Vapor-Condensation Generation and STM Analysis of Fullerene Tubes

Fullerene tubular structures can be generated by vapor condensation of carbon on an atomically flat graphite surface. Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images revealed the presence of tubes with extremely small diameters (from 10 to 70 angstroms), most of which are terminated by hemispherical caps. Atomic resolution images of such structures showed that the tubes have a helical graphitic nature. The formation of the tubes under the quasi-free conditions suggests that the growth to tubular rather than spherical configurations is preferred for "giant fullerenes."     

Renal fructose-metabolizing enzymes: significance in hereditary fructose intolerance

In patients with hereditary fructose intolerance, which is characterized by deficient aldolase activity toward fructose-1-phosphate, fructose induces a renal tubular dysfunction that implicates only the proximal convoluted tubule. Because normal metabolism of fructose by way of fructose-1-phosphate requires fructokinase, aldolase "B," and triokinase, the exclusively cortical location of these enzymes indicates that the medulla is not involved in the metabolic abnormality presumably causal of the renal dysfunction.     

氟致小鼠肾脏组织形态结构损伤的观察

为研究氟致非骨相组织的损伤作用,选用20只20日龄的昆明小鼠,随机分为4组,每组5只,分别饲喂含0 mg/L、50 mg/L1、00 mg/L和150 mg/L氟化钠的饮水120 d,并通过石蜡组织切片观察氟对肾脏的损伤作用。研究结果表明:50 mg/L氟中毒组小鼠肾脏肾小管排列结构无异常变化,肾小球细胞出现空泡样病变。100 mg/L氟中毒组小鼠肾脏肾小管排列结构没有明显的异常,肾小球内皮细胞和肾小管上皮细胞出现空泡样变,并出现微核现象和凋亡样细胞,且近曲小管上皮细胞有脱落现象。150 mg/L氟中毒组小鼠肾脏肾小管排列结构轻微紊乱,肾小球内皮细胞和肾小管上皮细胞发生变性、坏死,肾小管内脱落的上皮细胞增多。     

The structure of catalytically active gold on titania

The high catalytic activity of gold clusters on oxides has been attributed to structural effects (including particle thickness and shape and metal oxidation state), as well as to support effects. We have created well-ordered gold mono-layers and bilayers that completely wet (cover) the oxide support, thus eliminating particle shape and direct support effects. High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy and carbon monoxide adsorption confirm that the gold atoms are bonded to titanium atoms. Kinetic measurements for the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide show that the gold bilayer structure is significantly more active (by more than an order of magnitude) than the monolayer.     

不同土地利用方式土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征——以海南省定安县为例

为了解不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体的分布特征,选取海南定安县菜地、林地、农田和不同年限撂荒地撂荒地A(撂荒年限3年)、撂荒地B(3年撂荒年限8年)、撂荒地C(8年撂荒年限10年)0～30 cm土层土壤团聚体及其有机碳的分布进行研究。结果表明:同一种土地利用方式农田团聚体含量随着粒径的减小而增加,0.25 mm粒径时,其含量最大;不同年限撂荒地团聚体粒径组成呈双峰趋势,菜地团聚体粒径在1～2 mm时含量最大;林地团聚体含量随着粒径的减小而减少。在不同土层,农田5 mm粒径团聚体含量在表层最少,撂荒地5 mm粒径团聚体含量在表层最多,菜地团聚体含量随着土层的增加而减少;林地土壤团聚体变化较为复杂,说明人为活动(如施肥、踩踏、除草等)对较大粒径团聚体影响明显。不同土地利用方式下各粒径团聚体有机碳的含量也各有差异,总体上表现出随着团聚体粒径的减少团聚体有机碳含量呈增加的趋势。另外,农田、撂荒地A、撂荒地B、撂荒地C、菜地和林地粒径为0.25 mm的团聚体有机碳含量分别是粒径为5 mm的团聚体有机碳含量的2.78、2.45、3.71、3.73、4.08、2.92倍,其含量差异最大,由此可以说明在土地利用方式的变化过程中,最先影响的是粒径为5 mm团聚体中的有机碳累积和分布,是土地利用方式变化过程中较为敏感的部分。不同土地利用方式下团聚体有机碳中菜地农田林地撂荒地A撂荒地B撂荒地C,说明撂荒地10年内不利于团聚体有机碳的累积。     

Tubular graphite cones

We report the synthesis of tubular graphite cones using a chemical vapor deposition method. The cones have nanometer-sized tips, micrometer-sized roots, and hollow interiors with a diameter ranging from about 2 to several tens of nanometers. The cones are composed of cylindrical graphite sheets; a continuous shortening of the graphite layers from the interior to the exterior makes them cone-shaped. All of the tubular graphite cones have a faceted morphology. The constituent graphite sheets have identical chiralities of a zigzag type across the entire diameter, imparting structural control to tubular-based carbon structures. The tubular graphite cones have potential for use as tips for scanning probe microscopy, but with greater rigidity and easier mounting than currently used carbon nanotubes.     

Membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum induce high-curvature tubules

The tubular structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appears to be generated by integral membrane proteins, the reticulons and a protein family consisting of DP1 in mammals and Yop1p in yeast. Here, individual members of these families were found to be sufficient to generate membrane tubules. When we purified yeast Yop1p and incorporated it into proteoliposomes, narrow tubules (approximately 15 to 17 nanometers in diameter) were generated. Tubule formation occurred with different lipids; required essentially only the central portion of the protein, including its two long hydrophobic segments; and was prevented by mutations that affected tubule formation in vivo. Tubules were also formed by reconstituted purified yeast Rtn1p. Tubules made in vitro were narrower than normal ER tubules, due to a higher concentration of tubule-inducing proteins. The shape and oligomerization of the "morphogenic" proteins could explain the formation of the tubular ER.     

Atomic-scale structure and catalytic reactivity of the RuO(2)(110) surface

The structure of RuO(2)(110) and the mechanism for catalytic carbon monoxide oxidation on this surface were studied by low-energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density-functional calculations. The RuO(2)(110) surface exposes bridging oxygen atoms and ruthenium atoms not capped by oxygen. The latter act as coordinatively unsaturated sites-a hypothesis introduced long ago to account for the catalytic activity of oxide surfaces-onto which carbon monoxide can chemisorb and from where it can react with neighboring lattice-oxygen to carbon dioxide. Under steady-state conditions, the consumed lattice-oxygen is continuously restored by oxygen uptake from the gas phase. The results provide atomic-scale verification of a general mechanism originally proposed by Mars and van Krevelen in 1954 and are likely to be of general relevance for the mechanism of catalytic reactions at oxide surfaces.     

Renewable hydrogen from nonvolatile fuels by reactive flash volatilization

Droplets of nonvolatile fuels such as soy oil and glucose-water solutions can be flash evaporated by catalytic partial oxidation to produce hydrogen in high yields with a total time in the reactor of less than 50 milliseconds. Pyrolysis, coupled with catalytic oxidation of the fuels and their fragments upon impact with a hot rhodium-cerium catalyst surface, avoids the formation of deactivating carbon layers on the catalyst. The catalytic reactions of these products generate approximately 1 megawatt of heat per square meter, which maintains the catalyst surface above 800 degrees C at high drop impact rates. At these temperatures, heavy fuels can be catalytically transformed directly into hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and other small molecules in very short contact times without the formation of carbon.     

Direct demonstration of macula densa-mediated renin secretion

An in vitro method has been used to examine whether secretion of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus is affected by changes in the sodium chloride concentration of the tubular fluid at the macula densa. Single juxtaglomerular apparatuses were microdissected from rabbits and the tubule segment containing the macula densa was perfused, while simultaneously the entire juxtaglomerular apparatus was superfused, and the fluid was collected for renin measurement. In this preparation, in which influences from renal nerves and local hemodynamic effects are eliminated, a decrease in the tubular sodium chloride concentration at the macula densa results in a prompt stimulation of the renin release rate.     

Renin secretion: an anatomical basis for tubular control

By means of electron microscopy of serial sections and three-dimensional reconstruction of the juxtaglomerular apparatus a quantitative study has been made of the distribution of the areas of contact between the tubular and vascular components. Of the two arterioles the efferent is the only one consistently in contact with the distal tubule. The extraglomerular mesangium is also in contact with the distal tubule in all the apparatuses examined. Two morphologically distinct types of contact are described; one is thought to be permanent and the other reversible. An analysis of the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus for their position, granularity, and contact has revealed that the majority of granular cells are not in contact with the distal tubule. The anatomical findings are integrated in a model of the control of renin secretion based on variations in contact between the elements of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.     

河西边缘绿洲荒漠沙地开垦后土壤性状演变及土壤碳积累研究

【目的】土壤养分变化及碳积累过程是评价绿洲农田生态系统结构、功能和生产力演化的重要指标。本研究的目的是通过了解西北干旱区自然荒漠开垦为灌溉农田后该指标的变化,揭示干旱区新垦农田土壤发育及演变规律,为新垦沙地持续利用提供指导。【方法】选择河西走廊中段临泽边缘绿洲0—46年开垦时间序列的沙地农田,取样分析0—60 cm土壤剖面的物理、化学性状变化及碳积累特征,通过比较2008年与2014年的耕层土壤(0—20 cm)测定结果,分析近几年土壤性状的变化。【结果】耕层土壤砂粒含量随开垦利用年限的增加而逐渐降低,但显著的变化发生在开垦16年后的农田,且最近10年土壤粒级组成变化不明显;在沙地开垦后的最初20年,耕层土壤有机碳(SOC)及全氮含量呈线性增加,20年后增加趋势减缓。开垦46年后,SOC、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量分别增加了9.0倍、6.3倍、6.3倍和13.5倍,耕层土壤无机碳(SIC)含量增加了77.1%;速效钾随开垦年限的增加呈先降低而后增加的趋势。20—40 cm和40—60 cm土层SOC及氮、磷、钾养分含量随开垦年限延长而逐渐增加,但变化幅度小于耕层土壤。2008—2014年的6年间,不同开垦年限的同一地块耕层土壤粒级组成未发生变化,但SOC及氮、磷、钾养分有明显的积累。沙地开垦46年后0—60 cm土层SOC、SIC和全碳的年平均固存量分别为0.75、0.79和1.47 kg·hm-2·a-1;SOC的积累主要发生在0—20 cm耕作层,而SIC的积累在40—60 cm土层。荒漠沙地转变为灌溉农田后有巨大的碳固存潜力;土壤黏粉粒增加对SOC及养分的积累和保持起重要作用。【结论】沙地开垦为灌溉农田后,随利用年限的增加,土壤肥力显著改善,但开垦46年后土壤肥力仍处于较低水平。对新垦沙地农田,要实现土地可持续利用和生产力持续提高,须采取提升土壤肥力水平的农田管理措施。     

Effect of Grain Particle Size on Quality of Multi-grain Chips Under Screw Extrusion Processing

Multi-grain chips processed by screw extrusion processing have high nutrition and production value with a low glycemic index. To analyze the effects of particle sizes on the qualities of multi-grain chips extrusion processing by using a single screw extruder, mesh numbers were selected as 80, 100 and 120 to describe different grain particle sizes. It was found that the particle sizes of the raw materials had effects on the basic components, sensory properties, texture properties, antioxidant activities and in vitro digestibilities of extruded chips. The results showed that with the decrease of particle sizes, the moisture contents, starch contents of the chips decreased, and fat contents, dietary fiber contents increased. The edible qualities of the chips increased with the decrease of the grain sizes of raw materials. The antioxidant capacities and estimated glycemic indexes of the three kinds of chips showed a trend of decreasing first, and then increasing with the decrease of particle sizes. Correlation analysis showed that the total antioxidant capacities of chips were negatively correlated with the estimated glycemic indexes. The research results provided valuable guidance for the quality processing of multi-grain chips under extrusion processing.     

保护性耕作下土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳分布特征

依据吉林省德惠市田间定位试验(始于2001年),对玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作模式下秋翻(MP)、垄作(RT)和免耕( NT)3种耕作方式的机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体粒级分布、水稳性团聚体有机碳含量及团聚体稳定性进行了研究.结果表明,3种耕作方式下,＞0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量均在70％以上,最高可达93.29％,各粒级含量在两个土层中表现规律性不强.水稳性团聚体含量均在20％以上,最高可达35.5％,且表层高于底层.与干筛法测定的团聚体相比,＞0.25 mm团聚体含量明显减少,最大减少幅度为58.76％.两个土层中玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作下的机械稳定性团聚体与水稳性团聚体对耕作处理的响应表现出一定的相似性,即RT＞NT＞MP.水稳性团聚体有机碳含量随粒径的减小而增大,3种耕作方式下有机碳含量表现为NT＞RT＞MP,表层高于底层,且玉米-大豆轮作高于玉米连作.比较3种耕作方式,垄作更有利于团聚体的形成和稳定,且玉米-大豆轮作好于玉米连作.     

不同造粒方式下复合肥颗粒特性的比较

研究圆盘造粒和挤出-滚圆造粒2种方式制取复合肥造粒的工艺过程及其颗粒特性。比较这2种造粒工艺过程及颗粒特性差异性,用于优化颗粒成型方式,提高颗粒成粒率、改善颗粒外形、颗粒力学特性等,以便对复合肥颗粒有更深入的了解。结果表明:从测定颗粒特性的各项指标中可以看出,挤出-滚圆造粒由于有挤出和滚圆2个过程,所制作的复合肥颗粒致密度较高,稳定性好,圆度和流动性较好,粒径分布也比较均匀;圆盘造粒所制肥料颗粒粒度分布广,干燥速率高,肥料养分释放速度快。     

Acrylamide-gel electrophorograms by mechanical fractionation: radioactive adenovirus proteins

A mechanical fractionator was developed to produce electrophorograms by extrusion of polyacrylamide gels through a narrow orifice in a continuous, sequential stream. The system permits separation of uniform fractions free of zone distortion. An electrophorogram of radioactive type-2 adenovirus proteins so fractionated gave a pattern in excellent agreement with the pattern obtained by laborious manual sectioning and in agreement with the pattern obtained on a replicate gel stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R250. The adenovirus particle yielded about ten resolvable protein components in unequal amounts. Like picornaviruses, these icosahedral animal viruses have multiple protein components in the viral coat.     

Platinum-like behavior of tungsten carbide in surface catalysis

Tungsten carbide catalyzes the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen at room temperature, the reduction of tungsten trioxide by hydrogen in the presence of water, and the isomerization of 2,2-dimethylpropane to 2-methylbutane. This catalytic behavior, which is typical of platinum, is not exhibited at all by tungsten. The surface electronic properties of the latter are therefore modified by carbon in such a way that they resemble those of platinum.     

The effects of iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean

An unresolved issue in ocean and climate sciences is whether changes to the surface ocean input of the micronutrient iron can alter the flux of carbon to the deep ocean. During the Southern Ocean Iron Experiment, we measured an increase in the flux of particulate carbon from the surface mixed layer, as well as changes in particle cycling below the iron-fertilized patch. The flux of carbon was similar in magnitude to that of natural blooms in the Southern Ocean and thus small relative to global carbon budgets and proposed geoengineering plans to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the deep sea.     

Ultrastructural evidence for nephropathy induced by long-term exposure tosmall amounts of methyl mercury

A low dose of methyl mercuric chloride fed to female rats for 12 weeks caused extrusion of numerous cytoplasmic masses from kidney proximal tubule cells of the pars recta segment. These masses were characterized ultrastructurally by the presence of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum aggregate. The in vivo metabolism of methyl mercury to inorganic mercury may produce this effect and account for the proteinuria observed in persons occupationally exposed to organic mercury compounds.     

Oscillatory kinetics and spatio-temporal self-organization in reactions at solid surfaces

Chemical reactions far from equilibrium on solid surfaces may exhibit typical phenomena of nonlinear dynamics, as exemplified by the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide on a platinum(110) single-crystal surface. Depending on the external parameters (temperature and partial pressures of the reactants), the temporal variation of the reaction rate may become oscillatory or even chaotic. In a parallel way, the concentration distributions of the adsorbed species on the surface form spatio-temporal patterns including propagating and standing waves, rotating spirals, as well as irregular and rapidly changing structures denoted "chemical turbulence."