西藏高原引种玉米新杂交种试验研究

本文对从东北三省引进的27个玉米杂交种在西藏林芝和拉萨试验种植的结果进行了系统分析,结果表明,在海拔3 000 m的林芝27个杂交种基本都能正常成熟,而在海拔3 700 m的拉萨,有19个杂交种能正常成熟,四单19,本育9等杂交种有进一步引进繁育推广的价值。     

西藏高原引种玉米新杂交种的配套栽培技术研究*

本文对从东北引进的东农249、四单19和本育9等3个玉米杂交种在西藏林芝进行了配套栽培技术试验,结果表明,在海拔3000 m的林芝3个杂交种的子粒产量可以达到7 500～12 000 kg/hm2,施肥方式可以采用一次性基施,也可以采用追肥,密度应达到55 000～60 000株/hm2为宜。     

玉米杂交种四单19及其双亲耐盐碱性差异分析

以玉米杂交种四单19及其双亲444和Mo17为试材,在Na2CO3溶液(25 mmol/L)和NaCl溶液(100 mmol/L)胁迫下,进行种子萌发和苗期胁迫试验,测定发芽率、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛含量等生理生化指标,比较杂交种与双亲自交系之间的耐盐碱差异。结果表明,Na_2CO_3对于质膜透性的伤害程度大于NaCl,发芽率(GP)、相对电导率(RC)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、丙二醛含量(MDA)、脯氨酸含量(Pro)等指标均可用于玉米耐盐碱筛选鉴定。玉米杂交种四单19及其双亲自交系的耐盐碱性强弱依次为四单19444Mo17,杂交种的耐盐碱性优于自交系。     

外引玉米杂交种的产量和农艺性状

为了尽快选育出适应于福建沿海地区的多抗、优质、高产玉米新种质,我们直接从CIMMYT引进了24个玉米杂交种,以掖单13为对照在漳州市进行小区对比试验,结果表明,种质间的产量达到极显著差异,24个玉米杂交种的小区产量为0.45～2.31 kg,平均1.89 kg,而掖单13为1.68 kg,其中CMT975249、CMS975009和CMT935035的产量显著高于掖单13,与掖单13比较,CMT975249的穗数和穗粒数比较多,果穗、穗粒和子粒均较重;CMS975009的穗数较多,果穗、穗粒和子粒均较重;     

CIMMYT亚热带玉米种质的引进试验

通过多重复的随机区组试验,探讨从国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)引进的13个亚热带玉米优良种质在本区的适应性,结果表明,试验处理间的差异达到极显著水平;引进的玉米杂交种CML78×CML264和CML312×CML315的子粒产量分别为5895.97kg/hm²和6240.47kg/hm²,分别比我省常规栽培玉米杂交种掖单13增产67.22%和76.99%,差异达到5%显著水平。     

优质蛋白玉米中单9409高产栽培技术研究

以优质蛋白玉米杂交种中单9409为试验材料,采用四因素二次回归通用旋转设计.试验结果表明,建立关中灌区产量在9 000～10 500kg/hm²的最佳农艺组合方案为:密度5.48万～6.29万株/hm²,种肥磷74.88～96.35 kg/hm²,追氮肥1833～2023 kg/hm²,追肥方式以拔节肥与穗肥之比为0.37:0.63。     

玉米新品种“四单48”

四单48是四平市农科院1986年有成的晚熟玉米单交种。1993年吉林省农作物品种审定委员会通过审定，准予推广。1产量1990－1992年参加吉林省玉米杂交种联合区域试验，三年23点试验，全部比对照增产，平均公顷产量10499，0kg比丹王13增产15％，居本熟期第一位，1991－1992年参加吉林省玉米杂交种生产试验，二年7点次平均公顷产量8790．1kg,比对照丹王13增产7．0％。lop，lop年在梨树、公主岭、双辽、长岭等市县大面积生产试验，10个示范点平均公顷产最为oq－M－Ikg，比对照丹玉13增产14．8％。2特征特性生育日数：四单48出苗至成熟130天左右，…     

不同供氮水平下玉米生产力的杂种优势特征

以 2个杂交种及其亲本为试验材料，研究玉米杂交种及其亲本生产力对供氮水平的响应及不同供氮水平下生产力的杂种优势特征。结果表明，吉单 27的单株子粒产量对供氮水平的响应趋势与其父本四 144相同，施氮量在 0～150 kg/hm²范围内，随施氮水平增加子粒产量呈递增趋势；施氮量超过 150 kg/hm²后，单株子粒产量对增施氮肥无响应。四单 19的单株子粒产量对供氮水平的响应趋势与其母本 444相同，施氮与不施氮处理间差异显著，75、 150、 225和 300 kg/hm² 4个供氮水平下差异不显著，其父本 Mo17对施氮与不施氮及不同供氮水平的变化均没有响应。吉单 27和四单19两个品种的单株干物质积累与子粒产量的中亲优势、超亲优势和相对优势对供氮水平的响应趋势明显不同，吉单 27的杂种优势随施氮量增加呈下降趋势，四单19的杂种优势随施氮量增加呈增长趋势。     

不同株型玉米杂交种产量构成因素及其相关分析

利用方差分析、F测验以及相关分析的统计学方法，对试验调查结果和室内考种结果进行统计学分析，研究了在一定的耕作和栽培水平条件下，四种不同株型玉米杂交种产量差异显著性和相关性。结果表明，不同株型玉米杂交种产量差异显著．各种株型玉米杂交种产量与叶向值均不呈相关性，紧凑型玉米杂交种产量与单位叶面积产量、穗长、单株生产力、单位叶面积籽粒产量、百粒重呈明显正相关，并且相关显著。通过紧凑型和平展型玉米杂交种群体冠层结构的分析，证明紧凑型玉米杂交种群体冠层结构较为理想，试验结果表明，在我省现有的耕作和栽培水平条件下，可以大面积种植紧凑型玉米杂交种．     

苗期干旱对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

通过在防雨棚中进行的盆栽试验,以5个玉米杂交种(郑单958、郑单19、四单19、龙单13、鲁单981)为试材,研究了苗期轻度干旱和中度干旱对玉米产量和水分利用效率(wateruseefficiency,WUE)的影响。结果表明:5个品种的产量和耗水量均随干旱程度的加大而递减,四单19和龙单13的产量对干旱胁迫的敏感度小,耗水量对干旱胁迫的敏感度大(除四单19中度干旱)。轻度干旱提高了四单19和龙单13的WUE,中度干旱只提高了四单19的WUE,其它品种的WUE均随干旱程度的加大而递减。相关分析表明,WUE与抗旱指数呈显著正相关,WUE与产量呈显著正相关(除轻度干旱),但WUE与耗水量相关性不显著。四单19综合表现最好,在两种干旱胁迫处理下均同步实现了抗旱、节水、稳产的目标。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.