几种虫生真菌对枸杞负泥虫的致病性及应用

室内用浸溃接种法测定了2种不同寄主来源的球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)2菌株和金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)1菌株对枸杞负泥虫的毒力.结果表明,3种菌株对枸杞负泥虫均具有毒杀作用.绿僵菌IPPCKAS2029菌株表现了较高的毒力,对2龄幼虫的致死中时(LT50)4.39 d,校正死亡率为100%;对成虫的致病力低于幼虫,致死中时(LT50)10.65 d,校正死亡率73.8%.球孢白僵菌FW-05、Z-28两菌株的毒力弱于前者,对2龄幼虫的致死中时(LT50)分别为6.85 d和7.78 d,校正死亡率分别为86.5%和82.7%;对成虫的致死中时(LT50)分别为16.18 d和18.92 d,校正死亡率分别为61.9%和55.6%.     

绿僵菌微胶囊剂防治黄脊竹蝗的潜力评价

采用定量喷雾法测定了绿僵菌微胶囊悬浮液对黄脊竹蝗2龄跳蝻的室内毒力,同时应用绿僵菌微胶囊粉剂对林间黄脊竹蝗跳蝻进行防治,并且评估了绿僵菌微胶囊粉剂对黄脊竹蝗天敌红头芫菁的种群数量影响。结果显示绿僵菌微胶囊粉悬浮液对黄脊竹蝗幼虫具有良好的毒杀活性,10μg孢子/mL浓度下对2龄跳蝻的LT₅₀为4.56 d,僵虫率达到93.67%。林间施用绿僵菌微胶囊粉剂30 d后,防治效果可达92.59%。同时对黄脊竹蝗主要天敌红头芫菁种群数量没有影响。因此,绿僵菌微胶囊剂在黄脊竹蝗生物防治方面具有极大潜力。     

薄荷油对云南松纵坑切梢小蠹的林间驱避试验

云南松纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda L属鞘翅目Coleoptera、小蠹科、切梢小蠹属。20世纪80年代以来在云南省云南松人工林内猖獗危害，造成巨大经济损失。近2年在四川西昌和攀枝花等地也严重发生，成为威胁松树的新害虫。目前对该害虫的防治主要采取砍伐清理受害木和在成虫飞扬期林间喷施化学农药杀成虫的方法。砍伐受害木的结果造成树越砍越少、树越少危害越严重、危害越严重越砍树、直至把全部树砍光的恶性循环；使用化学农药的结果造成环境污染和生态系统被破坏等严重问题。     

绿僵菌防治椰心叶甲的毒力菌株筛选

在室内用绿僵菌的分生孢子悬浮液喷洒椰心叶甲成虫和幼虫，检测了不同来源的21株绿僵菌菌株对椰心叶甲的致病力。初步试验结果表明，A类菌株中的MA2、MA4和MA9，B类菌株中的MB2、MIM、MB5、MB6和MB7等对椰心叶甲的成虫和幼虫均具有较理想的效果，处理5天后成虫和幼虫的平均僵死率可达95％以上。但由于A类菌株比B类菌株产孢快、孢子量多，所以对A类菌株的MA2、MA4和MA9菌株再做进一步的室内毒力试验。最终结果表明，MA4菌株对椰心叶甲的毒力相对是最高的，具有较大的开发利用价值。     

7株绿僵菌防治德国小蠊的毒力筛选

本文用7个绿僵菌(Metarhizium)菌株对德国小蠊Blattella germanica(Linnaeus) 进行注射生测,筛选出了一个致病菌株进行五代复壮选育。该株绿僵菌Metarhizitun anisopliae (Metsch)Sorokin复壮前对雌雄成虫注射生测LD50依次为13.2与8.9天;复壮后对雌雄成虫背部点滴生测12天的LDm值均为1.3×10~5孢子/虫。通过CP包埋剂制作石蜡切片对僵虫体内菌丝核和体表孢子堆进行了观察。     

不同菌株绿僵菌和白僵菌对刚竹毒蛾幼虫致病力及林间防治试验

刚竹毒蛾(Pantana phyllostachysae Chao)是福建省毛竹林的一种主要害虫,本研究应用5种金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)菌株和1种白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)菌株,对3龄初幼虫进行感染力测定,旨在筛选出感染该虫的高致病力菌株。结果表明:应用1.45×10 7孢子/mL孢悬液感染12 d后,3龄初幼虫的校正死亡率均达到63.16%以上;其中MaFzzL-01和Ma1291-2两个绿僵菌株对该幼虫的致病力分别为90.93%和84.21%,其LT50值分别为5.97 d和6.67 d,LC50值分别为1.727×10 4孢子/mL和2.029×10 4孢子/mL。结果说明:绿僵菌MaFzzL-01和Ma1291-2两个菌株对该幼虫的致病力强,且致死速度快。应用1.45×10 8孢子/mL孢悬液进行林间防治可以取得良好效果。     

不同温湿度下绿僵菌对红缘天牛幼虫致病力的影响

在实验室内测定不同温、湿度下绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae对红缘天牛Asias halodendri幼虫的致病力的影响。分别在5个温度、5个湿度梯度下,研究温湿度对绿僵菌对红缘天牛幼虫的致病力影响。28℃、相对湿度90%是绿僵菌感染红缘天牛的最佳温度和湿度条件。在28℃条件下,5 d后的幼虫的校正死亡率高达94.4%,其致死中时(LT50)约为8 h,明显短于其他各组,且幼虫僵虫率最高。温度高于或低于28℃条件时,绿僵菌对红缘天牛幼虫致死率都会减弱,致死中时(LT50)均在33 h以上,僵虫率也降低。相对湿度越大,对幼虫致病力越强。相对湿度90%时的致死效果最好,校正死亡率和僵虫率分别为99.3%和50%,此湿度条件下致死速率也最快,LT50仅为35.3 h;相对湿度50%-60%时,幼虫校正死亡率和僵虫率显著降低,LT50约为122 h。     

绿僵菌对暗黑金龟蛴螬的室内致病力测定

从黄褐金龟虫尸分离的绿僵菌菌株（ＲＡＷ８），经室内试验，结果对暗黑金龟幼龄蛴螬致病力强，在每克含孢量２０×１０６～２．５×１０６的土中饲养，致病率均达１００％，孢子浓度降低，致病时间延长，死亡率也减少     

四种不同绿僵菌菌株对东亚飞蝗毒力的初步观察

中国农科院生防所于1992年12月首次由英联邦国际生防所(IIBC)引进了4个绿僵菌菌株,对东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis)进行了室内毒力研究。现将初步结果简报如下。 材料和方法 供试的4个绿僵菌菌株为Arsef324,324673,I91—614和330189。使用精制植物油,将菌株分别配制成3个浓度的油剂,每毫升制剂中的分生孢子含量依次为:0.75×10~7、1.5×     

新疆白星花金龟绿僵菌分离鉴定及致病力测定

从新疆吐鲁番地区和乌鲁木齐市安宁渠镇白星花金龟幼虫体中分离得到的2个新疆本土绿僵菌菌株TLF和ANQ。通过形态学初步鉴定菌株ANQ和TLF为金龟子绿僵菌。利用ITS1/ITS4和ITS4/ITS86引物分别测定了菌株TLF和ANQ的rDNA-ITS序列,2个菌株与金龟子绿僵菌相似性达99.1%~99.6%。室内毒力测定结果显示,菌株TLF和ANQ对白星花金龟各龄幼虫均具有高的致病力,死亡率分别达到90%~100%和73.3%~100%。2个菌株对白星花金龟1龄和2龄幼虫的致病力显著高于3龄幼虫,表现出随着白星花金龟幼虫龄期的增大致病力均呈降低的趋势。在相同处理时间内菌株TLF较ANQ致病力强。     

肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛防治效果的初步研究

目前,已有多个研究证明肿腿蜂可有效防治天牛类蛀干类害虫,但还未见利用肿腿蜂防治云杉花墨天牛试验。为了验证肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛防治效果,尽快筛选出控制云杉花墨天牛的有效肿腿蜂种类,本文在室内将云杉花墨天牛幼虫接入红松木段来模拟天牛生长的自然条件,设置了不同的益害比（4:1、2:1、1:1和1:2）来释放肿腿蜂,测定了3种肿腿蜂（管氏肿腿蜂、松褐天牛肿腿蜂和白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂）对云杉花墨天牛的寄生效果。同时利用以上3种肿腿蜂中全国应用最广泛的管氏肿腿蜂对该天牛开展了野外防治试验。结果表明：室内条件下相同益害比的三种肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛寄生率差异不显著;当三种肿腿蜂的益害比为4:1时,云杉花墨天牛的校正死亡率最高;其中管氏肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛的平均校正死亡率为95.65%,松褐天牛肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛的平均校正死亡率为71.43%,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对云杉花墨天牛的平均校正死亡率为61.90%;林间释放管氏肿腿蜂的益害比为2:1时,云杉花墨天牛的校正死亡率最高,平均为39.20%。根据结果可知管氏肿腿蜂是三种肿腿蜂中防治效果较好的蜂种,可尝试用于野外防治实践;建议在野外释放以益害比为2:1为佳,可达到较好的防治效果。     

Improving the efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Bacillus thuringiensis against Helicoverpa spp. with ultra-violet light protected petroleum spray oils on cotton crops in Australia

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are the most commonly used biopesticides for the control of Helicoverpa spp. larvae on cotton crops in Australia. The performance of NPV and Bt against Helicoverpa spp. larvae on cotton crops, is inconsistent and at times totally unsatisfactory against high densities of Helicoverpa spp. larvae. We determined the effect of mixing petroleum spray oils, containing ultra-violet light absorbing compounds, with NPV and Bt for efficacy against Helicoverpa spp. larvae, levels of cotton plant damage, and persistence of efficacy. The study showed that the efficacy and persistence of NPV and Bt were increased when mixed with petroleum spray oil (PSO?–?Canopy®) at the rate of 2% (v/v). In the field experiments, mixing NPV with 1 and 2% (v/v) PSO, increased Helicoverpa spp. mortality from 25.9 to 31.5 and 44.8%, respectively. Similarly, the mortality caused by Bt, when mixed with 1 and 2% (v/v) PSO, was increased from 31.5 to 36.0 and 48.2%, respectively. In addition, 1 and 2% PSO mixtures with NPV increased persistence of efficacy from 1.1 to 1.6 and 2.5 days, respectively, whilst persistence of Bt was increased from 1.5 to 1.8 and 2.6 days, respectively. In another study using potted cotton plants, in which the plants were left outdoors throughout the study, the average NPV induced mortality of first instar Helicoverpa larvae was increased from 20.9% to 35.9 and 43.4% by 1 and 2% (v/v) PSO, respectively. Persistence of NPV efficacy was enhanced by 2 and 3.1 times by 1 and 2% (v/v) PSO, respectively. Similarly, Bt induced mortality of Helicoverpa larvae was increased by 1 and 2% PSO from 68.1 to 78.8 and 83.2%, respectively, and the persistence of Bt efficacy was enhanced 1.3?–?2.0 times, respectively. In a mesh house study, young cotton plants, treated with a PSO/biopesticide mixture, suffered less leaf damage than cotton plants treated with the biopesticides alone. In conclusion, the results of this study showed synergies from the combined use of UV protected PSO and NPV or Bt, against Helicoverpa spp. larvae on cotton. Such a biopesticide-PSO combinations could be a useful tool for IPM program in cotton.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺对稻纵卷叶螟的防效及对稻田有益节肢动物的安全性评价

研究了20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂对稻纵卷叶螟的防效及对稻田常见有益节肢动物的安全性。室内毒力测定结果显示：将20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂稀释3 000、6 000倍浸渍水稻叶片,接稻纵卷叶螟幼虫24 h死亡率在40%左右, 96 h死亡率达100%。稻田小区和大面积示范试验结果显示：药后14 d,氯虫苯甲酰胺对稻纵卷叶螟的防效分别为90.59%、97.07%,高于药后4、7 d的防效。其防效好于氟虫腈、虫酰肼+辛硫磷。田间与施药前相比,药后14 d球腹蛛显著增加,微蛛、狼蛛的数量及蜘蛛总量无显著差别。室内测定,氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后,黑肩绿盲蝽及稻虱缨小蜂的死亡率在0~6.67%。上述结果表明：氯虫苯甲酰胺对稻纵卷叶螟有很好的防效,且对稻田有益节肢动物安全。     

异小杆线虫D_1对迟眼蕈蚊侵染力的研究

本文报道6个昆虫病原线虫品系对危害韭菜的迟眼(?)蚊的侵染力,以Heoerorhabditissp.D_1的侵染力为最高。室内试验表明,当沙土中D_1线虫与裸露的迟眼(?)蚊幼虫的比为15:1时,幼虫死亡率可达81.8％.盆栽试验中益害比为38:1时,由于该幼虫大部分在韭菜茎内为害,寄生率仅35.1％,但对茎外的蛹寄生率可达82.7％.     

芜菁夜蛾线虫对沟眶象和臭椿沟眶象侵染力的研究

室内应用斯氏线虫3个种的5个品系,对越冬沟眶象幼虫进行侵染力比较,结果表明,施线虫后8天,芜菁夜蛾线虫A24品系和Beijing品系,可使在土壤内的幼虫死亡率分别达100％和90％,14天后Beijing品系的致死率亦达100％,其它3个品系均达90％左右;在土壤含水量为10～20％范围内,幼虫死亡率随土壤含水量的增加而递增,施线虫后5天,含水量20％的处理,幼虫死亡率达70％,而10～15％含水量中,死亡率为45～50％;线虫对沟眶象成虫的致死率很低仅15％。对为害臭椿树的沟眶象幼虫,用A24和Beijing品系进行防治,效果分别为77.3％和70.0％。     

Field validation of the factors related to clodinafop efficacy on Avena species

Previous research has shown that historical data and interpolated weather information can be used to correlate environmental and other variables with herbicide efficacy. This article examines this possibility using field experiments and on-site weather data. Clodinafop was applied to Avena spp. (wild oat) infestations on 46 occasions, in eight separate experiments, during 2003–2004 across the grain growing regions of New South Wales, Australia. Linear mixed models and covariate analyses were used to determine correlations of agronomic and environmental variables with clodinafop efficacy on Avena spp., as measured by plant mortality, panicle density and seed production. Clodinafop dose, maximum temperature on the day of spraying, spray water volume, the spray water volume by maximum temperature interaction and available soil moisture at spraying were correlated with mortality. Minimum temperatures prior to spraying, previously reported to be correlated with clodinafop efficacy, were not a significant factor in this study. On-site weather data were highly correlated with interpolated, generic weather data and thus there was little impact on which of these meteorological data sets were used to determine the correlations. This suggests that accessible, generic weather data could be used to develop and implement a predictive model for clodinafop efficacy. The relationship between the variables and Avena spp. mortality were generally supported when applied to panicle density and estimated seed production, with some exceptions. The results indicate that it should be possible to incorporate industry and field data to develop a robust predictive model for Avena spp. control with clodinafop.     

母细胞产生内含物的芽胞杆菌分析

在苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)分离过程中发现有些芽胞杆菌产生与Bt相似的芽胞,但并不形成伴胞晶体,特别是发现它们在芽胞期的母细胞中含有丰富的内含物,对该类菌株的性质需要进一步明确.本研究选择6株该类型的菌株,对其种属、质粒、蛋白谱和杀虫活性等进行了初步分析.芽胞形态和质粒图谱分析结果显示,其与Bt菌株相似;肤指纹图谱分析发现选取的蛋白与蜡样芽胞杆菌(B.cereus)族细菌的蛋白匹配度最高;16S rDNA聚类研究表明,所分离的菌株的确与蜡样芽胞杆菌(B.cereus)族(包括Bc和Bt)同源性最高;从生物杀虫活性测定来看11-1菌株上清液对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)的校正死亡率达75.9％,而85-1和11-1菌株上清对亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)的校正死亡率分别能达到100％和87.9％.本研究结果表明在Bt菌株的分离过程中,对于没有形成晶体但在芽胞形成时期还有内含物的菌株也应加以重视,这些菌株属于B.cereus族,具有潜在利用价值.     

玉米茎腐病病原菌检测方法研究

为提高玉米茎腐病病原菌检测结果的准确性和可信度,以组织分离法做对比,采用分子检测法,对采自田间的189个玉米茎腐病病株进行真菌种类的鉴定和数量的统计。结果表明,分子检测法对腐霉Pythiumspp.的检出频率为29.24%,对镰孢菌Fusariumspp.的检出频率为73.68%,组织分离法对腐霉的检出频率仅为0.58%,对镰孢菌的检出频率为60.82%,两方法的符合率最高仅为35.92%,最低为0。因此,采用组织分离和分子检测相结合的方法可提高玉米茎腐病病原菌鉴定结果的准确性。     

稻水象甲发生规律与药剂试验方法的探讨

稻水象甲是国际检疫对象，已经是我国北方水稻产区最重要害虫之一，并且呈迅速蔓延之势。此虫主要借助交通工具作远距离传播。成虫危害叶片，幼虫危害根系。一年繁殖一代但有两个危害高峰。新农药田间药效试验如果针对防治成虫、幼虫或者兼治，应在相应的时间、采取不同的方法进行。     

Can agrobiont spiders (Araneae) avoid a surface with pesticide residues?

Integrated pest management includes the use of various pesticides that can have a detrimental effect on spiders. A pesticide can express its activity directly or via residues. Most of the attention paid to the impact of pesticides on spiders has investigated the effects of direct exposure. Our aim in this study was to investigate the residual activity (repellency and toxicity) of selected pesticides on six principal species of spider occurring in an apple orchard. Four of these species (Clubiona spp., Pardosa spp., Philodromus spp., Xysticus spp.) are hunting spiders, and two species (Dictyna spp., Theridion spp.) are web-building. We were interested to see whether these spiders could avoid a surface with residues and to examine their susceptibilities to fresh and 1-day-old residues. For this purpose we conducted laboratory experiments using three types of pesticide, an organophosphate, phosalone (Zolone), a pyrethroid, permethrin (Ambush) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt; Novodor), which were applied to paper discs or branches. Spiders could choose to stay on any treated paper/branch within a dish. Except for Theridion spp., all species were repelled by fresh residues but not by 1-day-old residues. Clubiona spp., Dictyna spp., Pardosa spp. and Xysticus spp were repelled by phosalone and permethrin residues only, whereas Philodromus spp. specimens were repelled also by Bt residues. Theridion spp. avoided contact with residues by making a web on any available branch. Regarding toxicity, neither fresh nor 1-day-old residues of phosalone or Bt caused significant mortality to any spider species. In contrast, both fresh and 1-day-old residues of permethrin caused significant mortality to all species except for Theridion spp. In conclusion, spiders can recognise and avoid only fresh residues, although older residues might still be toxic to them.