Effect of the amelioration of soil acidity and continuous cropping of cruciferous vegetables on the incidence of clubroot disease and resting spore density in soil

pp. 891–896

In order to elucidate the effect of converter furnace slag applied as a liming amendment and continuous cropping of Qing gin cai (Brassicae chinensis L.) or leaf daikon (Raphanus sativus) on the incidence of clubroot disease and the resting spore density in soil, pot cultivation tests were carried out. In the pot tests, pH(H₂O) was 5.2–6.1 in the non-application pot, and 7.1–7.6 in the pots receiving an application of converter furnace slag.

A significant incidence of club-root disease was apparent in the non-application pots of Qing gin cai. The resting spore density in the soils decreased soon after harvesting, but then increased after mixing the infected roots and soils.

On the other hand, the incidence of the disease was suppressed significantly, in application pots of continuously cropped Qing gin cai. Furthermore, the resting spore density in these soils decreased with repeated cultivation.

These results agreed well with the results from field cultivation tests that the authors have already reported. Macfarlane has reported that the suppression mechanism of clubroot disease brought about by the amelioration of soil acidity is effected through the inhibition of resting spore germination.

In this study, the decrease of resting spores density was associated with the cultivation of Qing gin cai under conditions of high soil pH. From these results, it is concluded that the suppression mechanism is caused by some phenomenon that occurs after the primary zoospore is infected with the root hair.

Until now, avoidance of continuous cropping of susceptible cruciferous vegetables was promoted as one of the most fundamental countermeasures for the control of clubroot disease. However, continuous cropping of suceptible cruciferous vegetables will be a useful technique to decrease resting density specifically under conditions of high soil pH.     

土壤强还原处理对连作芥蓝产量、微生物数量及活性的影响

芥蓝是一种重要的十字花科蔬菜,但高强度单一的种植模式以及不合理的养分管理使得土壤连作障碍现象日益突出,严重制约着芥蓝的可持续生产。土壤强还原处理(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)是一种作物种植前的土壤处理方法,不仅可以有效杀灭土传病原菌,还具有改善土壤结构、增加土壤有机质含量、重建土壤微生物区系、恢复微生物活性等作用。我们以云南省昆明市安宁县的芥蓝生产基地中连作障碍严重的地块作为研究对象,设置3个处理:不做任何处理的对照(CK),固体有机物料(C/N:122,12 t/hm~2)RSD处理(RSD_BA);液体有机物料(C/N:30,6t/hm~2)RSD处理(RSD_MO),测定RSD处理后土壤理化和生物学性质的变化,并统计芥蓝产量和根肿病的发病率。结果表明,与CK处理相比,RSD处理能够显著提升土壤pH,降低土壤NO_3~–-N和有效态重金属的含量;并且能够显著增加芥蓝产量,降低根肿病的发病率,其中RSD_MO和RSD_BA处理后产量分别提高268%和397%,发病率分别降低37.3%和56.7%。RSD处理还能明显提高细菌与真菌的比值(B/F),降低芸薹根肿菌的数量,增加土壤微生物活性,其中RSD_BA处理的杀菌率达到90.6%,微生物活性提高2倍。因此,固体有机物料的土壤强还原处理能够显著改善芥蓝连作生产系统的土壤质量,降低发病率,提高产量,是一种具有快速缓解十字花科蔬菜地连作障碍,实现可持续种植的有效措施。     

Quantitative studies on the relationship between plowing into soil of clubbed roots of preceding crops caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae and disease severity in succeeding crops

The effect of the plowing of clubbed roots of cracifers on the population of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil was quantitatively studied by measuring the number of resting spores produced in the diseased plants. Though the mean number of resting spores per diseased plant increased with the increase of the disease severity, it remained almost identical for the disease severity classified into category 3 among host species and cultivars tested. Mean number of resting spores per diseased plant ranged from 9.3 to 10.9 (log) regardless of the value of the disease index. When the number of resting spores in soil was calculated based on these data and plant cultivation methods, the values were equivalent to 4.8-6.4 resting spores g^-1soil (log)where clubroot disease occurred severely. The value of the disease index of Chinese cabbage plants grown in the pots where clubbed roots of initially grown plants had been plowed into soil (plowing plot) was higher than that in the pots where no plants had been grown (control plot) and where the clubbed roots of initial plants had been removed (removal plot). Though the number of resting spores of P. brassicae in soil decreased by 14% of the inocoKum concentration immediately after the inoculation, the number of spores after the first cultivation in the removal plot was similar to that in the control plot. On the other hand, the number of resting spores in the plowing plot increased significantly compared with that in the control plot. The plowing of clubbed roots into soil resulted in the increase of the population of P. brassicae and disease severity of clubroot in subsequent cultivation in the field. The results corresponded to the values estimated based on the number of resting spores in soil in relation to each value of the disease index.     

Factors affecting the pattern of the dose response curve of clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae

The severity of clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron. depended on the density of resting spores in soil, soil type, soil pH, and host susceptibility. The dose response curve (DRC) was determined to indicate the relationship between the disease index and these parameters for predicting the disease severity for each field. DRC patterns varied with the soil types and even among soils of the same type depending on the sampling areas. Disease incidence was lower in the soils adjusted to a higher pH than in those at the initial pH. DRC patterns were also influenced by plant species or cultivars. The DRC is useful for estimating the potential disease severity in agricultural fields with different soils and different plants and essential for the development of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for the control of clubroot disease.     

稻麦轮作田改为菜地后生化指标的变化

本文初步分析比较了位于长江三角洲嘉兴市的3种主要土壤类型漏水型水稻土、爽水型水稻土和囊水型水稻土由稻-麦(油菜)轮作田改为多年连作保护地菜田后一些生物化学指标的变化。结果表明:由稻麦轮作田改为蔬菜露地和大棚蔬菜保护地后都可引起土壤的酸化,pH下降程度随土壤类型不同而有别,其中漏水型水稻土和爽水型水稻土由稻麦轮作田改为大棚蔬菜保护地后pH下降最为强烈,分别下降1.96和1.87个单位。与稻-麦(油菜)轮作土壤相比,蔬菜露地和大棚蔬菜保护地土壤脱氢酶活性都显著降低,其中后者降低程度远大于前者;土壤转化酶和中性磷酸酶活性都有不同程度的降低。这些结果说明由稻麦轮作田改为多年连作蔬菜露地和大棚蔬菜保护地后引起土壤微生物活性的下降,从而影响土壤生物化学过程,进而影响土壤的健康质量。     

寿光大棚菜地土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、pH与EC的变化研究

为防治土壤退化、促进农业可持续发展提供科学依据,以寿光地区露地土壤作对照,研究了连作1、5、8和12年大棚蔬菜(番茄)土壤有关生物学指标的变化。结果表明,土壤呼吸强度和脱氢酶活性棚内高于棚外,并随连作年限延长开始增强而后减弱,由于管理差异,12年棚龄土壤又回升。随着连作年限延长,土壤脲酶活性逐渐减弱,而过氧化氢酶活性逐渐增强;土壤呼吸强度和酶活性都由表层向底层逐渐减弱。土壤pH随连作年限增加逐渐下降,而EC逐渐增加,至12年棚龄时,与对照比0—20 cm土层pH下降了1.06单位,其他层次变化不显著。试验还表明,该地区表层土壤pH变化于6.45~7.51,EC 0.5 mS/cm,能较好地满足作物生长需要,同时,EC是影响土壤pH及酶活性变化的重要因素。土壤EC及过氧化氢酶活性可作为反映大棚菜地土壤质量变化的参考指标。     

长期连作对烤烟产量和土壤养分的影响

选择贵州省适宜烤烟连作的灰岩黄壤和不宜连作的第四纪黄壤,连续进行了6年的盆栽试验。结果表明,连作总体上降低烤烟产量,但降低幅度因土壤不同而异。在适宜连作的土壤上,短期连作(3季)烟叶产量无显著变化,连作至第4年烟叶产量开始下降;在不宜连作的土壤上,烟叶产量持续降低。连作过程中,烟叶氮、磷、钾含量在一定范围内波动,烟株养分吸收量持续降低;而土壤有效养分含量却不同程度地增加。其中,有效磷增幅最大,有效钾次之,有效氮最低。烤烟连作土壤有机质未发生显著变化,pH呈缓慢降低趋势,原因可能与单施生理酸性的复合肥有关。     

Improvement in nitrogen availability, nitrogen uptake and growth of aerobic rice following soil acidification

A yield decline and increase in soil pH under continuous cropping of aerobic rice have been reported in previous studies. However, the underlying mechanisms governing the poor growth and low yield of aerobic rice following an increase in soil pH are unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of soil acidification on the soil nutrient availability, plant nutrition and growth of aerobic rice grown in continuously cropped aerobic soil. Two pot experiments were conducted using soil from a field where aerobic rice had been grown for 13 consecutive seasons. Soil was acidified by adding 50–300 mL of 0.05 mol L^–1 sulfuric acid to 3.0 kg of air-dried soil to achieve a range of soil pH levels. Rice was grown aerobically with N rates of 0–1.2 g per pot using urea or ammonium sulfate. Soil chemical properties were measured as were leaf nutrient concentrations, plant growth parameters, and the above-ground N uptake. A 5.5-fold and 1.5-fold increase in soil ammonium and nitrate were observed, respectively, after adding sulfuric acid. Plant growth and N uptake improved significantly with soil acidification, regardless of N rates or N sources, and were associated with an improvement in plant N nutrition. The application of N had greater positive effects on plant growth and N uptake than soil acidification. The growth response to soil acidification reduced as the rate of N application increased. These results suggest that the yield decline of continuous aerobic rice is probably associated with a reduction in soil N availability and plant N uptake as a result of a gradual increase in soil pH.     

黄瓜连作对土壤理化性状及生物活性的影响研究

盆栽与田间试验研究黄瓜连作对土壤理化性状及生物活性的影响结果表明,黄瓜连作后土壤次生盐渍化加重,P过剩,K则消耗过多,造成养分不平衡;土壤微生物区系改变,微生物由“细菌型”土壤向“真菌型”土壤转化,土传病虫害加重,线虫密度高达4.38条/g土。     

Evaluation of slag application to decrease methane emission from paddy soil and fate of iron

Abstract

Organic carbon in paddy soil is oxidized to carbon dioxide by reducing electron acceptors for a certain period after submerging. Methane production commences after the reduction of iron oxide which is the most important electron acceptor in the soil. We aimed to study the long-term suppression of the methane emission from the paddy soil by single application of iron slag. A revolving furnace slag (RFS; 248 g Fe kg^?1) was applied to the potted soil at the rate of 0 (control) or 20 ton ha^?1 in 2000. Rice plants were successively cultivated on the potted soils for 3 years without further application of the RFS. Methane emissions from the potted soils with rice plants were measured by the closed chamber method during these cultivation periods. Total flux of CH₄ emission from the pot applied with ,FS decreased by 5–30% compared with the control. The RFS supplied free iron oxide to the potted soil, and its iron acted as the oxidizing agent as evidenced by the increase in ferrous iron content in the soil. The amount of iron lost from leaching at the bottom of the pots was estimated as 54–59 kg Fe ha^?1 year^?1 at the percolation rate of 20 mm d^?1. Accordingly, half-life of the iron in the applied RFS was calculated as 42–46 years. Therefore, there is a possibility that the suppressing effect of RFS on CH₄ emission is sustained for a half-century, Contents of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn) in the brown rice harvested from the pot applied with RFS were not significantly different with those from the control pot.     

水旱轮作地区土壤长期休闲与耕种的肥力效应

长期定位试验水旱轮作地区土壤长期休闲和耕种对土壤肥力的影响研究结果表明，长期休闲土壤有机质、全N含量显著高于连续种植作物的土壤，其差异随土壤深度的增加而减小；休闲地15cm以上土层土壤N素矿化势高于耕种地；耕种土壤连续施入猪粪、作物秸秆等有机肥可保持与休闲土壤相当或远高于休闲土壤的有效磷水平，单施化肥或不施肥料的耕种土壤有效磷均低于休闲土壤；休闲和耕种对15-30cm土层土壤缓效钾含量无影响响，15cm以上土层土壤缓效钾含量休闲高于耕种；休闲土壤速效钾含量在整个耕作层（30cm）均高于耕种土壤；休闲土壤PH值略低于耕种土壤。     

连作番茄根区病土对番茄生长及土壤线虫与微生物的影响

探索连作番茄根区病土对番茄根结线虫病的诱导效果及引起连作障碍的微生态机制,可为深入了解番茄连作障碍发生机理及探究番茄连作障碍防治方法提供科学依据。本研究利用盆栽试验,测定了番茄在健康土壤及接种病土土壤中生物学特性变化及根结线虫侵染状况,并分析鉴定了土壤中微生物及线虫的种类与数量。结果表明,接种连作番茄根结线虫病株根区病土会对番茄生长及根结线虫侵染产生影响:1)番茄苗期根系根结数达9个?株~(-1),健康土壤无根结;土壤线虫数量较健康土壤增加390.4%;收获期番茄根结线虫侵染率达62.7%,病情指数为80.0%。2)番茄生长受到抑制,叶片防御酶活性降低,收获期茎叶及根系鲜质量较健康土壤分别减少50.2%及33.1%,苗期番茄叶片PPO活性较健康土壤降低15.8%,POD活性较健康土壤增加24.0%,差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。3)番茄根系更易感染有害菌,根系内病原菌甘蓝假单胞菌数量较健康土壤增加463倍,根区土壤细菌、真菌及放线菌总数分别增加46.3%、94.5%及134.0%。4)食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫及植物寄生性线虫数量分别为健康根区土壤的3.3倍、1.6倍及7.3倍,其中的植物寄生线虫95.6%为根结线虫。综上所述,接入连作番茄根结线虫病株根区病土不仅导致番茄遭受根结线虫侵染,而且会导致土壤线虫总量及植物寄生线虫所占比例大幅增加,并使番茄根系内有害细菌数量显著增加,对番茄生长造成显著抑制作用,同时影响番茄的生理生化特性,受线虫侵染番茄防御性酶活性降低,使其更易被根结线虫及病原菌侵染,番茄根区土壤线虫、微生物及根系内优势细菌的种类与数量及其之间的作用发生改变。     

烟-稻复种连作年限对土壤理化性状及烟叶产量与品质的影响

为探明长期烟-稻复种连作对烟田土壤理化性状及烟叶产量与品质的影响,在衡阳烟区烟-稻复种连作区采取了不同复种年限的土样和当季烟叶样品,检测了土壤p H值、有机质及速效养分含量、中微量元素含量以及烟叶产量和烟叶主要化学成分含量等指标的变化。结果表明,适度的烟-稻复种连作(≤7年)可较好的协调土壤p H值,不仅对烟叶产量和产值无显著影响,而且使烟叶中糖碱比和钾氯比协调合理,品质趋好。而当连作超过10年后,土壤明显酸化,烟叶产量、产值也显著下降,可考虑通过绿肥轮作、休耕等措施提升土壤质量。     

不同土壤改良剂处理对连作西洋参根际微生物数量、土壤酶活性及产量的影响

以北京地区连作西洋参为研究对象, 通过3种土壤改良剂(熟石灰、EM菌剂、沼液)随机区组试验对其土壤理化性状、酶活性、根际微生物区系及产量进行了系统研究。结果表明: 低浓度熟石灰、中浓度EM菌剂及高浓度沼液处理最有利于提高西洋参产量; 施加熟石灰处理后, 土壤微生物主要类群数量显著减少, 土壤pH显著升高, 并对土壤脲酶活性有明显抑制作用; 施加沼液和EM菌剂处理后, 土壤有效微生物菌群显著增加(P<0.05), 土壤有机质和营养物质含量也显著增加(P<0.05), 并对土壤脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性有一定的促进作用。相关性分析发现, 土壤微生物主要类群的数量与蔗糖酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶活性均有一定的相关性, 其中, 土壤细菌数量与蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶活性呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.895^**和0.808^**), 土壤真菌和放线菌数量与蔗糖酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶活性呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.932^**、0.769^**、0.840^**和0.837^**、0.891^**、0.797^**)。另外, 土壤细菌数量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.863^**)。表明连作西洋参根际微生物区系及土壤酶活性与土壤理化性状之间紧密联系, 通过施加不同土壤改良剂, 可以为耐连作种植西洋参提供适宜的土壤环境。     

马铃薯连作栽培的土壤水分效应研究

以宁南山区连作1年、3年、6年、10年的马铃薯地块为研究对象,利用定位观测数据,对不同连作年限下马铃薯生长特性及土壤水分变化规律进行研究。结果表明:马铃薯植株高度、叶面积和日净光合速率随连作年限的增加而降低;开花前后是马铃薯需水的高峰期,各连作年限马铃薯地块土壤水分的季节变化趋势一致,但连作6年、10年土壤含水量明显低于连作1年、3年;开花期不同连作年限土壤水分均在40～60cm层出现水分含量较低的干土层,干化程度随连作年限的增加而加重;连作6年的马铃薯地块在40～60cm处土壤水分含量降至11.63%,开始出现轻度干层迹象,连作10年40～60cm处土壤含水量为10.54%,逐步向中度干层过渡;且连作年限超过3年土壤水分利用效率明显降低。由于宁南山区土层深厚,土壤表层水分可通过降雨得到恢复,而连作超过3年深层土壤水分难以恢复,并对土壤水分环境产生深刻的负面影响。     

Recent trends in lime use and soil pH in England and Wales

Abstract. Survey information on the use of lime in England and Wales between 1974 and 1983 shows year-to-year fluctutions but no marked trend. Areas limed per year are compared for different types of region and cropping, and estimates given of the percentages of agricultural soils by pH according to rotation type. There was no general change in soil acidity between 1969–73 and 1974–78 but recent data show some reductions in grassland pH.     

Saprophytic soil microflora in relation to yield reductions in soil repeatedly cropped with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Summary The yield-depressing effect due to repeated cropping (monoculture) of barley reported from long-term field experiments was observed as a reduction in plant growth in short-term pot experiments. The nature of the monoculture effect was investigated by mixing field soils with different cropping histories in different proportions in the greenhouse, while the influence of rhizosphere microflora from the monocultured and crop rotation soils on barley growth was studied in gnotobiotic experiments. Indigenous bacterial populations and the pH of the test soils were also measured. Significantly more bacteria were found in the crop rotation soil compared to the monocultured soil, but the two soils did not differ in pH. Greenhouse experiments showed that in the monocultured soil, seed germination was delayed and plant dry weight reduced, and that these effects had a biological origin. Attempts were also made to induce the monoculture effect in the crop rotation soil by inoculation with known harmful bacteria. The results from the experiments with mixed soils and with soil inoculation indicated that where crop rotation was practised the soil was more sensitive to bacterial effects than the monocultured soil. The rhizosphere microflora from the monocultured soil did not affect plant weights in short-term gnotobiotic experiments, but it significantly stimulated the number of lateral roots compared with the crop rotation microflora. This stimulation could not be related to differences in bacterial counts, pH, or ion concentrations in the plant-growing medium.     

Long-term effects of organic and synthetic soil fertility amendments on soil microbial communities and the development of southern blight

The effects of tillage and soil fertility amendments on the relationship between the suppressiveness of soils to southern blight and soil physical, chemical and biological factors were examined in experimental station plots in North Carolina. Main plots were either tilled frequently or surface-mulched after one initial tillage. Organic soil amendments including composted cotton gin trash, composted poultry manure, an incorporated rye-vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizer were applied to subplots in a split-plot design experiment. Incidence of southern blight was lower in surfaced-mulched than tilled soils. Incidence of southern blight was also lower in soils amended with cotton gin trash than those amended with poultry manure, rye-vetch green manure or synthetic fertilizer. Soil water content was negatively correlated with the incidence of disease in both years. Disease incidence was negatively correlated with the level of potassium, calcium, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (BS) and humic matter in 2002, and net mineralizable nitrogen in 2001. Although, populations of thermophilic organisms were significantly higher in soils amended with cotton gin trash than the other three fertility amendments in each year, there was no significant correlation between the populations of thermophiles and incidence of the disease. Bacterial community diversity indices based on community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were significantly higher in soils amended with cotton gin trash than those amended with poultry manure, green manure or synthetic fertilizer. There was a significant negative correlation between the incidence of southern blight, and CLPP and DGGE diversity indices. Greater differences in the richness of bacterial functional groups than genotypes were observed. These results demonstrate that organic soil fertility amendments and cotton gin trash in particular, reduced the development of the disease and affected soil physical, chemical and biological parameters.     

Chemical and physical fractions of manganese in soil during intensive ryegrass cropping

Abstract

Ryegrass was grown under greenhouse conditions in pots containing two types of calcareous soil. After 8 harvests, the soil was left in the pots for a simulated fallow period, then reseeded with ryegrass, from which 4 further harvests were obtained. The manganese (Mn) content in the soil samples, taken before seeding and after intensive cropping, was fractionated chemically and physically. Although different trends were apparent in the different fractions, ryegrass cropping enhanced the overall mobilization of soil Mn, which easily surpassed the cumulative Mn uptake. The organically bound Mn and clay‐associated Mn fractions released significant amounts of the element, whereas the behavior of exchangeable Mn, Fe‐oxide associated Mn and sand‐associated Mn fractions varied in the two different soils studied. The silt‐associated Mn fractions increased significantly in both soils.     

Long-term effects of lantana residue additions on water retention and transmission properties of a medium-textured soil under rice–wheat cropping in northwest India

Abstract. Hydraulic properties of soils after rice cropping are generally unfavourable for wheat cultivation. Poor drainage, delayed planting and oxygen stress in the root zone may adversely affect the wheat crop after lowland rice cultivation. We studied long-term effects of lantana ( Lantana spp. L.) residue additions at 10, 20 and 30 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (fresh biomass) on physical properties of a silty clay loam soil under rice–wheat cropping in northwest India. At the end of ten cropping cycles, soil water retention, infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity and drying rate of soil increased significantly with lantana additions. The available water capacity (AWC), on volume basis, declined at rice harvest (from 22.0 to 18.8–20.9%), but increased at wheat harvest (from 12.9 to 13.4–15.0%) after lantana treatment. The volumes of water transmission (>50 μm) and storage pores (0.5–50 μm) were greater, while the volume of residual pores (<0.5 μm) was smaller in lantana-treated plots than in controls at both rice and wheat harvest. Infiltration rate in the lantana-treated soil was 1.6–7.9 times that of the control (61 mm d⁻¹) at rice harvest, and 2–4.1 times that of the control (1879 mm d⁻¹) at wheat harvest. Thus lantana addition improved soil hydraulic properties to the benefit of the wheat crop in a rice–wheat cropping sequence.