调节土壤pH分别为酸性、中性和碱性条件,调节后的实测pH分别为5.63、6.65和7.83;同时以谷氨酸钠作为有效性碳,除未添加有效性碳作为对照处理 (CK) 外,其他有效性碳与硝酸盐 (C/NO₃–) 的比值分别调节为5∶1、15∶1和30∶1,三种pH条件下均设置 4 个 C/NO₃– 水平,每个水平3次重复。利用自动连续在线培养系统 (Robot系统),在厌氧条件下监测不同处理土壤产生的 N₂O、NO、N₂和CO₂浓度的动态变化,通过计算N₂O/(N₂O + NO + N₂)指数估算反硝化过程N₂O的产物比。【结果】增加土壤的pH能显著减少设施菜田土壤N₂O和NO的产生量,酸性 (pH 5.63) 土壤的N₂O、NO产生量峰值在不同初始C/NO₃– 比下均显著高于中性 (pH 6.65) 和碱性 (pH 7.83) 土壤 (P < 0.05)。中性和碱性土壤在高C/NO₃– 下有利于减少反硝化过程N₂O的产生,而酸性土壤条件下差异并不显著。中性土壤条件下增加有机碳含量会降低NO产生量,而在酸性和碱性土壤上有机碳的添加对NO产生量没有显著影响。土壤pH和初始C/NO₃– 比对土壤N₂O的产生有极显著的交互效应 (P < 0.001)。酸性和中性土壤上添加有机碳能够显著增加土壤N₂的产生速率 (P < 0.05),且与对照相比,不同pH的土壤添加有机碳后均显著促进反硝化过程中N₂O向N₂的转化。在不同初始C/NO₃– 下碱性土壤的CO₂产生量显著高于酸性和中性土壤,同时与对照相比,添加有机碳显著增加了土壤的CO₂产生量 (P < 0.05)。酸性土壤的N₂O产物比在不同初始C/NO₃– 下均极显著高于碱性土壤 (P < 0.01),且不同初始C/NO₃– 下的土壤N₂O产物比随pH的增加显著下降,二者呈极显著线性负相关关系 (P < 0.01)。【结论】土壤pH降低是设施菜田土壤N₂O和NO排放量较高的重要原因。而且,增加初始土壤有效碳含量促进了土壤的反硝化损失,并在中性和碱性土壤中N₂O的产生量减少。土壤pH升高和初始C/NO₃– 增加均降低了产物比,但增加了土壤反硝化作用速率。在利用N₂O排放通量和产物比估算土壤反硝化氮素损失时,土壤pH和有效碳含量是必须考虑的两个重要因素。     

农田土壤N2O和NO排放的影响因素及其作用机制

农田土壤作为N2O和NO的重要排放源而备受关注。硝化和反硝化是土壤N2O和NO产生的两个主要微生物过程,环境因子和农田管理措施等因素强烈影响着这两个过程以及N2O和NO的排放。本文重点论述了土壤水热状况、土壤质地、pH、肥料施用、耕作措施变更等关键性影响因素对农田土壤N2O和NO排放的影响及其影响机制。     

Soil N Losses by Denitrification Evaluated Using the 15N Tracer Method

Molecular nitrogen (N₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) generated by denitrification increase N losses in the soil–plant system. This study aimed to quantify N₂ and N₂O from potassium nitrate (K¹⁵NO₃) applied to soils with different textures and moisture contents in the absence and presence of a source of carbon (C) using the ¹⁵N tracer method. In the three soils used (sandy texture (ST), sandy clay loam texture (SCLT), and clayey texture (CT)), three moisture contents were evaluated (40%, 60%, and 80% of the water holding capacity (WHC)) with (D⁺) and without (D^?) dextrose added. The treatments received 100 mg N kg^?1 (KNO₃ with 23.24 atom% ¹⁵N). N₂ emissions occurred in all of the treatments, but N₂O emissions only occurred in the D⁺ treatment, showing increases with increasing moisture content. SCLT with 80% WHC in the D⁺ treatment exhibited the highest accumulated N emission (48.26 mg kg^?1). The ¹⁵N balance suggested trapping of the gases in the soil.