草菇菌渣用作双孢蘑菇栽培基料的试验

基于草菇和双孢蘑菇对营养成分的不同需求,用草菇菌渣培养料栽培双孢蘑菇,研究了常规培养料与草菇菌渣培养料不同比例配方和草菇菌渣培养料不同制备方法对双孢蘑菇菌丝和子实体生长的影响.试验结果表明,采用适合的配方(玉米芯45％、杏鲍菇菌渣30％、牛粪20％、石灰5％)栽培草菇,具有稳定性好、养分充足等优点,可在保证草菇产量的情...     

玉米秸秆与菌糠栽培真姬菇比较研究

以真姬菇为试材,利用玉米和菌糠为栽培培养料,以棉籽壳培养料为对照,比较2种原料对真姬菇菌丝生长、产量和营养成分的影响。结果表明:用玉米秸秆栽培真姬菇,其菌丝生长速度、平均产量、营养成分好于菌糠栽培,但经济效益低于菌糠栽培;用玉米秸秆和菌糠栽培真姬菇的平均产量、粗脂肪含量和多糖含量显著低于对照,而经济效益较对照均有提高。     

大蒜秸秆在袋料平菇栽培中的应用配方试验

以大蒜秸秆代替部分棉籽壳为栽培原料,采用生料栽培法生产平菇,研究了其对供试平菇菌株的菌丝生长速度、子实体产量和外观品质的影响。结果表明:在平菇培养料中加入10%~15%的大蒜秸秆,可提高菌丝生长速度,增加平菇产量。与对照相比,以加入10%大蒜秸秆的配方最好,平菇产量增加33.43%,采菇间隔缩短7.2d,并可提升平菇的外观品质。     

福建野生朱红密孔菌的人工栽培试验初报

从野生朱红密孔菌子实体组织中分离获得朱红密孔菌纯菌丝,研究了温度、培养基pH值和含水量对菌丝生长的影响,结果表明,朱红密孔菌菌丝生长的适宜温度为25～30℃,培养基最适pH值为7．0,最适含水量为60％～65％。用木屑和麸皮为培养料人工栽培朱红密孔菌,在培养料上菌丝发满菌袋时间为26～30d,原基形成至子实体成熟时间约为32d。     

玉米秸秆栽培双孢蘑菇夏季出菇试验

玉米秸秆栽培双孢蘑菇夏季出菇试验结果表明，双孢蘑菇新品种9801的产量、质量和抗逆性均有明显提高；培养料内添加食用菌专用发酵剂可以缩短发酵周期，提高发酵质量；培养料中和覆土内活加双孢蘑菇专用添加剂能提高双孢蘑菇子实体质量。玉米秸秆栽培双孢蘑菇的生物学效率可达到50%以上，产量可达10kg/m^2以上。     

香菇菌糠反季节栽培草菇试验

我县是香菇生产大县 ,年生产量达 5 0 0 0万棒。据测香菇废菌糠含 7.78%粗蛋白 ,10 .2 7%糖 ,18.0 5 %粗纤维 ,能够为草菇菌丝生长及子实体生长提供所需营养。我所就香菇废菌糠栽培草菇进行了试验。1　供试菌株　草菇 VA,引自浙江丽水市食用菌科研中心。2　培养料配方　香菇废菌糠 60 % ,棉子壳 2 0 % ,麦麸 2 0 % ,适量生石灰 ,p H 8～ 10。3　试验方法　按配方称取主辅料 ,香菇废菌糠需晒干碾碎成木屑状 ,棉子壳先用石灰水预湿 1天 ,再添加麦麸 ,三者拌匀 ,加水至含水量达到 5 5 % ,p H 8～ 10。将拌好的培养料装进大麻袋 ,蒸汽加温 60…     

利用不同培养料栽培的草菇子实体挥发性风味成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取(head space solid phase micro-extraction,HS-SPME)和气相色谱质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)技术分析稻草、废棉、棉籽壳、金针菇(Flammulina velutiper)菌渣、刺芹侧耳(Pleurotus eryngii)菌渣5种不同培养料栽培的草菇(Volvariella volvacea)子实体挥发性风味成分,利用相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)评价挥发性风味成分对草菇子实体总体风味的贡献,并采用主成分分析法明确了对不同培养料栽培的草菇香气影响较大的挥发性香味成分,通过综合评价指数(general evaluation indexes,GEI)对不同培养料栽培的草菇子实体香气进行评价,采用感官评定法验证分析草菇挥发性风味成分评价模型的准确性。结果表明:不同培养料栽培的草菇子实体中共检测出38种挥发性化合物,其中共有的化合物为26种,主要是芳香族和烯烃类、醛类化合物,其次是醇类化合物、酮类化合物。通过对主要挥发性风味物质的主成分分析发现,异戊醛、己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、甲硫醇、2-戊基呋喃、二甲基硫醚对草菇子实体香气影响较大。GEI评价结果表明不同培养料栽培的草菇子实体香气差异显著,用刺芹侧耳菌渣栽培的草菇香气品质最优,金针菇菌渣栽培的草菇香气品质最差,感官评定结果与构建的挥发性风味成分评价模型结果一致。     

板栗苞生物发酵栽培茶薪菇研究

利用板栗苞为培养料栽培茶薪菇,采取生物发酵、石灰水浸泡、直接拌料装袋3种原料处理方式,经熟料栽培管理,测定各培养料菌袋菌丝生长速度和子实体产量及生物学效率。结果表明:生物发酵与石灰水浸泡、直接拌料装袋的培养料相比较,差异均达到显著水平,板粟苞生物发酵栽培的茶薪菇菌丝生长旺盛、生物转化率较高。     

野生朱红硫磺菌驯化栽培研究

营养试验、菌丝体培养和出菇温度试验、培养基酸碱度试验、出菇条件试验结果表明：朱红硫磺菌菌丝体适宜生长的温度范围为15-32℃，最适温度范围为22～28℃；子实体发生的最适温度为16～25℃，气温低于16℃，子实体色泽为淡橙色，16℃以上，子实体呈鲜橙红色；培养料适宜营养C／N为20-26／1；朱红硫磺菌菌丝体适宜酸碱度范围为pH3．0～8．0，最适酸碱度为pH4．0—6．5；朱红硫磺菌的产量与光照条件无关，但光照强度影响子实体的发生时间和色泽；朱红硫磺菌栽培原料广泛，凡栽培木腐菌的培养料均可用于栽培朱红硫磺菌。     

大球盖菇栽培期间胞外酶活性变化研究

大球盖菇是一种清香美味、营养丰富的珍稀食用菌,其对农田废弃物如稻草、秸秆等具有很好的降解能力。因此,本试验对不同培养料栽培大球盖菇期间降解木质纤维素的胞外酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,在不同栽培基质中各个酶的活性变化规律基本一致,除了B一葡萄糖苷酶外,其他酶均在菌丝生长期和子实体发育期活性较高,CMC酶和FP酶在菌丝生长中期和子实体成熟期酶活性最高,HC酶和漆酶在菌丝生长前期和子实体成熟期酶活性最高。所有的酶均在稻草和玉米秸秆培养料中表现出了较高的酶活性,而在木屑培养料和玉米芯培养料中酶活性相对较弱。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon,Arizona, USA

Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at detailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire patterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups were highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could not be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial photos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, especially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates measured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire sizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between burns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s, followed by a 94-year gap until 1879. Fires typically occurred in significantly dry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major regional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed conifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest structure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding closely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially denuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree groups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups appeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all fire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the groups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study. Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

瓜叶绿素降解关键酶基因PPH和PAO cDNA片段的克隆与表达初步分析

 以西双版纳黄瓜和‘华黄5号’黄瓜叶片为试验材料,研究了衰老过程中两种黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量变化及脱镁叶绿素脱镁叶绿酸水解酶基因PPH和脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶基因PAO的表达。结果表明：随着叶片衰老,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值在0.5左右,推测叶绿素b的含量可能对黄瓜叶片保绿起到重要作用。荧光定量RT-PCR分析结果显示：PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片生长35 d时表达量最高,分别为5.50和1.86;PPH在‘华黄5号’叶片35 d时表达量最高,为7.14,而PAO在35和45 d表达量都很高,分别为3.90和3.91;PPH和PAO在西双版纳黄瓜叶片中的表达量低于在‘华黄5号’中。     

Effects of simvastatin on PDGF-BB and serum-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and on the expression of tumor suppressor gene PTEN

AIM:To observe the effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) induced by serum and growth factor PDGF-BB and the effect of simvastatin on the expression of PTEN,a important regulator of G₁/S cell cycle transition. METHODS:The DNA synthesis was determined by [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle was examined with flow cytometry, the protein level of PTEN was measured by Western blot method. RESULTS: (1)Simvastatin inhibited [³H]-TdR incorporation in a dose dependent manner. (2) Flow cytometric DNA analysis revealed that simvastatin induced significantly enhancement of G₀/G₁ phase and decrease in S phase VSMCs.(3)Simvastatin increased protein level of PTEN and mevalonate, a metabolite of HMG-COA, reversed the effect of simvastatin on PTEN protein expression. CONCLUSION:Simvastatin may inhibit proliferation of VSMCs and retarded cell cycle in G₀/G₁ phase by increasing PTEN expression through inhibiting synthesis of mevalonate.     

Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast

Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if some nesting areas are more important than others due to their proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation, where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little tono murrelet use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays, river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤ 800ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas near productive marine habitat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Relationships of landscape,prey and agronomic variables to the abundance of generalist predators in cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>) fields

A two-year field study investigated the possible effects of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) and uncultivated areas on the abundance of generalist predators in commercially-managed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields in Texas, USA. From 63 to 70 fields were sampled for pests and predators over nine consecutive weeks during early stages of cotton development. Additional data on agronomic practices and landscape composition at three spatial scales were also collected for each field. Stepwise regression analyses were used to determine the relationships of landscape, agronomic and prey variables to the abundance of generalist predators. Because the variables most closely linked to predator levels could vary over time, separate regressions were conducted for three time periods corresponding to stages of grain sorghum growth (half-bloom, hard-dough, maturity) in each year. Significant relationships between predator abundance and agricultural landscape composition appear in both years and in all three time periods, but the specific relationships of landscape variables to cotton predator levels differed between and within years. At maturity in 2001, predator levels rose as the amount of uncultivated land from 1.6 to 3.2 km distant and the perimeter shared with grain sorghum increased. During 2002, the area of grain sorghum (half-bloom) and uncultivated land (hard-dough) within 1.6 km of cotton fields were both positively related to predator numbers. Cotton planting dates and the abundance of cotton fleahoppers (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus [Reuter]) were also strongly linked to predator numbers during both years. Results suggest that the total amount of grain sorghum or uncultivated land in an area is more important than the presence of these habitats adjacent to cotton fields, and that landscape composition may sometimes be the most important factor in determining predator abundance.