不同退耕还林模式对土壤生物学性质的影响效果评价

在测定土壤微生物、土壤酶活性基础上,应用主成分因子分析法建立了不同退耕还林模式下的土壤生物学性质评价体系。结果表明,土壤放线菌、真菌数量与转化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶活性之间的相关性达到了极显著或显著水平优势微生物中的微球菌与转化酶,芽孢杆菌与纤维素酶,木霉和游动放线菌与过氧化氢酶,酵母菌与脲酶呈显著正相关关系放线菌、真菌及其微生物优势类群多样性指标在评价土壤生物学肥力质量时具有十分重要的作用4种土壤酶活性是土壤生物学肥力质量评价的重要指标而细菌、酵母等生物量较小的微生物对土壤生态肥力评价的贡献较小。用土壤综合肥力指标值(IFI)进一步评价各样地的土壤生物学肥力质量的顺序依次为:苦竹林表层>桦木林表层>农耕地表层>农耕地亚表层>农耕地深层>桦木和苦竹林亚表层>桦木林深层>苦竹林深层。苦竹对退耕地的生态改善效果,如水土保持、水源涵养和土壤生态肥力的增加等方面要优于桦木。     

基于USLE的大豆C因子计算模型研究

作物覆盖与管理对土壤侵蚀的影响通常用C表示,它来自于美国通用流失方程（USLE）,是有效治理土壤侵蚀,减少水土流失必须深入研究的重要因子。目前,我国有大量的通过植被覆盖度计算C值的模型,且关系模型的形式也各有不同。但植被覆盖度只是表征地表作物覆盖的指标之一,且并无体现管理措施对土壤流失的影响,建模方法也多是直接进行回归分析。因此,本研究以大豆为研究对象,通过室外人工模拟降雨,以植被覆盖度作为关键因子,以株高、结皮厚度、地表糙度作为调节因子逼近误差建立C因子估算模型。得到的模型公式为：C=-0.595 ln?〖V×(-〖0.779x〗_1+0.〖439x〗_2+0.061h-0.357)〗。式中,V为植被覆盖度,%;h为株高,cm;x1为结皮厚度,mm;x2为地表糙度,无量纲。模型R2=0.935,均方根误差仅为0.089。本研究结果可为黄土高原农耕地土壤C因子模型的不断完善提供理论参考。     

Ciprofloxacin Adsorption on ZnO Supported on SBA-15

Most drugs are synthesized by human medicine both for the treatment of men and animals and are also produced to maintain their physical and chemical properties for a time sufficient to serve a therapeutic purpose in treatments of some kind of illness. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic synthetically obtained in 1987 and belongs to the family of fluoroquinolones and is currently prescribed in certain treatments. This work was developed with the objective of evaluating the adsorption of the ciprofloxacin antibiotic in solution on zinc oxide (ZnO) supported on SBA-15-type mesoporous silica. The results showed that the post-synthesis method is effective in impregnating zinc oxide in SBA-15 and its structure has not been damaged and has not lost its organization in the hexagonal 2D planes. The ZnO-SBA-15 (10%) sample adsorbed 69.10% of ciprofloxacin (25 mg/L) in 180 min. Freundlich adsorption model was observed with the correlation factor of R²?=?0.9999, for the adsorbent ZnO-SBA-15 (10%), which showed the best sample. The kinetics was classified as pseudo-second order, as well as the thermodynamic parameters were determined, showing that the process has a spontaneous nature and a value of ΔH°?=?4.677 kJ/mol, evidencing that the process has the nature of physiosorption.     

Studies on soil fumigation—IV: Effects on fungi

The effect of soil fumigation with a chloropicrin-methyl bromide mixture(1:1) at 440 kg·ha^?1 on the fungal flora of a wheat-field has been investigated. Recolonization of fumigated soil and the occurrence of fungi on roots of wheat growing in fumigated and untreated soil were also followed. Very few fungi survived in fumigated soil that had been covered with polythene sheeting, but in uncovered fumigated soil some fungi survived especially at or near the soil surface.Study of recolonization of covered fumigated soil showed that some fungi, notably species of Chaetomium and Mortierella, appeared to survive fumigation and then increase in number, but many of the fungi recolonizing surface soil (2.5 cm), Alternaria, Stemphylium, Mucor, Cladosporium, Epicoccum), appeared to have come from the air. Recolonization of surface soil was not uniform; high counts were often due to the spores of one or a few fungi and samples collected a few cm apart might show different fungi in high number. In subsurface soil (5–22.5 cm) recolonization was much slower and even 117 days after fumigation the number of colonies and species of fungi was low compared with untreated soil.The common fungi on roots of plants grown in uncovered fumigated or untreated soil were very similar though initially there were fewer fungi on roots from fumigated soil. The main differences recorded were that Chaetomium species were more frequent on roots from fumigated soil and that. in general, Cylindrocarpon destruetans, Embellisia chlamydospora, species of Pythium and Rhizoctonia, and Gaeumannomyces graminis were more common on roots in untreated soil.     

Studies on soil fumigation—II: Effects on bacteria

In a South Australian wheat-field soil the viable counts of “total” aerobic bacteria and of fluorescent pseudomonads were initially greatly depressed by fumigation with 220 kg·ha^?1 chloropicrin (CP) or with a combined application of 220 kg·ha^?1 of chloropicrin and 220 kg·ha^?1 methyl bromide (F). Bacterial numbers rose sharply within 10 days of the completion of fumigation. For a further 14 days the fluorescent pseudomonads formed the major part of the aerobic bacterial population counted and over 5 months later their numbers in F-treated soil remained about 10 times higher than in untreated soil. Numbers of aerobic spore-formers rose more slowly after CP or F treatment. but then remained significantly higher over the 159 days of the trial. Fumigation with 220 kg·ha^?1 of methyl bromide alone (MB) had little effect on soil bacterial numbers.A check of random isolates revealed a predominance of Gram-negative organisms in soil treated with CP, this dominance decreasing with time, whereas MB treatment did not result in any detectable change.Fluorescent pseudomonads from rhizospheres of wheat plants in soil fumigated with CP contained smaller proportions of strains antagonistic in vitro to Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici than isolates from MB-treated soil or from untreated soil.     

Lime and Nutrients Effects on Jatropha curcas Cultivated on an Amazonian Soil

We evaluated the effects of macronutrient and micronutrient omission, and of liming, on Jatropha curcas (JC) in greenhouse study. The experimental design was a factorial combination of 2 liming treatments (nil or 4.5 t. ha^?1 of dolomitic lime) x 7 combinations of fertility status, with five replications. The concentrations and uptake of nutrients by JC plants follow the order: nitrogen > potassium > calcium ≥ Magnesium > sulfur > phosphorus > iron > boron > manganese > zinc > copper (N > K > Ca ≥ Mg > S > P > Fe > B > Mn > Zn > Cu), but the growth of JC plants was negatively affected mainly by omission of macronutrients, in the following order: P > N = K = S, on limed soil. Phosphorus is the most critical element for development. JC is responsive to micronutrients only when applied together with macronutrients. Potassium chloride is not recommended as K⁺ source for JC crop. Lime is recommended to improve growth and nutritional status of JC plants.     

甘肃省高原山地树种的抗旱性研究

 通过PV曲线求解各树种水分参数,并结合水势日变化的分析表明:青海云杉、祁连圆柏、青杨和红桦4树种具有很强的抗旱性和保水力,针叶树的抗旱能力较阔叶树强。青海云杉细胞组织束缚水含量高、持水力强,日平均水势值较祁连圆柏高,细胞壁弹性大,主要以延迟脱水的方式抵御干旱;祁连圆柏质壁分离时渗透水的相对含量较高,日水势变差大,通过细胞水分减少、共质体水与非共质体水转换途径的渗透调节能力较强,在充分膨胀时细胞浓度较高,保持最大膨压的能力更强,主要以忍耐脱水的方式抵御干旱;祁连圆柏的综合抗旱能力较青海云杉强;红桦组织细胞束缚水含量较高、持水力较强,主要以延迟脱水的方式抵御干旱;青杨水势日平均值低,渗透调节和保持最大膨压的能力强,零膨压点的渗透势、失水率都更低,细胞坚硬厚实,主要以忍耐脱水的方式抵御干旱。     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Upland Rice based on Pot Experiments

Abstract

Limited information is available regarding the utilization and loss of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to intensively managed upland rice. Effects of N fertilization on upland rice were conducted as N0 (no N applied), N225 (225 kg N · ha^?1), N300 (300 kg N · ha^?1), and N375 (375 kg N · ha^?1) in pot experiments. ¹⁵N‐labeled techniques were used in basal and topdressing N fertilizations. Results showed with the increase of N quantity applied, tiller, panicle numbers per pot, and spikelet number per panicle increased significantly (P<0.05). Chlorophyll b content of N225 and N300 were significantly higher than N0 (P<0.05), and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of N300 increased significantly compared with N0 and N225. Under basal fertilization, N use efficiency (NUE) of root, stem, leaf, and grain in N300 was the highest. The NUE and loss rate ranged from 23.3% to 30.3% and 62.4% to 73.8%, respectively, under basal fertilization. They varied from 16.5% to 27.5% and 70.7% to 80.4%, respectively, under topdressing fertilization. The highest NUE was observed in N300 under basal fertilization. As increased quantities of N were applied, Pn and biological characteristics improved, thus crop yield of upland rice increased. Grain yield of N300 and N375 were significantly higher than that of N0 and N225 (P<0.01); however, there was no significant difference between them. Therefore, N fertilization with medium applied quantity under basal fertilization will facilitate growing, photosynthesis, and grain yield increase of upland rice.     

Sewage Sludge Application on Soil: Effects on Two Earthworm Species

Some biological effects of soilfertilisation with sewage sludge were investigated aftersoil reclamation in an opencast mining area. Two earthwormspecies (Allolobophora chlorotica chloroticaand Nicodrilus caliginosus meridionalis) inhabitingthe reclaimed soil were tested for their response to twohigh doses of sludge (75 and 150 g kg^-1 of dry sludgein dry sieved soil). The metal concentrations in thesludge amended soils were below that which worm mortalitywould be expected. Mean annual density of the earthwormswas higher in the plots where the sludge was applied (435and 335 ind. m^-2) than in control (115 ind. m^-2).We verified the accumulation of Cd and Zn by the twoearthworm species at any dose of sludge, and metalaccumulation was higher in N. caliginosus than inA. chlorotica. Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni were moreconcentrated in the earthworm egesta than in the bulk soil.     

基于GIS技术的多目标土壤资源适宜性评价

土壤资源适宜性评价是进行十壤资源空间分析及优化配置的基础,为土壤资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据.该文以江西省鄱阳湖经济区土壤资源为研究对象,选取了7个参评因子,将GIS技术、统计模型和评价方法有机结合进行u十壤资源的宜耕、宜园和宜林适宜性评价,评价结果表明:研究区生境条件整体较高,土壤资源适宜性较好;区域内宜耕土壤资源面积为19269.2 km2,占总面积的48.5%;宜园土壤资源面积为4399.1 km2,只占总面积的11.1%;宜林十壤资源面积为12579.1 km2,占总面积的31.7%;三者的有机结合,克服了传统评价方法费时费力以及主观参与性强的不足,使评价结果更为客观合理,为土壤资源适宜性评价提供了一条新途径.     

Model Experiments on the Influence of Artificial Humic Compounds on Chemodenitrification

Chemodenitrification is of importance in both soils and the treatment of some types of wastewater. During model experiments,the impact of various conditions, such as pH and especially artificial humic matter and oxygen on this process was studied to build upkinetic models. The chemodenitrification rate decreased due to the ongoingautoxidation/polymerization of hydroquinone to artificial humic matterfrom 11.02 μg (L h)^-1 after 7 days autoxidation to 5.38 μg (L h)^-1 after 14 days at pH 4 under aerobic conditionsand an initial nitrite concentration of 250 μg L^-1. At the same pH,with the same nitrite concentration, and in the presence of Roth humic matter(2 mg L^-1) under aerobic conditions, the chemodenitrification rate was0.73 μg (L h)^-1, whereas under anaerobic conditions itwas considerably higher (2.88 μg (L h)^-1). In anothermodel experiment, it was shown that the amount of nitrite incorporated into the artificial humic matter was less then 1%. Further, it was found that the main reaction product of chemodenitrification is NO.     

陕西省马铃薯施肥现状评价

为了解陕西省马铃薯施肥现状及农户养分资源投入中存在的问题,提出解决问题的对策。对测土配方施肥项目2006~2009年的14个县1890户调查数据进行了分析和评价。结果表明,陕北高原和陕南秦巴山区平均产量分别为23.0 t/hm2和15.4 t/hm2,全省平均22.3 t/hm2。有机肥施用农户分别占到99.0%和60.6%,全省平均95.4%。全省化肥氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）和钾（K2O）投入量分别为155、 78和13 kg/hm2,其投入均表现出报酬递减趋势。与养分分级等级相比,陕北高原和陕南秦巴山区化学氮肥施用量合理的农户分别占43.0%和4.0%,全省平均39.4%; 过量施肥的农户分别占24.5%和50.3%,全省平均26.9%。磷肥施用量合理的农户分别占64.6%和16.0%,全省平均60.1%; 过量施肥的农户分别占21.9%和56.0%,全省平均25.0%。钾肥施用量不足农户分别占96.9%和93.1%,全省平均96.6%。陕西省农户马铃薯施肥存在问题主要包括氮肥和磷肥投入过量和不足并存,钾肥和有机肥投入不足。今后陕西省马铃薯施肥的重点为平衡氮肥和磷肥用量,增加钾肥和有机肥用量,增加追肥的施用,尤其是陕南秦巴山区。     

Effects of mineral and biofertilizers on barley growth on compacted soil

Abstract

Biofertilizers are an alternative to mineral fertilizers for increasing soil productivity and plant growth in sustainable agriculture. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible effects of three mineral fertilizers and four plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains as biofertilizer on soil properties and seedling growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare) at three different soil bulk densities, and in three harvest periods. The application treatments included the control (without bacteria inoculation and mineral fertilizers), mineral fertilizers (N, NP and P) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria species (Bacillus licheniformis RC04, Paenibacillus polymyxa RC05, Pseudomonas putida RC06, and Bacillus OSU-142) in sterilized soil. The PGPR, fungi, seedling growth, soil pH, organic matter content, available P and mineral nitrogen were determined in soil compacted artificially to three bulk density levels (1.1, 1.25 and 1.40 Mg m^?3) at 15, 30, and 45 days of plant harvest. The results showed that all the inoculated bacteria contributed to the amount of mineral nitrogen. Seed inoculation significantly increased the count of bacteria and fungi. Data suggest that seed inoculation of barley with PGPR strains tested increased root weight by 9–12.2%, and shoot weight by 29.7–43.3% compared with control. The N, NP and P application, however, increased root weight up to 18.2, 25.0 and 7.4% and shoot weight by 31.6, 43.4 and 26.4%, respectively. Our data show that PGPR stimulate barley growth and could be used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer. Soil compaction hampers the beneficial plant growth promoting properties of PGPR and should be avoided.     

Influence of Sulfur Fertility on Wheat Yield Performance on Alluvial and Upland Soils

Abstract: In recent years, sulfur (S) deficiencies in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have become more common, particularly on coarse‐textured soils. In Study I, field experiments were conducted in 2001/2002 through 2003/2004 on Mississippi River alluvial soils (Experiment I) and an upland, loessial silt loam (Experiment II) to evaluate the influence of spring S rates of 0, 5.6, 11.2, and 22.4 kg ha^?1 and a fall rate of 22.4 kg sulfate (SO₄)‐S ha^?1 on grain yield of three varieties. In Study II, field experiments were conducted in 2001/2002 and 2004/2005 on alluvial soils to evaluate the influence of spring S rates of 0, 5.6, 11.2, and 22.4 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in fields where S‐deficiency symptoms were present. Grain yield response to applied S occurred only on alluvial, coarse‐textured, very fine sandy loam soils (Study II) that had soil SO₄‐S levels less than the critical level of 8 mg kg^?1 and organic‐matter contents less than 1 g kg^?1 in the 0‐ to 15‐, 15‐ to 30‐, and 30‐ to 45‐cm depths. Soil pH increased with soil depth. Optimum S rate was 11.2 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in 2001/2002 and 5.6 kg SO₄‐S ha^?1 in 2004/2005. On the upland, loessial silt loam soil, soil SO₄‐S levels accumulated with depth, whereas organic‐matter content and pH decreased. In the loessial soils, average soil SO₄‐S levels in the 15‐ to 30‐ and 30‐ to 45‐cm soil depths were 370% greater than SO₄‐S in the surface horizon (0 to 15 cm).     

Spider predation on forest-floor Collembola and evidence for indirect effects on decomposition

Spiders are major predators in forest-floor leaf litter, yet little is known about their impact on prey populations and on forest-floor processes such as litter decomposition. This experiment investigated the effect of removing spiders on Collembola densities. We also examined the potential indirect effect of spider removal on rate of litter disappearance. Twenty-eight 1-m² plots were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: O – open, no manipulations; F – fenced, no litter sifted, no spiders removed; FS – fenced, litter sifted, no spiders removed; and FSR – fenced, litter sifted, spiders removed. In early August, we sifted the litter in the FS and FSR plots, removing all encountered spiders from the FSR treatment. A month later, we placed into each plot one 15 × 15-cm litterbag filled with a known amount (ca. 3 g) of dried straw. After six weeks, litterbags were collected and fauna were extracted in a Kempson-McFadyen apparatus. Decreasing spider predation increased densities of Collembola, and increased the rate at which straw disappeared from litterbags. These results indicate that spider predation may reduce Collembola densities enough to lower rates of litter disappearance on the forest floor.     

Influence of Elemental Sulfur on Sugarcane Yield on Histosols with Near-Neutral pH

Soil subsidence of Florida Histosols caused by microbial oxidation following drainage of these soils has resulted in decreased depth. Soil pH has increased from tillage operations and vertical movement of carbonates from underlying limestone bedrock through evapotranspiration and seepage irrigation. This study was conducted to determine sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) yield response to banded elemental sulfur (S) (granular 90% S and granular 80% S with 5% manganese (Mn)) in soils with unamended pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.2. Four field experiments were established as small-plots on Histosols in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA). Each experiment was a randomized complete block design with six replications and elemental S rates of 0, 90, 224, and 448 kg S ha^?1. Less than optimum leaf Mn at two locations were associated with Mehlich 3-extractable Mn<5 g m^?3. There were no sugarcane yield responses to elemental S with unamended pH<7.2, although S significantly reduced in-row pH.

Abbreviations: EAA, Everglades Agricultural Area; ICP, inductively coupled argon plasma; KSM, kg sucrose Mg^?1 cane; MAP, monoammonium phosphate; M3-Mn, Mehlich 3-extractable Mn; RCB, randomized complete block; STM5, granular 80% S with 5% Mn; MCH, Mg cane ha^?1; MSH, Mg sucrose ha^?1     

Nitrogen effects on cantaloupes

Abstract

The NO₃ levels in cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) petioles relate closely to N treatment and reflect the N status of the cantaloupe plant. Suggested levels of petiole NO₃ in cantaloupes grown in Arizona are presented. Nitrogen treatment had little effect on melon size, earliness, or most storage quality factors that were evaluated except that deficiencies resulted in lower netting, poor general appearance and an increase in cull melons.     

滤纸法新雨滴取样器的试验研究

 雨滴色斑面积叠合度是影响滤纸法测算雨滴滴谱精度的主要因素。采用人工降雨试验,建立了锥体式雨滴取样器优化数学模型,并运用正交设计优化法求得锥体坡度为45°,锥体高度为52mm;在相同试验条件下,进行了锥体式雨滴取样器与平板式雨滴取样器的对比试验,当雨滴中数直径分别为4.2mm和1.7mm时,φ150mm滤纸上的雨滴色斑面积叠合量平均可减少60.6mm2和42.0mm2,表明锥体式雨滴取样器优于平板式雨滴取样器。     

Effect of vegetation changes on soil erosion on the loess plateau

Vegetation is one of the key factors affecting soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. The effects of vegetation destruction and vegetation restoration on soil erosion were quantified using data from long-term field runoff plots established on the eastern slope of the Ziwuling secondary forest region, China and a field survey. The results showed that before the secondary vegetation restoration period （before about 1866-1872）, soil erosion in the Ziwuling region of the Loess Plateau was similar to the current erosion conditions in neighboring regions, where the soil erosion rate now is 8 000 to 10 000 t km^-2 year^-1. After the secondary vegetation restoration, soil erosion was very low; influences of rainfall and slope gradient on soil erosion were small; the vegetation effect on soil erosion was predominant; shallow gully and gully erosion ceased; and sediment deposition occurred in shallow gully and gully channels. In modern times when human activities destroyed secondary forests, soil erosion increased markedly, and erosion rates in the deforested lands reached 10 000 to 24000 t km^-2 year^-1, which was 797 to 1682 times greater than those in the forested land prior to deforestation. Rainfall intensity and landform greatly affected the soil erosion process after deforestation. These results showed that accelerated erosion caused by vegetation destruction played a key role in soil degradation and eco-environmental deterioration in deforested regions.     

Influence of light and pH on growth and nitrogenase activity on temperate-grown Azolla

Summary We investigated the influence of light intensity and pH on growth and acetylene reduction in three strains of Azolla filiculoides and one strain of A. pinnata cultivated under ambient conditions in Naples, Italy. A. pinnata showed maximum growth and acetylene reduction activity at 65% of natural light intensity (82 Klux) and at pH 5–7. In contrast, three A. filiculoides strains showed maximum values in a wider range of light intensity (50–100%) and pH (5–9). All optimal growth conditions of light intensity and pH were obtained from the determination of doubling time for dry and fresh weight increases. The lowest doubling time for all strains was in the range 2.7–3.3 days. Under these optimal conditions, the acetylene reduction activity rates were 46 nmol ethylene h^–1 mg^–1 dry weight for two strains of A. filiculoides from California, and 90 nmol for A. filiculoides from Naples and A. pinnata from Tancheng, Peoples Republic of China. These values correspond to those reported for strains of A. filiculoides and A. pinnata cultivated in areas outside Italy where the use of Azolla as biofertilizer has resulted in increased crop production. Therefore, the strains studied here may have a similar potential in Southern Italy as a source of biomass, dry matter and nitrogenous compounds.Research work supported by CNR, Italy. Special grant I. P. R. A. Sub-project 1. Paper No. 814