菠菜硝态氮累积和还原与植株生长的关系

通过盆栽试验,以两个硝态氮含量差异显著的菠菜品种为供试材料,在不同生长时期,测定了叶柄、叶片干重、水分含量、硝态氮含量及叶片内源和外源硝酸还原酶活性,研究菠菜硝态氮累积和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化及其与植株生长变化的关系。结果表明,随生长期后移,叶柄、叶片及地上部干重和水分含量先增加而后降低,硝态氮含量则持续降低,低硝态氮累积品种S9的下降更为明显,出苗后52d和62d地上部分别降低了100%和89.7%;叶片内源和外源酶活性则随植株生长量增加而增加,高硝态氮累积品种S4增加（379%和199%）更明显,之后该品种酶活性随植株生长量降低而显著下降,品种S9却显著增加,分别为121%和288%。生长前期,品种S4硝态氮含量、干重增长速率及内源、外源酶活性均显著高于品种S9,内源/外源酶活性比值却明显低于后者;生长后期,除外源酶活性和内源/外源酶活性比值外,品种间差异均不明显。因此,生长前期高累积品种硝态氮含量降低较少,主要原因可能是其内源/外源酶活性比值（70.7%）较低,生长后期该品种的内源/外源酶活性比值（98.2%）显著增加后,硝态氮含量迅速下降进一步证明了这一推测。综合上述结果可知,内源/外源酶活性比值更能揭示植株生长变化引起的品种间硝态氮含量变化差异。     

菠菜叶片硝态氮还原对叶柄硝态氮含量的影响

选用3个菠菜品种,设置N.0.1和0.3.g/kg2个施氮水平进行盆栽试验。在不同时期采样测定叶片内、外源硝酸还原酶活性、硝态氮代谢/贮存库大小,以及加入外源硝态氮培养后叶片硝酸还原酶活性的变化,探讨菠菜叶片的硝态氮还原与叶柄硝态氮含量的关系。结果表明,叶片内源硝酸还原酶活性、内源/外源硝酸还原酶活性比值、叶片的硝态氮代谢库大小及代谢/贮存库比值与叶柄硝态氮含量呈相反趋势。加入外源硝态氮培养后叶片硝酸还原酶活性的增加程度与叶柄硝态氮含量相一致。叶片内源硝酸还原酶活性高低及其发挥程度,叶片硝态氮代谢库大小及硝态氮在代谢、贮存库中的分配是造成品种间叶柄硝态氮含量高低差异的重要原因。     

氮素形态对菠菜可食部分硝酸盐和草酸累积的影响

采用溶液培养试验研究了营养液中硝态氮/铵态氮比例对菠菜地上部可食部分不同器官硝酸盐以及不同形态草酸累积的影响。结果表明,菠菜地上部生物量随供铵比例从0%提高到50%呈增加趋势而后显著下降。叶片和地上部可食部分的硝酸盐含量和累积量均随供铵比例增加而显著下降;叶柄的硝酸盐含量随供铵比例提高而降低,而硝酸盐积累量则先升高后显著下降。叶片是菠菜积累草酸的主要器官,可溶态草酸与草酸总量分别占地上部的56.3%～89.8%和76.6%～87.4%。可溶态草酸是菠菜体内草酸的主要形态,在叶片、叶柄及地上部中所占草酸总量的比例分别在36.7%～83.5%,79.0%～93.3%以及50.0%～83.0%之间。地上部各器官的可溶态草酸含量、难溶态草酸含量和草酸总量以及积累量均随着供铵比例的增加而显著下降,叶片和地上部的草酸含量和积累量的下降幅度均高于叶柄。可见,调节营养液中硝态氮/铵态氮比例可以有效降低菠菜地上部可食部分硝酸盐和草酸的含量和积累量,50/50是营养液中适宜的硝态氮/铵态氮比例,不仅菠菜的生物量最高,而且硝酸盐和各形态草酸的含量以及累积量较低,从而大大减轻了硝酸盐和草酸对人体健康产生的负面影响。     

蔬菜不同器官的硝态氮与水分、全氮、全磷的关系

在亩施12kg氮素的肥沃菜园红油土上分别种植菠菜、小白菜和莴笋等3种蔬菜,并于翌年3月施肥10天后分3次采样测定不同器官的硝态氮和水分、全氮、全磷含量,研究硝态氮分布与后三者之间的关系。结果表明,3种蔬菜的硝态氮含量因器官而异,根、茎和叶柄的的含量最高(557.8～1196.7g/g,鲜重),外围叶片次之(213.5～551.8g/g,鲜重),心叶叶片最低(120.6～198.3g/g,鲜重)。蔬菜各器官的水分、全氮和全磷含量存在明显差异。茎、叶柄、外围和心叶叶片的硝态氮含量与其中的水分含量呈显著正相关(r=0.910～0.956),与其中的全氮、全磷含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.733～-0.951)。根系与这一趋势不符。     

小白菜适当增铵下硝酸盐累积机理研究

利用NO3--N/NH44+-N为100∶0和75∶25的营养液对两个硝酸盐累积能力显著不同的小白菜品种(上海青和亮白叶1号)进行培养,测定了小白菜叶片、叶柄及根系硝酸盐含量、硝态氮和铵态氮吸收量及各部位硝酸还原酶活性,以探讨适当增铵降低小白菜硝酸盐含量以及小白菜不同品种和不同器官累积硝酸盐能力差异的机理。结果表明,适当增铵使叶片、叶柄和根系硝酸盐含量分别降低了22%、15%和22%,而硝态氮吸收量则降低了7.5%。小白菜各器官硝酸盐含量为叶柄叶片根系。叶片硝酸还原酶活性分别是叶柄和根系的27和9倍,呈现叶片根系叶柄,叶片是硝态氮的主要还原器官。亮白叶1号叶片、叶柄及根系硝酸盐含量分别较上海青高3%、38%和34%,硝态氮吸收量仅较上海青高11%;而叶片、叶柄及根系硝酸还原酶活性则分别较后者降低44%、56%和38%。适当增铵减少硝态氮吸收量是增铵降低硝酸盐含量的主要原因。不同器官的功能与结构的不同决定其累积硝酸盐能力的不同;不同品种硝酸盐累积的差异取决于还原硝态氮能力的差异。     

大豆生育期间土壤无机态氮与植株硝态氮变化规律的研究

试验以2个大豆品种,3种施氮肥水平(N0:0 kg hm-2、N75:75 kg hm-2、N150:150 kg hm-2),对大豆生育期间土壤无机态氮(铵态氮、硝态氮)与植株硝态氮含量及变化规律加以研究,结果表明,土壤中无机态氮与大豆植株中硝态氮含量均呈下降趋势,三种施氮肥水平相比,除土壤铵态氮含量表现为N150N75N0,土壤硝态氮与植株硝态氮含量在各氮肥水平处理间未表现出明显的差异,并且大豆茎、叶柄中硝态氮含量与土壤中硝态氮含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.9316**;r=0.9355**),土壤铵态氮与土壤硝态氮含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.8746**,)可以用茎、叶柄中硝态氮含量来表征土壤无机态氮营养状况。     

光质对菠菜草酸、单宁及硝酸盐积累效应的影响

用彩色荧光灯得到红光、蓝光和黄光，以白光为对照，研究不同光质对菠菜产量，草酸、单宁及硝酸盐积累的影响。结果表明,处理间的菠菜叶柄和叶片硝酸盐和草酸含量的变化不同，但地上部生长量的变化趋势相同。叶片占植株地上部鲜质量的比例高于叶柄。不同处理叶片和叶柄鲜质量依次为白光(对照)>黄光>红光>蓝光。红光处理有利于干物质和碳水化合物的形成与积累。菠菜叶柄的硝酸盐含量显著高于叶片,是积累硝酸盐的主要场所，并且各处理间叶片硝酸盐和单宁含量的差异远大于叶柄。白光和黄光处理下，菠菜叶片草酸含量大于叶柄，而红光和蓝光处理则相反，其中红光处理草酸含量最低。菠菜在红光处理下生物量虽不高，但可极大地降低硝酸盐和草酸含量，提高菠菜品质。     

不同氮肥用量对蔬菜硝态氮累积的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了氮肥用量对蔬菜硝态氮累积的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥使蔬菜的生长量提高1.1～6.1倍,但增长并不与氮肥用量同步。氮肥用量较高时,蔬菜生长受到抑制,生长量有降低趋势;硝态氮含量却随氮肥用量增加而不断升高,两者呈显著正相关（r=0.933～0.957）。蔬菜各器官、部位的硝态氮含量存在明显差异。不施氮肥时,根的硝态氮含量大于茎叶,茎又大于叶;施氮后根的含量小于茎叶,茎小于叶;无论施氮与否,叶柄的含量均高于叶片。把蔬菜的生长、硝态氮吸收及还原转化联系起来分析,可以看出,增加氮肥用量虽然提高了硝酸还原酶活性,但硝态氮的还原作用仍小于吸收,从而导致蔬菜体内出现硝态氮累积。而且,随氮肥用量增加,硝态氮累积量的增加远超过了生长量的提高,使硝态氮含量迅速升高。     

氮素形态和光照强度对烟草生长和H2O2清除酶活性的影响

氮素形态和光照强度对烟草植株生长和H2O2清除酶活性影响的研究结果表明,在弱光下,氮素形态不影响植株生长,但在强光下,铵态氮明显抑制植株的生长。弱光下供应按态氮叶片叶绿素含量显著地高于供应硝态氮的叶片;而强光下供应铵态氮叶片单位鲜重叶绿素含量反而显著地低于供应硝态氮的叶片。强光下供应按态氮的叶片中MDA含量明显高于供应硝酸盐的叶片,但在弱光下则无明显的差异。供应硝态氮叶片中AsA含量高于供应铵态氮的叶片;但供应铵态氮叶片中DAsA含量高于供应硝态氮叶片,尤其是强光下其差异更大。光照强度的增加明显提高AsA-POD、MDAsA还原酶、DAsA还原酶和GSSG还原酶活性。强光下供应镀态氮叶片中AsA-POD和GSSG还原酶活性明显地高于供应硝态氮的叶片,而MDAsA还原酶活性则相反。弱光下供应铵态氮叶片AsA-POD和MDAsA还原酶活性明显高于供应硝态氮的叶片,而GSSG还原酶活性的差异则不显著。铵态氮不显著提高DAsA还原酶的活性。SOD和CAT活性在各处理之间差异不明显。增加光照强度和供应铵态氮都明显地提高AsA氧化酶活性。     

不同品种油菜氮效率差异及其生理基础研究

采用盆栽土培试验,以氮胁迫与正常供氮条件下的子粒产量比值作为氮效率系数,探讨了不同品种油菜氮效率差异及其生理基础。结果表明,供试5个油菜品种的氮效率有显著差异,其氮效率系数的变化范围是0.37~0.69。在氮胁迫条件下,氮高效品种的植株含氮量与氮素累积吸收量、叶片叶绿素含量与硝酸还原酶活性、茎叶可溶性糖含量与硝态氮再利用量高于氮低效品种。在正常供氮条件下,高潜力品种的植株含氮量低于低潜力品种,但由于其生物量较高,氮素累积吸收量并不低于低潜力品种,甚至苗期的氮素累积吸收量高于低潜力品种;高潜力品种的叶片叶绿素含量与硝酸还原酶活性、茎叶可溶性糖含量与硝态氮再利用量高于低潜力品种。说明上述4种生理指标均可作为评价油菜氮效率及增长潜力差异的间接指标。     

NITRATE IN LEAF PETIOLE AND BLADE OF SPINACH CULTIVARS AND ITS RELATION TO BIOMASS AND WATER IN PLANTS

A pot experiment was carried out, with 30 spinach cultivars to determine nitrate accumulation in leaf blade and petiole, and its relationship to biomass and water in plants. Results showed that the fresh weight proportion of blade to shoot was higher than that of petiole. Furthermore, a higher positive correlation was found between fresh weights of blades and shoots than that of petioles and shoots. Unlike biomass, nitrate-nitrogen (N) concentration and total amount of nitrate-N accumulated in petiole were significantly higher than those in blade, and petiole was obviously the main organ for nitrate accumulation. Differences of nitrate-N concentration in petiole and the observed positive correlation between nitrate-N concentrations in petioles and shoots were more significant than that in blades and shoots. Nitrate-N concentration in petiole was also significantly correlated with fresh and dry shoot weight and total amount of water in shoots. However, this relationship was not found for blade.     

供氮水平对菠菜产量、硝酸盐和草酸累积的影响

采用溶液培养方法研究了不同供氮水平对菠菜生物量、硝酸盐和不同形态草酸含量的影响。结果表明,供氮水平由4.mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L,菠菜产量显著增加,继续提高氮水平对产量没有显著影响。叶片中的维生素C(Vc)含量随着供氮浓度从4.mmol/L提高到8.mmol/L而显著增加,再增加氮水平,叶片中的Vc含量明显下降;而菠菜叶柄Vc的含量则随供氮水平的提高显著下降。叶片硝酸盐含量随着氮浓度的提高而增加,当供氮水平由4mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L时,叶柄硝酸盐含量显著下降,而氮水平由8.mmol/L提高到20.mmol/L时,叶柄硝酸盐含量则随之升高。供氮浓度从4.mmol/L增加到8.mmol/L,叶片可溶态草酸含量略有下降,再提高供氮水平则明显上升,供氮水平低于12.mmol/L时,叶柄中的可溶态草酸和菠菜叶片和叶柄中的草酸总量则随着氮水平的提高而升高,高于12.mmol/L草酸含量反而降低。由此可见,菠菜在供氮浓度为8mmol/L(N2)时能够获得较高的产量和Vc含量,较低的硝酸盐和草酸含量,表明适宜的供氮水平下可获得高产优质的菠菜。     

Ideal transition pattern of nitrate concentration for improving quality of spinach Spinacea oleracea L. and effect of drip fertigation on the sugar and oxalate concentration

(pp. 25–32)

The effectiveness of drip fertigation, which is known to control fertilizer application, for reducing nitrate in spinach and for improving the other qualities of spinach was investigated. Fertilizer application can be controlled effectively by drip fertigation. In 2002 and 2003, two spinach cultivars were grown in a plastic greenhouse with 4, 8 or 12 g N m^?2 of fertilizer application by drip fertigation, and with 8, 12 or 16 g N m^?2 of fertilizer application as a basal application. Nitrate concentration of petiole sap extracted by a garlic squeezer was significantly correlated with the water-extractable nitrate concentration. Nitrate concentrations of petiole sap extracted from plants treated with 12, 8 and 4 g N m^?2 of fertilizer by drip fertigation were constant, gradually decreased and significantly decreased, respectively, during the last 2 weeks. When nitrate concentration decreased during the last week, nitrate concentration in spinach at harvest was less than 3,000 mg kg^?1 FW. Thus it was thought that the pattern of the time course of nitrate in petiole xylem sap is a good indicator for getting spinach with low nitrate. The sugar concentration was negatively correlated with applied nitrogen quantity and the nitrate concentration. The total oxalic acid concentration in spinach treated by drip fertigation was significantly lower than that in spinach treated by basal application, independent of the amount of applied nitrogen. Thus drip fertigation is advantageous for improving crop quality.     

Desalination of sea water by akadama soil and akadama soil-inorganic adsorbents mixtures

(pp. 25–32)
The effectiveness of drip fertigation, which is known to control fertilizer application, for reducing nitrate in spinach and for improving the other qualities of spinach was investigated. Fertilizer application can be controlled effectively by drip fertigation. In 2002 and 2003, two spinach cultivars were grown in a plastic greenhouse with 4, 8 or 12 g N m⁻² of fertilizer application by drip fertigation, and with 8, 12 or 16 g N m⁻² of fertilizer application as a basal application. Nitrate concentration of petiole sap extracted by a garlic squeezer was significantly correlated with the water-extractable nitrate concentration. Nitrate concentrations of petiole sap extracted from plants treated with 12, 8 and 4 g N m⁻² of fertilizer by drip fertigation were constant, gradually decreased and significantly decreased, respectively, during the last 2 weeks. When nitrate concentration decreased during the last week, nitrate concentration in spinach at harvest was less than 3,000 mg kg⁻¹ FW. Thus it was thought that the pattern of the time course of nitrate in petiole xylem sap is a good indicator for getting spinach with low nitrate. The sugar concentration was negatively correlated with applied nitrogen quantity and the nitrate concentration. The total oxalic acid concentration in spinach treated by drip fertigation was significantly lower than that in spinach treated by basal application, independent of the amount of applied nitrogen. Thus drip fertigation is advantageous for improving crop quality.     

NH4+-N/NO3--N比例对不同不结球小白菜品种的生长和部分生理指标的影响

The responses of three cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), one of the main vegetable crops in China, to different ratios of NH4+-N/NO3--N was investigated to find the optimal ratio of ammonium to nitrate for maximal growth and to explore ways of decreasing the nitrate content, increasing nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage, and determining distributions of nitrogen and carbon. Three cultivars of Chinese cabbage were hydroponically grown with three different NH4+-N/NO3--N ratios (0:100, 25:75 and 50:50). The optimal ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N for maximal growth of Chinese cabbage was 25:75. The increase in the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N significantly decreased nitrate content in various tissues of Chinese cabbage in the order of petiole > leaf blade > root. The highest total nitrogen (N) content was found when the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N was 25:75, and N contents in plant tissues were significantly different, mostly being in the order of leaf blade > petiole > root. At the NH4+-N/NO3--N ratio of 25:75, the biomasses of Chinese cabbage cultivars 'Shanghaiqing', 'Liangbaiye 1' and 'Kangre 605' increased by 47%, 14% and 27%, respectively. The biomass, SPAD chlorophyll meter readings and carbon content of 'Shanghaiqing' were all higher than those of 'Liangbaiye 1', while nitrate and total nitrogen contents were lower. Thus, partial replacement of nitrate by ammonium could improve vegetable production by both increasing yields and decreasing nitrate content of the plants.     

ADAPTABILITY MECHANISM OF NITROGEN-EFFICIENT GERMPLASM OF NATURAL VARIATION TO LOW NITROGEN STRESS IN BRASSICA NAPUS

Previous studies showed that wide genotype differences in nitrogen (N) efficiency exists among cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), but the mechanisms behind those differences are still unknown. In the present study, our aim was to analyze the adaptability mechanism of N-efficient rapeseed to low-N stress by employing two genotypes of natural variation in N efficiency. Nitrogen-efficient genotype, ‘BG51’, and N-inefficient genotype, ‘BG88’, were grown in a solution culture experiment under conditions of high-N (6.0 mM N) and low-N (0.6 mM N) supply. After growing 30 d, roots and shoots were sampled for the analysis of dry weight, N concentration and accumulation, N use efficiency (NUE), N transport efficiency (NTE), root system vigor parameters, nitrate redutase (NR) activity, and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity. Nitrogen deficiency decreased shoot and root dry weight significantly, but ‘BG51’ exhibited a significantly lower decrease in shoot dry weight and had significantly higher biomass production than ‘BG88’. Under low N supply ‘BG51’ accumulated more N in shoot, root and whole plant than ‘BG88’, and presented higher NUE in both shoot and root. Low-N stress induced an increase in maximum root length by 28.3% for ‘BG88’ and 55.1% for ‘BG51’ compared with the high-N treatment. And ‘BG51’ presented larger root volume, higher root vigor, larger root total absorbing area and root active absorbing area than ‘BG88’ in low-N treatment. Furthermore, ‘BG51’ had significantly higher NR and GS activity in both leaf and root in low N treatment than ‘BG88’, while there was no evident difference between them in high N treatment. These results suggested that N-efficient rapeseed germplasm of natural variation involves an integrated adaptability mechanism responding to low-N stress. Namely, N-efficient genotype could form more developed root system to accumulate more N, and presented efficient N assimilation by higher NR activity and GS activity than N-inefficient genotype. These ultimately resulted in high tolerance of N-efficient genotype to low-N stress and high biomass production.     

短期连续光照下水培生菜品质指标变化及其关联性分析

以温室自然光照下水培20 d的生菜为试验材料, 研究其在72 h连续光照下叶片和叶柄中硝酸盐、可溶性糖及Vc含量的变化规律及其关联性。结果表明: 在72 h的连续光照下, 生菜叶片和叶柄中的硝酸盐含量大幅度降低, 但在不同光照时期降低速度各不相同, 叶片和叶柄中的硝酸盐含量分别在连续光照24 h和48 h后趋向于稳定; 而可溶性糖和Vc含量以近似恒定的速度快速提高, 其增速在72 h后并未表现出变缓趋势。可溶性糖在叶片和叶柄中的分布无显著差异, 但叶片中的Vc含量显著高于叶柄。无论是在叶片还是叶柄中, 硝酸盐含量与可溶性糖及Vc含量均呈极显著负相关。短期连续光照可实现生菜低硝酸盐与高可溶性糖及Vc的统一, 显著提高了生菜的综合品质。