冷鲜肉的特点及其生产工艺流程

1冷鲜肉的概念 目前市场上销售的鲜肉主要有,热鲜肉、冷冻肉和冷鲜肉（又称冷却排酸肉）3种。热鲜肉就是现宰现卖,未经任何降温处理的鲜肉,在市场上占有的比例较大。此种肉的缺点是动物宰杀后肉温高,不可能包装,裸肉摊售,成为细菌的温床,污染肉源。且该肉品质下降,肉的硬度增加10—40倍,干燥、缺乏弹性、嫩度降低,风味、口感不佳。冷冻肉,通常是把肉在-18℃以下冷冻,食用时再解冻,在这个过程中会造成肉中细胞的破裂和水分的流失,     

育成荷斯坦奶公牛与其他3个品种牛的肉品质比较研究

通过对育成荷斯坦奶公牛与西门塔尔牛、新疆褐牛及新疆土种牛肉品质部分指标的比较分析研究,旨在探讨荷斯坦奶公牛的肉品质。选择在相同营养模式下18月龄左右4个品种牛各3头进行屠宰,取右半边胴体的背最长肌作为肉品质试验样品,分别对牛肉的肉品质、常规营养成分及氨基酸含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,荷斯坦奶公牛肉色、失水率、系水力、熟肉率、大理石花纹等指标均优于新疆褐牛、新疆土种牛,次于西门塔尔牛;荷斯坦奶公牛嫩度优于新疆土种牛;粗蛋白质、粗灰分含量分别为20.14%、1.11%,且各品种间差异均不显著(P>0.05),干物质含量为26.30%,显著高于新疆褐牛和新疆土种牛(P<0.05),低于西门塔尔牛(P>0.05),粗脂肪含量为10.04%,显著高于其他品种牛(P<0.05);荷斯坦奶公牛含有人体需要的各种氨基酸,其中蛋氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、牛磺酸等含量丰富,氨基酸组成比例良好。     

利用荷斯坦阉牛生产大理石纹牛肉的研究

本文主要从荷斯坦牛肌内脂肪沉积相关基因的研究入手,主要阐述荷斯坦牛大理石纹的影响因素,去势对荷斯坦牛肉品质(大理石纹和牛肉嫩度)影响及营养(营养浓度和维生素A成分)调控对荷斯坦阉牛肌内脂肪沉积的影响展开综述,以期为利用荷斯坦阉牛生产大理石纹牛肉提供参考。     

排酸肉已成牛肉新宠

时下，由于人们生活水平的不断提高，食用高蛋白．低脂肪的牛肉，已经被越来越多的人接受。在牛肉食品的消费中，过去的冷却肉，冷冻肉，热鲜肉三分天下的格局已经打破，排酸肉异军突起，已经悄然走上人们的餐桌，并且受到越来越多的人的青睐。在牛肉消费量逐年上升的同时，排酸牛肉也已经成为一种消费的大趋势。     

不同品种犊牛及其不同部位的肉品质研究

试验分别取10月龄新疆褐牛、荷斯坦牛、安格斯牛和西门塔尔牛公犊的左半侧胴体背最长肌、半腱肌和臀中肌,进行肉品质分析。结果表明,不同品种牛肉肌红蛋白的含量不同,其含量顺序依次是荷斯坦牛＞新疆褐牛＞西门塔尔牛＞安格斯牛,差异不显著(P>0.05);4个品种间安格斯牛的脂肪含量最高而胶原蛋白含量最低,背最长肌中脂肪含量与其它品种相比差异显著(P<0.05);同品种不同部位的肌红蛋白、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质含量和失水率大小不同,差异不显著(P>0.05),但存在一定规律,肌红蛋白含量半腱肌和臀中肌含量大于背最长肌,差异显著（P<0.05）;同品种不同部位间胶原蛋白含量背最长肌低于臀中肌和半腱肌,且差异显著(P<0.05)。     

德系西门塔尔×荷斯坦公牛的屠宰性能和肉质性状分析

为探讨德系西门塔尔牛冻精改良荷斯坦奶牛的后代西荷杂公牛（西门塔尔×荷斯坦）育肥后的生长和屠宰性能、肉质性状的差异,为该品种改良荷斯坦奶牛杂交模式提供基础,本试验分别选取9头22月龄的西荷杂公牛和荷斯坦奶牛公牛,在相同日粮水平和相同饲养管理条件下饲养166 d后屠宰,分别测定2组公牛的生长性能、屠宰性能及肉质性状。结果表明：西荷杂公牛在空体重、胴体重、净肉重、肉骨比、屠宰率和净肉率上较荷斯坦牛有较大幅度提高,尤其是西荷杂交公牛的特级肉块、高档肉块、优质肉块和一般肉块重高于荷斯坦公牛（P<0.05）,但2种牛的一般肉块总重占总肉重的比例差异不显著;在肉质性状方面西荷杂交公牛的背最长肌和股二头肌的蛋白质含量和肌纤维密度高于荷斯坦公牛(P<0.05),肌纤维剪切力低于荷斯坦公牛(P<0.05)。西荷杂交公牛在胴体性状方面杂交优势明显,在净肉重、屠宰率、净肉率上较荷斯坦牛有较大幅度提高,尤其是肌肉的蛋白质含量增加较为突出,此外,西荷杂交公牛背最长肌和股二头肌肉质较嫩。     

不同品种牛乳营养成分含量及脂肪酸含量和组成测定比较研究

[目的] 比较中国荷斯坦奶牛、荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛乳中常规营养成分含量、矿物质元素含量及脂肪酸含量和组成的差异。[方法] 选取中国荷斯坦奶牛、荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛各6头,每头奶牛收集200 mL生鲜乳样品,利用乳成分分析仪测定乳中常规营养成分含量,通过原子吸收分光光度计测定乳中矿物质元素含量,应用气相色谱仪测定乳中脂肪酸含量和组成。采用统计学方法对不同品种牛乳中的营养成分含量及脂肪酸含量和组成进行比较。[结果] 中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中乳脂含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛,乳蛋白含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛;中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中乳钙含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛,乳锌含量显著（P<0.05）高于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛。中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中豆蔻酸含量显著（P<0.05）低于荷斯坦奶牛,油酸和亚油酸含量显著（P<0.05）高于西门塔尔牛;中国荷斯坦奶牛生鲜乳中饱和脂肪酸含量显著（P<0.05）低于西门塔尔牛,不饱和脂肪酸含量显著（P<0.05）高于西门塔尔牛。[结论] 中国荷斯坦奶牛乳中部分营养成分和矿物质元素含量接近或优于荷斯坦奶牛和西门塔尔牛,脂肪酸含量和组成与荷斯坦奶牛相近,脂肪酸组成优于西门塔尔牛。     

海南黄牛与其杂交牛肉氨基酸和脂肪酸含量比较研究

为比较海南黄牛及其杂交牛肉的氨基酸和脂肪酸含量,随机选取2岁左右、发育正常、健康无病、膘情中等的海南黄牛和海南杂交牛(海南黄牛×日本和牛)公牛各10头,分别测定其牛肉的氨基酸和脂肪酸含量。结果表明:海南杂交牛肉中天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸、氨基酸总量及鲜味氨基酸含量均显著高于海南黄牛(P0.05),癸酸(C10:0)、棕榈一烯酸(C16:1)、十七碳一烯酸(C17:1)、油酸(C18:1)、花生一烯酸(C20:1)、亚油酸(C18:2)、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸也均显著高于海南黄牛(P0.05)。说明海南杂交牛肉品质明显优于海南黄牛。     

冷鲜牛肉保鲜技术的研究进展

目前,我国肉类市场上牛肉的主要销售形势是:热鲜牛肉、冷鲜牛肉和冷冻牛肉。热鲜牛肉极易受灰尘和微生物的大量污染;冷冻牛肉可以减少微生物污染,延长货架期,但这种牛肉在解冻后原有的大颗粒冰晶极易刺破细胞膜而使肉的汁液流出,影响牛肉的营养和风味;冷鲜牛肉以其细嫩营养、安全卫生以及独特的加工工艺,势必成为人们肉类消费的主流。将屠宰后的牛胴体迅速存放入温度为0～7℃,风     

关于肉牛繁育和牛肉生产工作中几个问题的研讨

牛肉既是人们味美可口的食品,又是工人保健必需的物资,同时它还是工业的重要原料。因此,随着人民生活的提高和工业建设的发展,社会上对牛肉的需要也就越来越多了。根据报道有的国家对牛肉的需要量是相当大的,每年每人约需牛肉50公斤以上,每年约需进口架子牛100万头,鲜肉、冷藏肉和冷冻肉(几乎全部是牛肉)约50万吨。正因为这样,肉牛工作在近些年来也就更为世人所重视。但     

不同父本冻精杂交甘南牦牛母本围产期疾病发生率分析

[目的]为提高甘南农牧交错区牦牛生产性能筛选最佳杂交父本。[方法]分别选取荷斯坦奶牛、西门塔尔、安格斯、娟姗牛优质冻精杂交甘南牦牛,比较妊娠牦牛的流产率、难产率,产后胎衣不下、子宫内膜炎症的发生率,产后当年与第二年发情的比率。[结果]荷斯坦奶牛、西门塔尔冻精人工授精甘南牦牛时,母本妊娠期的流产率和难产率显著高于安格斯、娟姗牛(P<0.05),荷斯坦奶牛、西门塔尔、安格斯作为父本杂交,母本的产后胎衣不下、子宫内膜炎症发病率显著高于娟姗牛(P<0.05)。娟姗牛冻精人工授精甘南牦牛,母本产后当年与第二年发情的比率分别为39.22±1.65%和35.29±1.84%,显著高于其他种公牛冻精杂交后母本的发情率,且只有娟姗牛试验组当年发情率高于第二年发情率。[结论]娟姗牛为父本时,围产期疾病发生率最低,繁育潜能利用率最高,可作为改良甘南牦牛最佳父本。     

Growth- and breed-related changes of muscle bundle structure in cattle

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in muscle fiber bundles of cattle of different breeds during growth. Different numbers of muscle fibers are surrounded by connective tissue to form bundles macroscopically visible as meat fibers or meat grain, a common meat quality trait. To determine the influence of breed and age on morphological characteristics of muscle fiber bundles, 4 cattle breeds with different growth impetus and muscularity were reared and slaughtered under experimental conditions. German Angus, a typical beef cattle; Galloway, a smaller beef type; Holstein Friesian, a dairy type; and double-muscled Belgian Blue, an extreme type for muscle growth, were used. Between 5 and 15 bulls of each breed were slaughtered at 2, 4, 6, 12, or 24 mo of age, and slices of semitendinosus muscle were removed. Muscle structure characteristics were determined by computerized image analysis. During growth, the muscle cross-sectional area enlarged (P < 0.001) about 5-fold in double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls and about 4-fold in the other breeds. This was a result of the enlargement (P < 0.001) of primary bundles and muscle fibers. The bundle size was similar (P > or = 0.15) in bulls of German Angus and Galloway in all age groups and was doubled (P < 0.001) in double-muscled Belgian Blue animals from 4 mo of age on. The Holstein Friesian bulls had the smallest (P < 0.001) muscle fiber bundles at 24 mo of age. The number of muscle fibers per bundle and the number of bundles per muscle remained nearly constant (P > 0.05) during growth. This supports the existing view that the structure of the muscle is already fixed in prenatal life. The double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls showed a more than 2.5-fold greater (P < 0.001) number of muscle fibers per primary bundle compared with the other breeds investigated. The larger muscle fiber bundles led to a smaller amount of connective tissue per muscle area in double-muscled cattle. The coarser grain of meat in double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls and in older animals was not related to greater shear force values.     

Comparative Study on the Beef Traits Between Jiaxian Red Cattle and Crossbred Beef Cattle

In order to study the beef traits and beef quality of Jiaxian Red bull with crossbred beef cattle, 5 purebred Jiaxian Red bull, 5 Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation, 5 Simmental cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation and 5 Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation were chosen and assigned into groups A,B,C and D for continual finishing for 3 months of age under the same feeding and management conditions and slaughtered at the end of the trial. The results showed that there were no significant difference in body height, body length, chest girth and cannon circumference between Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation and purebred Jiaxian Red bull, the same as in Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P>0.05). The weight of head, skin, fore hooves and tail, the skin thick, esophagus, trachea, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and carcass meat percentage, loin eye area and the meat bone ratio in crossbred beef cattle groups were not significant differences compared with purebred Jiaxian Red bull (P>0.05), but its hind legs wide in carcass was significantly higher than that of purebred Jiaxian Red bull (P<0.05). The high-grade meat weight and high quality meat weight in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation were 70.22 and 105.22 kg, respectively, and was the highest in four groups,but the high-grade beef percentage among four groups did not show significant differences (P>0.05). The high quality meat percentage in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 reached 34.43%, was significantly higher than that of Jiaxian Red bull and Simmental cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P<0.05), and was higher than that of Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P>0.05). In terms of meat quality, the content of inosinic acid that related with the meat flavor in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 was the highest in four groups, while the content of unsaturated fatty acid and the flavor related amino acid, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine, in Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 were the highest in four groups,and their values were 53.85% and 8.04%, respectively. To sum up, the results suggested that there was no significant difference in body development and beef traits using Red Angus cattle, Simmental cattle and Charolais cattle to improve Jiaxian Red bull, while Red Angus cattle crossbred with Jiaxian Red bull could moderately improve the weight of high-grade beef and high-quality beef, and Charolais cattle could moderately improve the beef quality of Jiaxian Red bull.     

三种杂交牛产肉性能研究

试验旨在研究相同营养水平日粮对不同杂交肉牛生产性能及肉品质的影响.以10月龄10头西杂、10头夏杂、6头安杂牛为试验材料,以美国NRC肉用小公牛营养需要为饲养标准,进行255 d强度育肥试验,试验后进行屠宰及肉质分析.测定三种杂交牛的日增重、胴体重、屠宰率、牛肉脂肪酸、粗蛋白质、氨基酸等含量,并进行差异比较.结果发现各分析指标在各组间虽有差异,但均未达显著水平,综合分析后认为安格斯杂交牛的育肥效果最好,其次是西门塔尔杂交牛,最后是夏洛来杂交牛.     

郏县红牛与不同品种肉牛杂交后代肉用性能比较研究

为了研究郏县红牛与不同品种肉牛杂交后代的肉用性能和肉品质情况,试验选取红安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛、夏洛莱牛与郏县红牛的杂交1代公牛各5头,纯种郏县红牛5头,分为试验A组（郏县红牛公牛）、B组（红郏F1代公牛（红安格斯牛×郏县红牛））、C组（西郏F1代公牛（西门塔尔牛×郏县红牛））和D组（夏郏F1代公牛（夏洛莱牛×郏县红牛））4个试验组,在同样的饲养管理条件下,持续育肥3个月后屠宰,利用屠宰测定和检验分析的方法对郏县红牛及其不同杂交品种的体尺发育、肉用性能和肉品质进行分析测定。结果表明：采用红安格斯牛、夏洛莱牛改良郏县红牛,在体高、体斜长、胸围和管围方面与郏县红牛纯种牛相比均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;屠宰测定方面,杂交后代组的头重、皮厚、皮重、前二蹄重和尾重,屠体器官食道、气管、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏的重量,以及胴体产肉率、眼肌面积、肉骨比与郏县红牛纯种牛相比均无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但其胴体后腿宽显著高于郏县红牛纯种牛（P<0.05）;红郏F1代公牛高档肉块重和优质肉块重最高,分别为70.22和105.22 kg,但高档牛肉率4组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,红郏F1代公牛优质牛肉率达到34.43%,显著高于郏县红牛和西郏F1代公牛（P<0.05）,高于夏郏F1代公牛（P>0.05）。在肉品质方面,红郏F1代公牛与肉品风味有关的肌苷酸含量最高,而不饱和脂肪酸含量和与鲜味有关的氨基酸（天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸）含量均为夏郏F1代公牛含量最高,分别为53.85%和8.04%。结果提示,采用红安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛和夏洛莱牛改良郏县红牛,没有在体尺发育和肉用性能方面表现出显著优势,但采用红安格斯牛改良郏县红牛可提高郏县红牛肉用性能的潜力,可适度提高高档牛肉和优质牛肉肉块重量,而夏洛莱牛改良郏县红牛可适度提高牛肉品质。     

务川黑牛不同杂交组合屠宰性能及肉质研究

实验旨在了解安格斯牛、利木赞牛和西门塔尔牛与务川黑牛杂交一代的产肉性能和肉品质。随机选取24月龄安务F1、利务F1、西务F1和务川黑牛公牛各3头,测定其屠宰性能和肉品质指标。结果表明:3种牛对务川黑牛杂交改良效果显著(P<0.05),屠宰率、肉骨比以利务F1牛最高,胴体重、净肉重、净肉率以安务F1牛最高,眼肌面积以西务F1牛最高;利务F1牛的熟肉率最高,安务F1牛的剪切力最低,肉色L45min、a45min、b45min值以西务F1牛色泽最亮,安务F1牛肉粗脂肪含量显著低于务川黑牛,利务F1牛肉与务川黑牛肉大理石纹都为3级,安务F1和西务F1牛肉大理石纹则为2级;系水力、滴水损失、水分、蛋白质、pH在不同杂交组合之间差异不显著。综合产肉性能和肉品质考虑,建议选择利木赞牛和安格斯牛作为务川黑牛杂交改良的父本进行推广。     

Carcass quality and meat tenderness of Hawaii pasture-finished cattle and Hawaii-originated, mainland feedlot-finished cattle

The objective of this study was to compare the carcass quality and meat tenderness of Hawaii cattle finished on subtropical pasture with those of mainland US feedlot-finished cattle that were shipped from Hawaii after weaning. Rib-eye steak samples were collected from 30 feedlot-finished cattle harvested at a slaughter house in Washington State, USA and from 13 subtropical pasture-finished cattle harvested at a local slaughter house in Hawaii, then shipped to meat science laboratory at the University of Hawaii, Manoa. Samples were aged for 2?weeks at 4°C and frozen for later proximate analysis and meat tenderness measurement. Feedlot-finished cattle had significantly heavier carcass weight (353 vs 290?kg) and thicker backfat (13.5 vs 6.6?mm), but no significant difference was observed in rib-eye area between the two groups. Marbling score (Small) and United States Department of Agriculture quality grade (Choice) of the pasture-finished beef were not significantly (P?相似文献   

Comparison of carcass and meat characteristics of Brahman grade cattle (Bos indicus) and crossbred water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

This study was conducted to determine and compare the live traits, carcass yield and the physical, chemical, processing and sensory properties of meat from 20 Brahman grade cattle (crossbred cattle) and crossbred water buffalo (Philippine carabao × Murrah, Bulgarian or Indian) with an average age and weight of 29 months and 434 kg, respectively. The animals were fed a similar diet for 180 days before slaughter. A survey was performed to establish consumer meat preference between the two species. Live weights before slaughter of the two species were found to be different (P < 0.05) with the crossbred water buffalo showing higher bodyweight. However, the crossbred water buffalo had a lower (P < 0.05) dressing yield based on hot carcass weight and chilled carcass weight. The lower dressing yield of crossbred water buffalo can be attributed to its higher (P < 0.05) weights of edible and non‐edible slaughter by‐products. The chilled carcass yield of the forequarters and hindquarters from crossbred cattle and crossbred water buffalo were comparable when expressed as percent of live weight and chilled carcass weight. The estimated lean yield was higher in crossbred cattle than crossbred water buffalo. Crude protein, ash, fat, cholesterol, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic and insoluble protein contents of the beef and carabao meat were all similar. Water holding capacity, pH, muscle fiber diameter, tenderness, firmness and marbling score in carabeef were all comparable to the beef. Redness was found to be higher (P < 0.05) in carabeef than the beef as measured with a color meter. The consumer meat preference survey showed that 55.9% selected the beef while 44.1% preferred carabeef. The color and amount of fat on the outside of the beef sample were primary in buyer selection.     

安格斯肉牛与牦牛杂交及其效果研究

［目的］为了进一步优化牦牛肉品质,有效缩短牦牛养殖周期,提高其受胎率和犊牛成活率。［方法］本研究进行了安格斯肉牛与牦牛杂交试验,,利用安格斯肉牛冷冻精液,对251头经产母牦牛进行了人工授精。［结果］人工授精后,分别于2013年产犊42头,成活率66.67%;2014年产犊51头,成活率95.7%;2015年产犊67头,成活率91.04%。［结论］牦牛膘情较好时期,受胎率可达83.33%,接近于奶牛人工授精的受胎率,达到了青海省牦牛人工授精的较高水平。     

添加苜蓿草块对不同品种肉牛育肥效果的影响

在相同环境条件下,试验在3种苜蓿草块添加量下对不同品种肉用牛进行5期的育肥效果研究。通过测定不同品种的体重、日增重及粗饲料采食量,来比较不同品种肉牛增重效果。试验结果表明,在精粗比下降的情况下,添加苜蓿草块能起到提高日增重的效应,与不添加相比,荷斯坦组差异极显著（P<0.01）,新褐杂组前后差异显著（P<0.05）,安杂组差异不显著（P>0.05）。在本试验营养水平与体重下,新褐杂组、荷斯坦组、安杂组各组苜蓿草块适宜的添加量分别为1.2、1.2、0.5 kg。结合农区养牛现状及生产力水平在低精粗比的情况下,肉牛应该首先考虑使用本地优良品种。