褪黑素合成酶在绵羊胃中的表达

为了解绵羊各胃中褪黑素的合成情况。采取绵羊瘤胃背囊、瘤胃腹囊、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃等5个部位,用免疫组化、Western blot、RT-qPCR等方法,探讨褪黑素合成的关键酶AANAT和HIOMT在不同胃的定位和相对表达情况。结果表明,AANAT和HIOMT蛋白在绵羊各胃均有分布,且在各胃的黏膜层呈强阳性表达,其中在皱胃的表达量最高,AANAT在瘤胃背囊和瘤胃腹囊的表达量最低,而HIOMT在瘤胃背囊的表达量最低;AANAT和HIOMT mRNA水平均显示在网胃最高,其中AANAT在瘤胃背囊和瓣胃表达最低,而HIOMT在皱胃中表达最低。综上所述,在绵羊不同胃中均有AANAT和HIOMT的表达,并且AANAT和HIOMT存在表达差异,说明绵羊胃也具有自主合成褪黑素的功能,提示褪黑素可能通过自分泌和旁分泌的作用方式对绵羊胃功能活动进行调控,为进一步研究褪黑素对绵羊胃功能的调控作用机制提供了理论基础。     

藏系绵羊复胃差异表达基因的筛选及功能分析

为阐明藏绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃与皱胃功能差异的分子机理,试验以藏绵羊为研究对象,采用抑制消减杂交法筛选藏绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃与皱胃差异表达基因并进行生物信息学分析。结果表明:成功构建了6个藏绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃与皱胃差异表达的正反向消减c DNA文库;得到了皱胃特异表达的30个EST片段,瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃特异表达的10个EST片段。经Blast X对比发现5个EST片段与已知基因具有较高的序列相似性,且都在皱胃中特异表达。其中胃蛋白酶A、Napsin-A参与蛋白质水解;胃溶菌酶参与菌体蛋白的消化过程;胃饥饿激素调节食欲且促进相关消化酶分泌;锌指蛋白调节胃酸分泌。说明皱胃具有真正的消化功能,而瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃不能分泌消化酶。瘤胃能利用微生物将摄入的饲草发酵分解成小颗粒物质,网胃、瓣胃起筛滤作用。     

绵羊松果体及生殖轴系褪黑素受体MT1的克隆

采用RT-PCR技术从绵羊松果体、下丘脑、垂体及卵巢组织中克隆到褪黑素受体MT1基因,扩增序列全长650 bp.同源性分析表明与GenBank中已知序列的同源性均达到99%,证明这些组织存在MT1基因的mRNA表达.序列分析发现绵羊下丘脑、垂体和卵巢组织中的基因序列为Mella α基因,而松果体组织中的基因序列为Mella β基因.绵羊卵巢组织中存在有MT1褪黑素受体,暗示褪黑素可能直接作用于绵羊卵巢,参与生殖功能的调节.     

饲粮结构对山羊消化系统尿素转运蛋白-B表达的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮结构对山羊消化系统尿素转运蛋白-B(UT-B)表达的影响。选用18只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊半同胞羯羊,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复1只羊),45d后每组随机屠宰1只山羊,采用蛋白质印迹分析所采集的样品中UT-B的表达情况,并对34ku UT-B进行相对定量分析。结果表明:所有样品表达的UT-B处于30～55ku且均含有34ku的UT-B;饲粮高蛋白质水平可提高前胃(瘤胃、网胃和瓣胃)、回肠、盲肠盲囊和肾脏中34ku UT-B的表达;玉米膨化加工减少了34ku UT-B在回肠和肝脏的表达;各组织中34ku UT-B分布由高到低依次为肝脏、皱胃、网胃、瘤胃背囊、瘤胃腹囊、腮腺、瓣胃、十二直肠、盲肠、盲肠盲囊、回肠和肾脏。由此可知,通过改变饲粮结构可以调控山羊消化系统各组织中UT-B的表达,为进一步研究尿素循环和机体氮代谢提供依据。     

不同早期断奶日龄对舍饲肉用羔羊胃组织形态发育变化的影响

旨在研究早期断奶对舍饲羔羊复胃组织形态发育的影响。本研究选用甘肃肉用绵羊新品种育种群公羔(单羔)55只,分为3个处理,其中28日龄断奶组(A组)、42日龄断奶组(B组)各15只,对照组(不断奶,C组)25只,于7日龄开始补饲;A、B组分别于断奶后的第0、7、14天屠宰,每个屠宰日均同时屠宰对照组羔羊5只,采集瘤胃腹囊与背囊、网胃底、瓣胃和皱胃贲门腺区、胃底腺区、幽门腺区等用于测定相关组织形态学指标。结果表明,A组断奶7天,A组、B组断奶14天,瘤胃腹囊乳头高度显著高于C组(P0.05);断奶14天,A组瘤胃背囊乳头高度较断奶日的增长率明显高于B组(83.4%vs.46.9%);A组、B组平均网胃胃底乳头高度明显大于C组(1 194.0μmvs.632.2μm;953.1μmvs.661.3μm);断奶14天,A组瓣胃角化层厚较断奶日的增长率高于B组(40.6%vs.31.9%);断奶14天,B组皱胃贲门腺区黏膜厚显著高于C组(P0.05);A组、B组皱胃胃底腺区平均黏膜下层厚明显高于C组(326.8μmvs.245.2μm;303.4μmvs.172.7μm);A组、B组平均皱胃幽门腺区肌层厚明显高于C组(1 218.4μmvs.1 047.4μm;1 466.3μmvs.1 253.7μm)。在舍饲并于7日龄补饲条件下,早期断奶对羔羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃组织形态学指标的发育主要呈现促进作用,28日龄断奶对羔羊复胃组织形态学发育的促进作用优于42日龄断奶。     

应用PCR-DGGE技术比较绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃菌群的多样性

本研究采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术结合DGGE图谱条带的克隆和测序比较了绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃菌群的多样性,同时对菌群进行了聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:绵羊瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和皱胃内容物DGGE图谱的平均条带数分别为18、13、16和15条;瘤胃和瓣胃内菌群的多样性指数、均匀度和丰富度均较高,分别为2.83、0.79、17.00和2.82、0.79、16.80,而网胃和皱胃内容物较低,分别为2.52、0.70、12.60和2.73、0.76、15.40;聚类分析结果显示不同胃的内容物菌群具有一定差异,但不同动物个体相同胃的内容物相似性系数均高于0.63;PCR-DGGE图谱中测序的条带大多数归为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),优势菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)细菌、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)细菌、未培养瘤胃细菌(uncultured rumen bacterium)、未培养细菌(uncultured bacterium)和韦荣球菌科(Veillonellaceae)细菌,特异性细菌为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)细菌和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcaceae)细菌。结果提示,绵羊4个胃中均含有种类丰富和数量巨大的细菌,且随着消化道部位由前往后的顺序,菌群的多样性呈现先高后降低再升高的趋势。     

GHSR—1a在奶山羊胃肠道的分布与表达

试验采用免疫组织化学、Real—timePCR和Western blotting方法测定ghrelin的功能性受体GHSR-1a（Growth hormone seeretagogue receptor-1a,GHSR-1a）在奶山羊胃肠道的分布和表达。免疫组织化学结果显示,GHSR—1a免疫阳性细胞广泛分布于奶山羊胃肠道。在皱胃主要定位于黏膜层和肌层;瘤胃、网胃和瓣胃黏膜层及肌层中也可见GHSR-1a免疫阳性细胞;在小肠主要位于十二指肠、空肠和回肠的黏膜层、黏膜下层和肌层;在结肠、盲肠和直肠GHSR—1a免疫阳性细胞也有广泛分布;GHSR—1a主要表达于内在神经丛神经细胞、胃底腺上皮细胞、肠腺上皮细胞、复层鳞状上皮细胞、平滑肌细胞中。real—timePCR和Westernblotting结果显示,皱胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠和直肠GHSR—1a的表达水平相对较高,显著高于瘤胃、网胃和瓣胃的表达（P〈0．05）。结果表明,ghrelin可能通过GHsR-1a对奶山羊胃肠功能具有重要的调节作用。     

藏绵羊溶菌酶1基因的克隆、原核表达及生物信息学分析

试验旨在研究藏绵羊溶菌酶(lysozyme,LZM)1基因在瘤胃、瓣胃、皱胃、气管、肝脏和肾脏各组织中的表达情况、进化关系及抑菌活性.采用RT-PCR技术克隆藏绵羊LZM1基因,定量PCR检测LZM1基因在瘤胃、瓣胃、皱胃、气管、肝脏和肾脏中的表达情况,并将该基因的氨基酸序列与普通牛胃LZM等氨基酸序列进行比对,根据邻位连接法构建系统进化树;将该基因插入pET-32a质粒后构建得到pET-32a-LZM1重组质粒,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞并诱导表达,SDS-PAGE法鉴定表达产物;采用比浊法测定LZM1蛋白的活性;采用琼脂糖平板扩散法研究异源表达蛋白的抑菌活性.结果表明,从藏绵羊瘤胃、瓣胃、皱胃、气管、肝脏和肾脏各组织中成功克隆藏绵羊LZM1基因,其在瘤胃、瓣胃、皱胃、气管、肝脏和肾脏中均有表达,在皱胃中表达量最高;其氨基酸序列与普通牛胃LZM(GenBank登录号:NM_001080339.1)序列的同源性最高(96%);重组蛋白LZM1分子质量约为35 ku;其比活力约为400 U/mL;该重组LZM1对金黄色葡萄球具有良好的抑菌活性.     

绵羊附睾褪黑素受体1的表达与定位

为研究褪黑素受体1（MT1）在不同年龄绵羊附睾中的表达模式，选用幼龄绵羊（2~3月龄）、青年绵羊（6~8月龄）和成年绵羊（2~3岁）的附睾，采用实时荧光定量PCR和免疫组化技术检测不同年龄绵羊附睾各部位MT1基因mRNA的表达量和MT1的分布情况。结果表明：幼龄绵羊附睾尾MT1基因的转录水平极显著高于附睾头和附睾体（P<0.01）；青年绵羊附睾体和附睾尾MT1基因的转录水平显著高于附睾头（P<0.05）；成年绵羊附睾尾MT1基因的转录水平显著高于附睾头和附睾体（P<0.05），附睾各部位MT1基因的转录水平随年龄增长呈明显降低趋势；定位结果显示，MT1在各年龄组绵羊附睾的各个部位均有分布，且主要分布在附睾上皮细胞中。综合上述结果，不同年龄绵羊附睾的不同部位均有MT1表达和分布，并随年龄增长各部位的表达量降低，相同年龄绵羊附睾尾MT1的表达水平较高。     

Ghrelin在梅花鹿体内的免疫组化定位研究

为了阐明胃饥饿素(Ghrelin)在梅花鹿体内的表达规律,采用免疫组织化学方法检测Ghrelin在梅花鹿食管、瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃、皱胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠、肝、胰、甲状腺、垂体前叶、卵巢、肺、肾和脾等组织中的分布规律。结果显示:Ghrelin免疫阳性细胞在食管和皱胃内主要分布于黏膜层、黏膜下层和肌层;在网胃、瓣胃和瘤胃的黏膜层及黏膜下层中均可见Ghrelin免疫阳性细胞,但肌层中未见表达;在肠道主要定位于黏膜层、黏膜下层和肌层,尤其在肠绒毛和黏膜下层分布较多;在肝、胰、甲状腺、垂体前叶、卵巢、肺、肾、脾等实质器官中同样发现有Ghrelin免疫阳性信号的表达。结果提示,Ghrelin在梅花鹿体内广泛表达且在食管和胃肠道内分布范围最广。     

Post‐natal changes in MCT1 expression in the forestomach of calves

The monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) has been demonstrated to be involved in the transfer of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) and/or their intraepithelial metabolites from the rumen to the blood. As MCT1 plays a role in SCFA transfer, it is assumed that SCFA are the main substrates influencing its expression. However, there are hints that MCT1 may also be expressed during the early life of the animal when SCFA are not released in the forestomach. To figure out whether MCT1 expression in the forestomach is influenced independently of SCFA during that period, we studied post‐natal MCT1 expression immunohistochemically in the epithelia of omasum, atrium ruminis, saccus dorsalis ruminis, saccus ventralis ruminis and reticulum of calves born preterm and at term. The calves were nourished by colostrum or by milk‐based formula diet. MCT1 could be found in all the forestomach compartments tested, even in preterm calves. The protein was mainly oriented to the luminal side in the immature epithelium 24 h after birth. Orientation to the blood side of the cells developed during the first 4 days after birth. In the rumen epithelia (but not in the other forestomach compartments tested), orientation of MCT1 to the blood side of the cells was paralleled by an increase in the overall expression rate during the first 4 days after birth. As lactate levels were very high directly after birth, a lactate‐dependent substrate induction may have been the underlying mechanism. However, non‐specific changes due to general differential processes might also be the cause. Both early upregulation of MCT1 and high blood lactate levels may provide the epithelia with lactate as energy source.     

Expression of melatonin and its related synthase and membrane receptors in the oestrous corpus luteum and corpus luteum verum of sheep

Melatonin is an important factor involved in regulating reproduction; it is synthesized enzymatically by the sequential action of melatonin‐synthesizing enzymes, arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (AANAT) and hydroxyindole‐O‐methyltransferase (HIOMT), and exerts its biological functions mainly through receptor‐mediated action. To evaluate the expression of melatonin, two melatonin‐synthesizing enzymes (HIOMT and AANAT), and membrane receptors (MT1 and MT2) in oestrous corpus luteum (CL) and CL verum of sheep (Ovis aries), we performed ELISA, qRT‐PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The quantitative results showed that melatonin, HIOMT and AANAT levels in the CL verum were significantly higher than those in oestrous CL (p < 0.05), whereas MT1 and MT2 exhibited no change between the oestrous CL and CL verum (p > 0.05); moreover, the localization results showed that HIOMT, AANAT, MT1 and MT2 were mainly expressed in large luteal cells (LLCs). In summary, the above results suggested that sheep CL has potential for the synthesis of melatonin; meanwhile, they also suggested that CL is one of the targets of melatonin. These results provide not only a basis for whether sheep CL can synthesize melatonin but also provide a reference for further study on the mechanism of melatonin in the CL.     

花椒精油对小尾寒羊生产性能和胃肠道组织结构的影响

【目的】本研究测定分析了不同剂量的花椒精油(EOZB)对小尾寒羊生产性能和胃肠道组织结构的影响,旨在为花椒精油在反刍动物方面的应用提供一定的理论参考。【方法】选取20只3月龄、活重接近的小尾寒羊随机分为4组,分别为对照组(CON)和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别在基础饲粮中添加5(EOZB5)、10(EOZB10)和15 mL/kg(EOZB15)花椒精油;试验期52 d,试验结束后屠宰所有试验羊并采集10个部位(瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃、皱胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠和直肠)的胃肠道组织样,通过测定生产性能和胃肠道乳头长度、乳头宽度、黏膜下层厚度、肌层厚度、固有膜厚度、角质层厚度、绒毛长度、绒毛宽度和隐窝深度等指标系统性评价花椒精油对小尾寒羊胃肠道组织结构的影响。【结果】(1)花椒精油可以提高小尾寒羊生产性能。与对照组相比,EOZB10组平均日增重、干物质采食量和料重比显著增加,且显著高于其他两个试验组(P<0.05)。(2)花椒精油可以促进小尾寒羊复胃发育。与对照组相比,EOZB10组瘤胃黏膜下层厚度和肌层厚度显著增加(P<0.05),角质层...     

藏绵羊KLF7基因表达特征分析及其过表达对前脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响

【目的】分析藏绵羊Krüppel样因子7(Krüppel-like factor 7,KLF7)基因表达特征,研究过表达该基因对前脂肪细胞增殖及分化的影响。【方法】从藏绵羊脂肪组织中分离前脂肪细胞进行培养及成脂诱导,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测KLF7基因在藏绵羊7个组织(大脑、皮下脂肪、肾脏、背最长肌、瘤胃、睾丸和回肠)和前脂肪细胞不同分化阶段(第0、2、4和8天)的mRNA相对表达水平;应用RT-PCR方法从藏绵羊脂肪组织中扩增KLF7基因CDS区序列,并将其连接到pcDNA3.1(+)真核表达载体获得pcDNA3.1-KLF7过表达质粒,转染前脂肪细胞;应用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测脂肪细胞增殖及分化标志基因mRNA表达水平;采用EdU和CCK-8方法分别检测过表达KLF7基因对EdU阳性细胞数和细胞活力的影响;采用油红O染色检测过表达KLF7基因后脂肪细胞脂滴生成量。【结果】KLF7基因在藏绵羊7个组织中均有表达,其中在大脑中的表达量最高,其次为皮下脂肪和肾脏,均显著高于其他组织(P<0.05);诱导分化第2、4和8天脂肪细胞mRNA表达量均显著高于分化前(P＜0.05),且分化第2天表达量最高;pcDNA3.1-KLF7过表达质粒转染前脂肪细胞2 d后显著或极显著抑制增殖标志基因CDK4、CyclinB1和CyclinD1的表达水平(P＜0.05;P＜0.01),极显著降低细胞活力及EdU阳性细胞数量(P＜0.01);pcDNA3.1-KLF7过表达质粒转染前脂肪细胞,诱导分化8 d后,脂肪细胞分化标志基因PPARγ、Glut4和ELOVL6的mRNA相对表达水平显著或极显著下调(P＜0.05;P＜0.01),且脂质沉积极显著减少(P＜0.01),表明过表达KLF7基因可抑制藏绵羊前脂肪细胞增殖及分化。【结论】KLF7基因在藏绵羊多个组织中广泛表达,且大脑、皮下脂肪、肾脏中表达量较高;诱导分化后脂肪细胞表达量显著高于分化前,且分化第2天表达量最高;过表达KLF7基因可抑制藏绵羊前脂肪细胞的增殖及分化。试验结果为阐明藏绵羊脂肪沉积的分子调控机制提供了基础数据。     

牛羊养殖中前胃疾病鉴别诊断方法

牛羊都是反刍动物,它们拥有4个胃,分别是瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃和真胃。前3个胃统称为前胃,在前胃中有大量的可以分解和消化饲料中粗纤维的细菌,是牛羊以粗饲料作为主要食物的原因之一。很多牛羊非常容易出现前胃疾病,饲养人员要掌握牛羊前胃疾病的预防办法和治疗措施。     

Ultrasonography of the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum before, during and after ingestion of hay and grass silage in 10 calves

The reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum were assessed via ultrasonography in 10 healthy female calves before, during and 2h after feeding hay and grass silage. The evaluations were made using an ultrasound machine with a 5.0MHz linear transducer. The reticulum could be visualized before feeding in all the calves. Its appearance and pattern of contractions were similar to those in adult cattle, although the amplitude (5.2±1.06cm) and velocity (3.5±1.42cm/s) of the first contraction were markedly less than in adult cattle. The position and size of the entire rumen including the dorsal and ventral sacs and the ruminal contents were assessed. Except for its smaller size, the ultrasonographic appearance of the omasum of calves was similar to that of adult cattle. The abomasum was seen to the left and right of the ventral midline before feeding in all calves; it occupied considerably more space on the left than the right. Compared with its appearance before feeding, the ultrasonographic appearance of the rumen, omasum and abomasum did not change during or after feeding. Ultrasonography is an ideal imaging tool for evaluating the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum before, during and after feeding in calves.     

Melatonin membrane receptors MT1 and MT2 are expressed in ram spermatozoa from non-seasonal breeds

Tropical Animal Health and Production - In mammals, many melatonin biological functions are mediated through its interaction with the membrane receptors MT1 and MT2. We have previously reported...