缺水条件下膜下滴灌棉花蒸散量的计算方法

用中子水分仪于2003年对新疆阿瓦提县丰收三场膜下滴灌条件下不同水肥处理棉田的土壤含水率进行了测定,根据水量平衡原理计算了不同水肥处理的棉花蒸散量,综合考虑影响棉田蒸散的热量条件、土壤水分状况和棉花本身的生物学特性,选用蒸发力、相对土壤有效含水率和播种后天数三因素建立了缺水条件下膜下滴灌棉花蒸散量的计算模型。模型的模拟值与实测值吻合较好,经F检验具有极显著性水平。该模型仅需常规气象资料,计算简便,具有一定的应用价值。     

华北地区日光温室番茄膜下滴灌水肥耦合技术研究

在日光温室膜下滴灌条件下,采用二因素二次通用旋转组合设计方法,以番茄为试验材料,研究了日光温室膜下滴灌水肥耦合技术对番茄生长发育的影响.结果表明:灌水定额、施肥定额二因素与番茄生长发育之间存在极显著的回归关系;有利于华北地区日光温室番茄生长发育的最佳水肥耦合方案为:灌水量2 722.5～2 836.9 m3/hm2,施肥量265.5～294.4 kg/hm2.     

塔里木河孔雀河中下游地区棉花膜下滴灌节水技术研究

以合理利用和节约有限的水资源为目标,2002年在尉犁县孔雀农场进行了棉花膜下滴灌节水试验。得出:该区棉花膜下滴灌适宜的灌溉量为3 931.5 m3/hm2,最佳产量为皮棉2 997.75kg/hm2。与当地农民大水漫灌方式比较,节约水量8 070~14 070 m3/hm2,增产皮棉747.75 kg/hm2,膜下滴灌是该区目前最节水的棉花灌溉方式之一。     

新疆棉花膜下滴灌技术的发展与完善

新疆棉花膜下滴灌技术发展经历了试验研究、示范推广和大面积应用三个阶段。"密、早、膜、矮、壮、高"栽培体系的建立等阶段性成果有力地保证了棉花膜下滴灌技术的应用推广;因地制宜、多种毛管田间布置模式的发展适应了棉花种植方式的多样性;对棉花膜下滴灌水分蒸散特征、干旱诊断技术的深入研究为制定灌溉制度和进行科学的水分管理提供了依据,保证了膜下滴灌技术的高效应用;施肥推荐系统和水分自动控制系统的应用增强了棉花膜下滴灌管理的目标性;各级职能部门的重视有力地推动了膜下滴灌技术的发展。当前棉花膜下滴灌技术需解决主要问题有:加快膜下滴灌技术普及与培训;加大对膜下滴灌技术推广的政策扶持力度,调整水价,努力实现经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的统一;继续深入研究棉花膜下滴灌灌溉制度和施肥技术,提高肥水利用效率;加强地下滴灌技术研究。     

地面灌溉条件下高产棉田水肥耦合的产量效应

以中棉43号为材料,采用"3414"方案,在新疆沙雅新垦农场,通过田间小区试验,研究了地面灌溉条件下不同水肥耦合水平对棉花产量的影响,并建立了棉花产量的水肥回归数学模型.结果表明:不同水肥耦合水平对棉花产量都有显著影响;各因素对棉花产量的效应顺序为:施磷量＞灌溉量＞施氮量;各因素间耦合效应顺序为:氮、磷＞氮、水＞磷、水;水肥调控的最佳组合为:氮肥用量为545.55 kg/hm2,磷肥用量为199.8 kg/hm2,灌溉量为6 429.3 m3/hm2.     

膜下滴灌棉花生产的经济效益分析与评价

对膜下滴灌与常规沟灌技术条件下棉花生产的经济效益进行了对比探讨,并对膜下滴灌棉花生产的敏感性因素进行了探讨,提出了膜下滴灌技术在推广过程中存在的问题和进一步发展的建议。     

膜下滴灌技术对新疆绿洲农业持续发展的效应

膜下滴灌已在新疆绿洲大面积推广,应用于棉花、加工番茄、瓜果、蔬菜等作物。分析了膜下滴灌的6大突出优势。表明:膜下滴灌比常规灌溉可节水35%～50%,增产18.4%～39.0%,水分生产率提高约1.8倍,效益显著;可提高土地利用率3%～5%,节省农机作业量25%,提高棉田管理定额3.3倍。同时,膜下滴灌对绿洲生态环境改善,产业结构调整和农民收入显示了重要作用,具有广阔的应用前景和持续发展的潜力。     

水肥因素对膜下滴灌棉花产量和棉株群体冠层结构的影响研究

以新陆早7号为试材，进行了不同水肥条件下膜下滴灌棉株群体冠层结构测定和产量结果分析。试验表明，合理水肥条件下的棉株群体叶面积指数(LAI)、叶倾角(MLA)和散射光透过率(TD)，在盛花盛铃期分别为3.55～3.95、40°～48°和18.5%～28.1%。在一定水肥范围内，滴灌棉花产量随灌水量和施肥量的增加而增加，但超过一定阈值产量有下降趋势。适宜水肥条件下产量最高。     

塔里木河-孔雀河中下游地区棉花膜下滴灌施肥量研究

塔里木河—孔雀河中下游是我国最干旱缺水的地区之一,该区水资源95%以上为农业灌溉用水,主要灌溉方式为大水漫灌,水分损失量严重。为合理利用和节约有限的水资源,我们在2002~2003年进行棉花膜下滴灌用水量和氮、磷施肥量耦合试验。通过两年试验得出:在该区棉花膜下滴灌条件下,适宜的灌溉量为393mm(3931.5m3/hm2),施肥总量为301.6kghm2/标肥,最佳产量为3353.53kg/hm2/皮棉。比当地农民大水漫灌(生育期)节水8068-50683/hm2,节肥281.3kghm2/标肥,节肥率达48%。增产皮棉1103.53kg/hm2,证明膜下滴灌是一个节水、节肥、高产的灌溉方式,应该在塔里木河—孔雀河中下游地区推广。     

沙漠绿洲地区膜下滴灌棉花水分利用的水氮耦合效应

研究施肥量和灌水量对不同滴灌模式棉花产量、水分利用效率(WUE)的水氮耦合效应影响.试验设置1带4行、2带4行、2带6行三种滴灌模式,灌水量和施氮量采用二次通用旋转组合设计,进行大田小区棉花膜下滴灌实验.结果表明,棉花产量的水氮耦合效应:灌水量和施氮量对棉花产量的影响,三种模式均表现为灌水量>施氮量,在灌水量65.1～284.9 mm的范围内,三种模式棉花产量与灌水量呈显著正相关.棉花产量与施肥量的关系,1带4行在施氮量27.6～94.2 kg/hm2呈显著的正相关.2带4行在施氮量27.6～69.0 kg/hm2呈负相关,施氮量69～94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关.2带6行施氮量27.6～55.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,施氮量55.2～94.2 kg/hm2呈负相关;棉花WUE的水氮耦合效应:灌水量和施肥量对棉花WUE的影响,三种滴灌模式表现为施氮量>灌水量.棉花WUE与施氮量的关系,1带4行呈显著的正相关,2带4行施氮量27.2～44.4 kg/hm2呈显著负相关,施氮量44.2～94.2 kg/hm2呈正相关.2带6行在施氮量27.6～55.2 kg/hm2呈正相关,施氮量55.2～94.2 kg/hm2呈负相关.在灌水量65.1～284.9 mm的范围内,三种滴灌模式棉花水分利用效率与灌水量均呈显著的负相关.根据不同滴灌模式的水氮耦合效应,提出以棉花产量、WUE为目标的不同滴灌模式水氮高效利用策略.     

膜下滴灌条件下不同水分处理对棉花产量和水分利用效率的影响

为探索新疆膜下滴灌棉田方便快捷的高效灌水模式,分别于2007年和2009年在乌鲁木齐采用大田小区试验,通过自制蒸发皿水面蒸发量控制灌水,研究了膜下滴灌条件下棉花生长和籽棉产量以及水分利用效率对不同水分处理的响应;两个生长季的试验结果表明,与全生育期充分灌水处理相比,蕾期和花铃期持续亏水处理均对棉花生长、产量和耗水过程产生不同程度的负面影响,但适时适度的水分亏缺对棉花籽棉产量的影响不明显,而且可节约22.78%~24.88%的灌水量,灌溉水利用效率提高了27.94%~34.85%。蕾期轻度亏水(灌水定额为70%水面蒸发量)、花铃后期重度亏水(灌水定额为50%水面蒸发量)、花铃前期充分供水(灌水定额为100%水面蒸发量)的调亏灌溉模式是一种方便快捷的优质高效灌溉模式,可作为膜下滴灌条件下新疆棉花生产的一种适宜灌水模式。     

不同碳氮施肥组合对新疆滴灌棉田冠层CO_2浓度、光合作用和产量的影响

基于棉田膜下滴灌技术的管网设施,开展了随水滴施高水溶性碳素肥料,以提高棉田冠层CO2浓度及其效应研究。通过设置不同的碳氮施肥组合处理,对棉花冠层CO2浓度、光合速率及产量构成等进行测定分析。结果表明：随水滴施高水溶性碳素肥料（水不溶物〈1%）能有效提高棉田冠层CO2浓度;在不同的碳氮施肥处理中,盛花期冠层CO2浓度随碳...     

Effects of emitter discharge rates on soil salinity distribution and cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in an arid region of Northwest China

A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different emitter discharge rates under drip irrigation on soil salinity distribution and cotton yield in an extreme arid region of Tarim River catchment in Northwest China.Four treatments of emitter discharge rates,i.e.1.8,2.2,2.6 and 3.2 L/h,were designed under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in this paper.The salt distribution in the range of 70-cm horizontal distance and 100-cm vertical distance from the emitter was measured and analyzed during the cotton growing season.The soil salinity is expressed in terms of electrical conductivity(dS/m) of the saturated soil extract(EC e),which was measured using Time Domain Reflector(TDR) 20 times a year,including 5 irrigation events and 4 measured times before/after an irrigation event.All the treatments were repeated 3 times.The groundwater depth was observed by SEBA MDS Dipper 3 automatically at three experimental sites.The results showed that the order of reduction in averaged soil salinity was 2.6 L/h > 2.2 L/h > 1.8 L/h > 3.2 L/h after the completion of irrigation for the 3-year cotton growing season.Therefore,the choice of emitter discharge rate is considerably important in arid silt loam.Usually,the ideal emitter discharge rate is 2.4-3.0 L/h for soil desalinization with plastic mulch,which is advisable mainly because of the favorable salt leaching of silt loam and the climatic conditions in the studied arid area.Maximum cotton yield was achieved at the emitter discharge rate of 2.6 L/h under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in silty soil at the study site.Hence,the emitter discharge rate of 2.6 L/h is recommended for drip irrigation with plastic mulch applied in silty soil in arid regions.     

Effects of soil moisture on cotton root length density and yield under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in Aksu Oasis farmland

Effects of soil moisture on cotton root length density (total root length per unit soil volume) and yield under drip irrigation with plastic mulch were studied through field experiments. The results indicate that spatial distributions of root length density of cotton under various water treatments were basically similar. Horizontally, both root length densities of cotton in wide and narrow rows were similar, and higher than that between mulches. Vertically, root length density of cotton decreased with increasing soil depth. The distribution of root length density is different under different irrigation treatments. In conditions of over-irrigation, the root length density of cotton between mulches would increase. However, it would decrease in both the wide rows and narrow rows. The mean root length density of cotton increased with increasing irrigation water. Water stress caused the root length density to increase in lower soil layers. There is a significant correlation between root length density and yields of cotton at the flower-boll and wadding stages. The regression between irrigation amount and yield of cotton can be expressed as y = -0.0026x2+18.015x-24845 (R2 = 0.959). It showed that the irrigation volume of 3,464.4 m3/hm2 led to op-timal root length density. The yield of cotton was 6,360 .8 kg/hm2 under that amount of irrigation.     

Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil water and heat conditions,yield and quality of processing tomatoes by drip irrigation

To combat the problem of residual film pollution and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in oasis areas, a field experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Wuyi Farm Corps Irrigation Center Test Station in Urumqi, Northwest China. Four types of biodegradable mulches, traditional plastic mulchs and a control group (bare land; referred to as CK) were compared, including a total of six different treatments. Effects of mulching on soil water and heat conditions as well as the yield and quality of processing tomatoes under drip irrigation were examined. In addition, a comparative analysis of economic benefits of biodegradable mulches was performed. Principal component analysis and gray correlation analysis were used to evaluate suitable mulching varieties for planting processing tomatoes under drip irrigation. Our results show that, compared with CK, biodegradable mulches and traditional plastic mulch have a similar effect on retaining soil moisture at the seedling stage but significantly increase soil moisture by 0.5%-1.5% and 1.5%-3.0% in the middle and late growth periods (P<0.050), respectively. The difference in the thermal insulation effect between biodegradable mulch and plastic mulch gradually reduces as the crop grows. Compared with plastic mulch, the average soil temperature at 5-20 cm depth under biodegradable mulches is significantly lowered by 2.04°C-3.52°C and 0.52°C-0.88°C (P<0.050) at the seedling stage and the full growth period, respectively, and the water use efficiency, average fruit yield, and production-investment ratio under biodegradable mulches were reduced by 0.89%-6.63%, 3.39%-8.69%, and 0.51%-6.33% (P<0.050), respectively. The comprehensive evaluation analysis suggests that the black oxidized biological double-degradation ecological mulch made from eco-benign plastic is the optimal film type under the study condition. Therefore, from the perspective of sustainable development, biodegradable mulch is a competitive alternative to plastic mulch for large-scale tomato production under drip irrigation in the oasis.     

戈壁荒漠区膜下滴灌对酿酒葡萄生理特性的影响

为了探讨西北戈壁荒漠区膜下滴灌对酿酒葡萄生理特性的影响,在甘肃河西走廊戈壁荒漠区进行了田间试验,研究膜下滴灌和常规滴灌处理模式下酿酒葡萄赤霞珠光合特性、叶绿素含量以及产量和灌溉用水效率的变化。结果表明,不同滴灌处理条件下的净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(E)日变化随时间的推移呈下降趋势,气孔导度(Gs)日变化呈“凹”型,膜下滴灌处理的光合能力强于常规滴灌处理;叶绿素含量月均值膜下滴灌高于常规滴灌处理,且覆膜与常规滴灌处理间差异水平为显著;经济产量各要素中覆膜的产量高于常规滴灌处理,膜下滴灌T₁（240 mm）的水分利用效率最高,实现了产量和水分利用效率的同步提高。     

起垄沟播和常规平播下滴灌棉田土壤水盐的运移

为明确滴灌条件下植棉方式对土壤水盐运移的影响，采用田间调查与室内分析相结合的方法，在滨海重度盐碱地开展了起垄沟播和常规平播植棉方式下的水盐运移试验，调查了滴灌前后两种植棉方式不同点位及不同土壤深度的土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率等指标，分析不同植棉方式土壤水分、盐分和土壤溶液电导率的时空分布特征。结果表明：滴灌条件下起垄沟播的水分入渗深度和盐分淋洗深度均明显大于常规平播植棉方式，起垄沟播植棉膜下(0~20 cm)土壤溶液电导率明显低于常规平播植棉；滴灌对两种种植方式膜外土壤水分和盐分运移未产生明显影响。起垄沟播联合滴灌技术更有利于为棉花生长的水盐环境。研究结果可为盐碱地植棉提供理论参考和实践依据。     

鲁北平原咸水滴灌对土壤水盐分布和棉花产量的影响

鲁北平原是山东省重要的粮棉油生产基地,合理利用微咸水和咸水资源是亟待解决的问题。通过田间小区试验,以淡水滴灌处理为对照,设置不同矿化度咸水滴灌处理,研究全地膜覆盖条件下,咸水滴灌对棉花农田土壤水盐分布和产量的影响。结果表明,灌出苗水可以明显降低棉田主要根层土壤EC值,降低率在26．8％～29．0％之间。咸水滴灌减少了棉花对土壤水分的吸收,主要影响土层在40～100 cm,灌溉水矿化度越高,影响越大。与淡水滴灌相比,滴灌补灌矿化度6g·L-1以下的咸水对棉花产量没有明显的影响,而滴灌8g·L-1的咸水在降水偏少的年份能明显降低棉花产量。从土壤盐分的积累来看,利用滴灌补灌一次6g·L-1以下的咸水,通过黄河水和夏季降水淋洗土壤盐分,不会造成棉花根系分布层土壤盐分的积累。该研究结果可为鲁北平原区咸水利用提供科学依据。