苹果原生质体培养再生愈伤组织

以苹果试管苗叶片为原生质体分离材料,对影响原生质体分离和培养的因素进行了研究。结果表明适合叶片酶解的酶液组成是Cellulase-Onzuka R-10 0.8% + Pectinase 0.5% + PVP 1% + 甘露醇 0.65 mol/L + MES0.1%;以改良MT + BA 1.0 mg/L + 2,4-D 0.2 mg/L + 甘露醇0.65 mol/L + Vc 5.0 mg/L + Glu 500 mg/L + CH 100 mg/L + ME 500 mg/L + Arg 50 mg/L为培养基对原生质体进行培养,固液双层培养效果较好,最适培养密度为1×105 (个/ml),培养1-2 d原生质体变形,3-4 d第一次分裂,2 w分裂3-5次。平邑甜茶原生质体一个月后形成微细胞团,两个半月形成肉眼可见的微愈伤组织。鲁加5号和M7均只形成7-10个细胞的细胞团,嘎拉未见细胞分裂。     

二倍体野生种马铃薯Solanum pinnatisectmum原生质体分离纯化与培养的研究

为获得较好的原生质体分离和原生质体纯度,试验以野生种马铃薯(S.pinnatisectmum)试管苗叶片为材料,进行了原生质体分离和纯化的研究。结果表明:培养3周左右的试管苗叶片均在含有0.4%纤维素酶+0.7%果胶酶+0.1%离析酶,渗透压为0.3 mol/L的酶解液中解离效果最好,原生质体产量为1.93×106/g FW;在(25±1)℃酶解温度条件下静置14 h,可促进叶片原生质体的大量释放。而且,外源激素组合0.5 mg/L IAA+2.5 mg/L Zeatin有利于S.pinnatisectmum叶片原生质体的分裂,原生质体一次分裂频率达到6.32%。研究获得了稳定的原生质体分离体系以及较好的原生质体培养条件,为马铃薯野生种Solanum pinnatisectmum的体细胞融合提供了依据。     

杉木愈伤组织的高效诱导和瞬时转化体系的建立

本研究参考已有的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)体细胞胚胎发生系统,建立了以杉木针叶为外植体的愈伤组织高效诱导体系和原生质体瞬时转化体系,并初步探讨了细胞壁再生和以茎段为受体材料的稳定遗传转化技术。以杉木针叶为外植体,在添加有1.0 mg/L 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)、2.0 mg/L 6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)、1.0 mg/L 6-糠基氨基嘌呤(KT)以及0.5 mg/L萘乙酸(NAA)的MS培养基诱导愈伤组织,愈伤组织形成率可以达到87.5%;对分离得到的杉木次生木质部原生质体采用40%PEG-4000介导法进行原生质体瞬时转化,外源基因的转化率达到30%,并实现了原生质体多次分裂形成细胞团;以上结果表明,以杉木针叶作为外植体可高效诱导形成愈伤组织,且在增殖培养基上生长状态良好。本研究建立了杉木原生质体瞬时转化体系并实现了原生质体的细胞壁再生和分裂。     

花生原生质体分离与培养

以花生品种花育20为材料,探讨不同的酶液浓度、酶解时间及渗透压对花生原生质体分离的影响。结果表明:原生质体分离的适宜酶液配比是2%纤维素酶（Cellulase Onozuka RS）、0.2%果胶酶(Pectolyase Y-23),甘露醇渗透压调节剂的浓度为0.7 mol/L,暗处理10 h,叶片原生质体产量为4.86×105/ml,存活率75.6％,愈伤组织原生质体产量为4.97×105/ml,存活率75.4％。将分离的原生质体培养在添加1mg/LNAA和4mg/LBAP的改良MS液体培养基中。培养约2～3d后,细胞开始分裂。然后部分细胞继续分裂,并形成细胞团。培养5～6周后,将培养物转移到添加2mg/L2,4-D和3mg/LBAP的MS液体培养基（pH 5.8）中进行培养。7～8周后,将形成的直径为1～2mm的小愈伤组织转移到添加1mg/LNAA和5mg/LBAP的MS固体培养基上培养,小愈伤组织迅速生长。转移3～4周后,愈伤组织长至7～9mm。     

培养基及植物激素对烟草原生质体再生植株的影响

本文研究了不同基本培养基、培养方法及培养基中不同激素浓度配比对烟草叶肉细胞细胞原生质体再生植株的影响.结果表明,利用MS基本培养基进行琼脂糖固体平板培养,对烟草叶肉原生质体的发育速度、分裂频率及愈伤组织形成效果最佳;培养基(1/2 MS NAA 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D 1.0mg/L 6-BA0.5 mg/L 1.2%LMA) (1/2MS 2,4-D2.5mg/L KT0.5mg/L)的培养效果最好,再生细胞团的数目及愈伤组织最多;用1/2 MS IAA 2.0 mg/L KT 0.5 mg/L和1/2 MS IAA0.5 mg/L KT 2 mg/L两种培养基对愈伤组织诱导分化时出芽率高;在再生芽诱导生根时直接用不含任何激素的MS基本培养基效果最理想.     

甘薯（Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.）及其近缘野生种原生质体的植株再生

对甘薯品种高系14号及其近缘野生种I.triloba L、和I.lacunosa L,进行原生质体植株再生研究。从离体培养植株的叶柄分离出原生质体,将其培养在含有0.05mg/L 2,4-D和0.5mg/L激动素(KT)的MS培养基中,从原生质体获得了高频率的愈伤组织。培养8-12周后,将直径达2—3mm的小愈伤组织转移到添加0.05mg/L 2,4-D的MS培养基上。转移3-6周后,将愈伤组织进一步转移到添加吲哚乙酸(IAA)和6-苄基嘌呤(BAP)的MS培养基上,一些愈伤组织再生出植株。未再生植株的愈伤组织进一步在MS基本培养基上培养,它们也再生出植株。本研究从I.triloba原生质体获得高频率的植株再生;首次从I.lacunosa原生质体再生出植株;从高系14号原生质体也再生出完整植株。     

油菜薹茎段髓部原生质体培养再生植株

以油菜品种“蜀杂6号”的薹茎段髓部为材料分离原生质体,产量一般在每g鲜重2×10~6个左右。在每L附加1.5mgBA、0.4mgNAA、1.5mg2,4-D、200mg水解酪蛋白、250mg木糖、0.3M蔗糖和0.1M葡萄糖的Nitsch培养基中,对原生质体进行液体浅层静置培养。2～7天内原生质体出现第一次分裂,分裂频率最高可达49.2％。培养15天后逐渐形成肉眼可见的小愈伤组织。21天时将培养基改换成每L附加2mgBA、0.2mg 2,4-D和3％蔗糖的MS扩增培养基,45天后可形成5mm左右的愈伤组织。大于2mm的愈伤组织可在每L含有1.0mgBA/3.0mgZT和0.1mgNAA的MS琼脂培养基上分化出芽,分化频率可达36.7％。在1/2MS无激素培养基中,1cm左右的分化芽有85.9％生根,形成完整的植株。     

马铃薯叶片原生质体的培养

以马铃薯四倍体普通栽培种品系俄8和双单倍体品系讷16-3和讷16-14脱毒试管苗叶片为材料,通过对预处理、酶解时间及培养基激素配比等因素的研究,优化了原生质体游离纯化和培养体系。试验结果表明:低温预处理有助于提高原生质体的产量和质量,最适酶解时间分别为12.5h(四倍体栽培种)和12h(双单倍体),MS+NAA1.0mg/L+6-BA0.5mg/L为最佳愈伤增殖培养基,MS+ZT2.5mg/L+IAA0.5mg/L为最佳愈伤分化培养基。     

冬枣花药愈伤组织的诱导及原生质体分离

【研究目的】研究冬枣花药愈伤组织的诱导,悬浮系的建立和培养及愈伤悬浮系原生质体的分离。【方法】以冬枣花药为试材,通过选择愈伤诱导培养基和原生质体分离所用酶的浓度找到最佳诱导和分离条件。【结论】使用1/2MS基本培养基附加TDZ0.2mg/L、NAA0.5 mg/L和 PVP2.0g/L,对诱导冬枣花药愈伤组织有较好效果;愈伤组织增殖采用培养基1/2MS+TDZ0.4 mg/L +NAA0.2 mg/L;悬浮细胞系培养采用1/2MS+TDZ0.4 mg/L +NAA0.2mg/L液体培养基;冬枣花药愈伤组织悬浮系原生质体分离时以0.6M甘露醇+0.1%MES+20~25 g/L纤维素酶,酶解时间为16h时得到的原生质体产量和活力较高。     

花生与其近缘野生种间细胞融合及杂种愈伤组织的形成

本研究旨在为体细胞杂交法在花生育种中的应用奠定基础。将花生栽培种Krapts和野生种A. stenosperma幼叶解离的原生质体,用PEG方法融合后,置于添加2 mg/L毒莠定(Pic)、0.1 mg/L苯基噻二唑基脲(TDZ)、2%的椰乳、5 g/L聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)和0.1% 2-吗啉乙磺酸(MES)的改良MSB5（MS无机盐+B5有机成分）液体培养基中进行浅层培养。5周后将形成的小愈伤组织转移到添加3 mg/L玉米素(ZT)、0.2 mg/L 6-苄氨基嘌呤(BAP)、0.1 mg/L 萘乙酸(NAA)的固体培养基上进行培养,促使愈伤组织增殖。观察发现,融合处理的原生质体在液体培养基上培养4天后开始分裂,2周后形成直径约300 μm的细胞团,5周后小愈伤组织直径可达2~3 mm。当将小愈伤组织转移到固体培养基上后,愈伤组织迅速增殖,并获得大量愈伤组织。提取愈伤组织DNA进行PCR检测,部分愈伤组织扩增出了双亲特异的DNA条带或双亲都不具有的新条带,说明愈伤组织来自于融合细胞。     

大蒜花梗组织培养再生植株

取生殖期大蒜花梗,在N_6+2,4-D 2mg/L+KT 1mg/L培养基上暗培养30天后,得到微黄色愈伤组织。将愈伤组织转到N_6+2,4-D 0.5mg/L+KT 0.5mg/L培养基上继代二次,然后于N_6+BA 5mg/L+KT 1mg/L+IAA 0.01mg/L,MS(1/2大量元素)+BA 5mg/L+KT 1mg/L+IAA 0.01mg/L和MS+BA 5mg/L+KT 1mg+IAA 0.01mg/L培养基上光照培养。3周后愈伤组织上出现绿色丛生芽,将小芽转到MS(1/2大量元素)+NAA 0.01mg/L培养基上,一周后发生白色根并形成完整植株。2,4-D和KT对大蒜花梗愈伤组织发生是必要的,高浓度的细胞分裂素和低浓度的生长素有利于芽分化,高浓度NH_4~+有利于根分化,低浓度NH_4~+有利于芽分化。愈伤组织低温处理对芽的分化是必要的。另外,对花梗愈伤组织发生进行了细胞学观察。     

大叶黄杨幼茎愈伤组织诱导的研究初报

以大叶黄杨的幼茎段为外植体,在添加BA和NAA、IBA、2,4-D不同激素组合的MS培养基上培养,对其愈伤组织进行诱导试验。结果表明：①生长素对愈伤组织诱导的效应为2,4-D >NAA>IBA;②在不同激素组合培养基上均可诱导出愈伤组织,其中MS+BA1.0~2.0 mg/L+NAA 1.0~1.5 mg/L、MS+BA1.5~2.0 mg/L+IBA1.0~1.5 mg/L、MS+BA0.5~1.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.5~1.5 mg/L等对愈伤组织的诱导效果最好,其诱导率分别为74.3%、65.3%、81.1%。因此,通过科学配制不同激素组合的MS培养基,就能有效地诱导出大叶黄杨幼茎的愈伤组织。     

低酚陆地棉直接体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生

选用低酚陆地棉无菌苗下胚轴为材料进行全固体组织培养,直接诱导获得了胚性愈伤组织,并进一步分化为再生植株.结果表明,激素是影响棉花直接体细胞胚胎发生的重要因素.MSB培养基中添加2,4-D有利于愈伤组织的形成,却不能直接诱导获得胚性愈伤组织.MSB培养基中添加IBA和BA也不能直接诱导获得胚性愈伤组织.MSB培养基附加适当浓度的IBA和KT能直接诱导出胚性愈伤组织.最适激素组合(1.0 mg/L IBA,0.5 mg/L KT)能使诱导棉花下胚轴产生大量胚性愈伤组织,并且在3个月内就可肉眼观察到不同发育时期的胚.MSB培养基中附加1.0 g/L谷氨酰胺和0.5 g/L天门冬酰胺有利于胚萌发成苗.本研究建立了简便高效的棉花直接体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生培养体系,从胚性愈伤组织诱导到植株再生约需5～6个月时间.     

Plant regeneration from protoplasts of Iris hollandica Hort.

The effects of glucose concentrations, different sugars and combinations of 2,4-D and kinetin on cell division and colony formation were examined in cultures of protoplasts isolated enzymatically from suspension cultures of Iris hollandica N6 medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 2,4-D, 1 mg/l kinetin, 200 mg/l casein hydrolysate, 250 mg/l proline, 0.3– 0.5 M glucose and 20 g/l agarose was suitable for cell division and colony formation. When colonies formed were transferred to hormone-free MS medium, many shoots were induced. In addition, when induced shoots were transferred to MS medium with 1 mg/l NAA, root induction was observed. A plant regeneration system from protoplasts of I. hollandica was thus established.     

新疆大叶紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa.L)子叶、下胚轴、根的植株再生

随着植物抗逆性研究和植物转基因技术的发展，通过异源目的基因转化培育耐盐碱苜蓿品种的研究已引起人们的关注，植物受体高频再生体系的建立是异源转化高效的基础。选取新疆大叶紫花苜蓿种子萌发5~7d无菌苗的子叶、下胚轴及根为外植体，诱导愈伤培养基为MS+2,4-D 0.1~3.0 mg/L(8种不同水平)或MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+ KT 0.01~0.5 mg/L(10种不同水平)，诱导芽培养基为MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+ NAA 0.05 mg/L，生根培养基为MS。结果表明，外植体在MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+ KT 0.2 mg/L培养基中能够产生状态较好可再分化的愈伤组织，子叶、下胚轴、根的平均出愈率分别为93.1%、100%、100%。愈伤组织在MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+ NAA 0.05 mg/L培养基中培养40~80d中均可分化芽，子叶、下胚轴、根的芽平均分化率为50%、78%、50%，将2 cm以上的芽转入MS培养基中诱导生根，14d后，生根的小植株炼苗移入花土中，成活率达90%以上。子叶、下胚轴、根在该体系中均能获得再生植株，根也是一种较好的植株再生材料，以根为外植体进行植株再生的研究报道还较少。     

红花长寿花愈伤组织的诱导和植株再生研究

350002 福建省福州金山福建农林大学园艺植物生物工程研究所     

苎麻悬浮细胞原生质体培养再生植株

苎麻品种浏阳大叶绿的子叶在含有２，４－Ｄ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＫＴ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＭＳＢ固体培养基上，形成愈伤组织。愈伤组织经３￣４次继代培养后作液体振荡培养，产生悬浮细胞系。从悬浮系分离的原生质体，只有以海藻酸钠包埋方式培养在ＫＭ８Ｐ培养基中，５０天左右才能形成肉眼可见的小愈伤组织。该愈伤组织在附加２，４－Ｄ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ、６－ＢＡ０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＭＳＢ生长培养基上增殖，然后转入附加６－ＢＡ２．０ｍｇ     

Intergeneric hybridization between Brassica species and Crambe abyssinica

A protocol for high frequency callus induction and plant regeneration from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) anthers is described. Different variables using Murashige & Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1.0 mg/l N₆-benzyladenine (BA) were tested for their ability to enhance the frequency of anther callusing and subsequent embryogenesis. Of these, agar concentration, sucrose concentration, carbohydrate source had significant effect on callusing, while differences due to incubation under dark vs light conditions, cold pretreatment of capitula for 1 to 6 days prior to anther inoculation and genotype on callusing were non-significant. However, all these factors exerted highly significant influence on embryogenesis when calli from the various media were transferred to medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA. With the procedure developed, callusing as high as 100% and embryo formation at a frequency of 44% was achieved. Although complete embryos were formed the frequency of their conversion to whole plantlets was low (14.3%). Hence, the embryogenic pathway was bypassed to obtain multiple shoots by transferring embryogenic calli with developing embryos to MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA. Elongated shoots rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA. Cytological analysis of embryogenic callus and somatic embryos revealed haploids at a frequency of 30% while that of rooted plants showed haploid regenerants at a frequency of 8.3%. Nevertheless, the frequency of putative haploid plants could be enhanced through mass multiplication using nodal explants of the regenerants. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

In vitro tetraploid induction via colchicine treatment from diploid somatic embryos in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

A protocol for in vitro induction of tetraploids via colchicine-treated somatic embryos from immature zygotic embryos of diploid grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is reported. Embryogenic callus was initiated from immature zygotic embryos cultured on Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The callus was transferred to NN medium containing 1.0 mg/l α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg/l benzyladenine (BA) to establish somatic embryogenesis. The vigorously growing globular embryos were selected and treated by 0, 10 or 20 mg/l colchicine for 1, 2 or 3 days, and then immediately transferred to NN medium supplemented with 0.03 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l BA, for somatic embryo conversion and plant regeneration. The number of surviving embryos and regenerated plantlets following colchicine treatment decreased with increasing colchicine concentration and treatment time. Among 29 randomly investigated plantlets regenerated from colchicine-treated somatic embryos, five solid tetraploids (2n = 4× = 76) were identified by chromosome counting analysis; all others were diploid (2n = 2× = 38). Ploidy level of plant regenerated was also determined from leaves using flow cytometry. No chimeras with both 2C and 4C nuclei was produced from colchicine-treated somatic embryos. Significant differences in leaf stomata parameters were observed between diploid and induced tetraploid plantlets.