Modeling and simulation based on open electrical impedance tomography

In order to improve the error in image reconstruction caused by changeable positions of the electrodes in closed electrical impedance tomography, we propose an open electrical impedance tomography (OEIT) model using fixed electrode array. The problem was approximately assumed to be a virtual field by defining certain local sensitive area instead of solving the boundary problem in the whole electromagnetic field strictly. Modeling and simulation of OEIT have been conducted to define reasonable boundary parameters and electrode array structure. The finite element method is used for forward computation while Newton one step error reconstructor is used for image reconstruction. The target position, area and conductivity change can be reflected by the relative change of the boundary voltage and the reconstructed image is clear. Better resolution and positioning accuracy can be obtained in the shallower surface of the body by OEIT, so it is valuable in clinical applications.     

Applications in Reconstructing Images of the Upper Limbs of Human Body Using Electrical Impedance Computed Tomography Techniques

Human body experiment is one of the key problems for the electrical impedance tomogryphy(EIT) in clinical meaning.In this paper an orbicular passive 32 electrode system which is suited for the upper limbs is developed,and the mathematical model for EIT to solve inverse problem is given.After testing many upper arms or forearms of persons, the author have reconstructed the images which are distinct to distinguish skeleton from muscle.     

High speed, high precision digital phase sensitive detector design for electrical impedance tomography

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system must have the properties of high precision and speed, thus the digital phase sensitive detector (DPSD) based on the field programmable gate array(FPGA) is developed for data collection of EIT. Based on the principle of DPSD, the relationship between signal to noise ratio (SNR) and sample resolution as well as total number of samples is deduced. An implementation scheme of this system and a method of designing analog to digital converter (ADC) clock based on direct digital synthesis (DDS) technology are provided. The system adopts high speed multi channel ADC and low jitter clock conditioner for ADC. Real time DPSD is implemented with FPGA. The experiments show that the measurement accuracy reaches 0.03% and the SNR reaches 85 dB. The agar phantom experiments prove that the performance of the DPSD meet the designing requirement for EIT.     

Analysis of cross-plane electrode arrays for electrical impedance tomography

A cross-plane electrical impedance tomography system is constructed to solve the problem of the conventional planar electrode array. This system consists of four planar and eight axial cross imaging planes composing from 65 electrodes. The Tikhonov regularization algorithm is adopted for image reconstruction in simulation and flume experiment. Comparison between the reconstruction result and the original object shows that the cross-plane reconstruction method in three-dimensional space provides higher spatial resolution and position accuracy. In addition, it effectively reduces the amount of computation, and reveals great prospect for the application of clinical examination and monitoring.     

Critical Phase Transition of the Two-dimensional Microcanonical Ising Model by Cellular Automata Q2R Method

The authors construct a microcanonical ensemble system and analyzes the phase change of the two-dimensional Ising model Cellular Automata Q2R/WQ2R method. The result indicates that the numerical value simulation can show the spontaneous magnetization of two-dimensional crystal lattice in isolated system. The authors have observed the critical phase transition phenomenon and gotten the critical energy. The simulation of three-dimensional Ising model can be grounded on the method that this article establishes.     

Laser Two-Triangle Measuring Method of 3-D Curved Surface

Traditionally, the surface contour instrument or three-coordinate machine was used in 3-D curued surfaces measuring system. Now triangle measuring device using laser is installed on the three-coordinate machine and replaces the contact pin. But this method is still limited by the three-coordinate machine itself. On the basis of studying the principle of trinagle the measuring method,this paper has put forward to the two-triangle measuring system and given out the designing method.     

Computation method of magnetic field inverse problem on grounding grids fault diagnosis

Grounding grids are the guarantee of substation running safety. The fault of grounding grids is a threat to people and equipment in substations. A method to diagnose the fault of grounding grids based on magnetic field inverse problem. The inverse problem of magnetic field is established by injecting and extracting a low frequency current. The morbid of inverse problem is solved through regularization and Newton iteration method to obtain the distribution of the mesh currents. The approximate distribution of the magnetic field is calculated to diagnose the fault of the grounding grid. A 4×4 substation grounding grids is taken as an example. By comparison of the forward problem result, the error is under 3%, so the prposed method of inverse problem is verified. The selection of measurement point is discussed, and 40% of the number of meshes is accounted to approximate the real distribution of the magnetic field on the grounding grids.     

三维轴对称功能梯度材料瞬态热传导问题的自然单元法

为了更有效地求解三维轴对称功能梯度材料瞬态热传导问题,对无网格自然单元法应用于此类问题进行了研究,并发展了相应的计算方法。基于几何形状和边界条件的轴对称性,三维的轴对称问题可降为二维平面问题。为了简化本质边界条件的施加,轴对称面上的温度场采用自然邻近插值进行离散。功能梯度材料特性的变化由高斯点的材料参数进行模拟。时间域上,采用传统的两点差分法进行离散求解,进而得到瞬态温度场的响应。数值算例结果表明,提出的方法是行之有效的,理论及方法不仅拓展了自然单元法的应用范围,而且对三维轴对称瞬态热传导分析具有普遍意义。     

甜瓜叶片蛋白的提取和双向电泳体系的优化

为建立适合甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)叶片蛋白质组分析的双向电泳体系(2-D),以甜瓜植物叶片为试验材料,比较了2种不同植物叶片蛋白的提取方法,并对双向电泳的2个重要的环节技术即聚焦参数和上样量进行了优化。结果表明：与Tirs-酚提取法相比,使用改良后的Mg/NP-40/PEG3350/TCA丙酮提取法提取叶片蛋白,经过SDS-PAGEF分析之后,所得的蛋白含量较高,Rubisco酶去除的较好,条带清晰。采用 pH 3~10,18 cm的IPG胶条进行双向电泳时,适当增加低电压聚焦时间,得到了较为清晰的2-D图谱。蛋白上样量为800 μg时,得到的蛋白点数最多,低峰度蛋白较为清晰。研究建立了适用于甜瓜叶片蛋白分析的双向电泳体系,得到了蛋白点数目多且分辨率高的双向电泳图谱。为下一步在蛋白组学水平上分析与甜瓜抗病、产量、性状等相关蛋白提供了技术支持。     

Parameter Design for Machining Quenched Internal Helical Gears by EDM

Aiming at the problem of machining quenched internal helical gears, a method and its equipment are discussed and designed, which is used for machining quenched internal helical gears by EDM. Its characteristic and principle are proposed. The modifying design of the electrode gear and the calculating method of its modification coefficients is presented. Analyzing for the error of the machining equipment is done. The results show that this problem can be solved by EDM, the electrode gear is the modification gear of machined gear and the machining accuracy can be improved by controlling errors.     

旅游生态学的现状及发展研究

随着社会的不断发展,旅游所带来的问题也显得更为突出。文中分析了生态旅游与旅游生态学的关系,并在此基础上对旅游生态学的理解与研究提出了更深层次的要求,如何在旅游生态学的基础上来发展包括生态旅游在内的旅游业是亟待解决的问题。文中归纳总结了有关旅游生态学的5种研究方法--实地调查法、定位研究法、生态模拟法、现代信息技术法以及旅游评价与规划法,并从研究方法的角度阐述了目前国内外旅游生态学发展的现状;文章最后展望了旅游生态学与景观生态学、风景园林学以及生物统计学等学科互相结合的潜力,以期有助于各交叉学科的发展,并丰富旅游生态学的研究内容。     

Effects of Thorax Muscle Fiber on Body Surface Potentials

A numerical method calculating the forward problem of electrocardiogram (ECG) has been presented. By using this method, the torso part including anisotropic muscle layers has been discretized by means of the finite element method (FEM). The rest of torso have been divided into the surface elements by the boundary element method (BEM). The effects of the skelltel muscle layers over thorax wall, have been discussed in terms of a three-dimensional torso models.     

由普通光学显微镜获得具有三维立体效果图像的可行性及其前景展望

用普通显微镜对幼根石蜡切片观察时,内皮层及凯氏带图像缺乏三维显示效果,为此本研究提出一种获得小扁豆内皮层及凯氏带三维显示效果图像的方法。利用石蜡制片技术和普通光学显微镜获得小扁豆内皮层及凯氏带的数码照片,用word软件对这种二维平面图像进行光学信息解析,即可获得具有三维立体效果的解剖学图像。结果表明小扁豆内皮层及凯氏带的二维平面图像经光学信息处理后,可获得具有三维立体效果的、类似扫描电镜的数码照片,能清楚地观察到小扁豆的内皮层及“凯氏带”结构,并发现二维平面图像中的所谓“凯氏带”,是由内皮层细胞的原生质体在制片过程中脱水收缩形成,不是真正的“凯氏带”结构。普通光学显微镜的成像光及其数码照片中蕴含着大量的、有关成像物体的三维结构和化学成分等信息,这些丰富的光学信息目前尚未能进行深入解析。     

Reserach on the Die Forging CAD System of Long Shaft Type Forgings

This paper,by using AutoCAD Advanced Modeling Extension(AME),solvesthe difficulty of three-dimensional solid object modeling of forging die CAD on a porsonal computer,sets up the die forging CAD system(DFCAD system)of long shaft type forgings. It is convenient todesign die forging processes and forging dies , and can get 3-D and 2-D forging die drawings.     

A Three Dimensional Torso Model for the Numerical Simulation of ECG--Forward Problem of ECG(1)

In this paper,a numerical model of a three dimensional human torso has been presented.In this model,the torso part including anisotropic muscle layers has been discretized by means of the finite element method(FEM).The rest of torso have been divided into the surface elements by the boundary element method(BEM).This discretized model can be used in the field such as the forward problem and the inverse problem of the electrocardiogram(ECG).     

Nitrogen reduction stimulated by a three-dimensional electrochemical-biofilm reactor and its correlation with electric field

To realize automatic control, it is important to study the response of reactor to electric field. A three-dimensional biofilm eletrode reactor is developed and steadily operated to remove nitrogen. In the reactor, oxygen is produced on the anode and hydrogen is produced on the cathode of the three-dimensional electrode by electrolysis water. Microorganism in the reactor utilize oxygen and hydrogen adequately to remove nitrogen by nitrification-denitrification. To evaluate the correlation of electric field with the reactor, DO, pH and nitrogen removal efficiency are studied. Results show that when a electric field of 0.013 4 mA/cm 2 is applied to the system, the removal rate of NH +4-N, NO -3-N and TN is 90%, 70% and 70%, respectively. To assure the reactor run efficiently, the maximum of the intensity of electric field applied to the reactor is 0.0201 mA/cm 2. Within 0.0201 mA/cm 2, the system is in stable running status, while DO and pH is altered resulting from the intensity of electric field. With enhancing the intensity of electric field, the removal rate of NO -3 -N can be improved, although, the removal rate of NH +4-N is not elevated markedly. There is no accumulation of NO -2 -N within 0.0201 mA/cm 2.     

Neighbour field method for population initialization of TSP

It is sensitive to the initial population while the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to solve the traveling salesman problem (TSP). To overcome this problem, the neighbour field method is presented to create initial population. In this method the next city is not the nearest as yet unvisited location but randomly selected from the unvisited cities in neighbour field. Neighbour filed method can extract the local optimal information of adjacent cities, and the constructed population has the diversity character. Comparing to the random initial method, the mean value obtained by the neighbour field method in four standard test instances of TSPLIB improved by 46.3%. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the neighbour field method for creating the initial population.     

Implementation of Three-dimensional Terrain Based on MultiGen Creator

This paper mainly analyzes methods and technology of three-dimensional terrain with terrain module in MultiGen Creator2.6.According to character of real-time,accuracy and reality in terrain modeling,it gives the application scheme based on the terrain of space launch site.An new source data of terrain(grid map) conversion method is proposed.The authors sum up paste texture with contour strip and also put forward an method of combining Polymesh/Irregular Mesh algorithm with sampling mesh predigestion algorithm.Projection method and ellipsoid,setting LOD are chosen,an effective 3D terrain application project is given.This paper generates a three-dimensional terrain of space launch site with perfect visual effect,and the terrain has been applied to the three-dimensional simulation system.     

施工阶段大跨径预应力混凝土刚构桥腹板开裂机理

进行了大跨径预应力混凝土刚构桥腹板开裂机理研究,基于弹性力学平面问题分析方法,推导了集中荷载作用下的板件应力函数表达式,绘制了不同受压边长与集中荷载长度比（d/a）下的横向应力曲线,拟合了集中荷载作用下构件的横向应力求解函数,构造了混凝土刚构桥腹板在预应力集中荷载作用下等效压力矩形的选取方法,并基于平面应力的表达式提出了在三维情况下沿预应力轴线的横向应力计算方法。通过建立某预应力混凝土刚构桥0~3#段实体有限元模型,分析施工过程中刚构桥混凝土腹板在不同等级预应力作用下的开裂情况。结果显示：有限元裂缝模拟与实桥腹板开裂范围一致,有限元应力分析结果下限值与推导的横向应力求解函数计算结果接近,变化趋势一致,印证了横向应力函数求解方法的正确性。     

Optimization of regularization parameters for electricalimpedance tomography

The image quality and computation speed are bounded up with regularization parameters. To improve the ill-posed property of the inverse problem of electrical impedance tomography (EIT), a novel approach, which is based on the product of the residual norm and the solution norm(PRS), is presented to optimize the Tikhonov regularization parameters of EIT. To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, five simulations of image reconstruction, together with a tank experiment, have been carried out with considering different sizes, locations, conductivity distributions and numbers of the target areas as well as the scenarios of the data with noises. The encouraging results demonstrate that the proposed optimization approach can identify the relatively optimal regularization parameter quickly and has better noise immunity, and it also enhances the quality of the reconstructed images significantly compared with the conventional L-curve method.