中国西部发展农村沼气的条件与对策研究

生态脆弱和能源匮乏是中国西部经济与社会发展的限制因素,西部要发展,必须首先解决农村能源和农民收入两大根本问题。从中国西部农村能源供应、农牧民生产生活、社会经济发展、生态环境改善以及自然气候特点等方面分析了西部地区发展农村沼气的必要性、适宜性和可行性,并提出了相应的技术对策和管理对策。     

农村户用沼气的有效性及影响机制——关中地区调研数据的实证分析

深入研究农村户用沼气的有效性,评价国债项目对沼气池建设的投资效果,对于新时期科学制定和调整农村能源政策有重要意义。文中利用关中地区户县、周至县、武功县和兴平市的调查数据,从建池率、使用率、使用认知和期望等方面评价户用沼气的有效性,分析影响因素与机制。结果表明:调查地区户用沼气的建池率较高(37.14%),使用率较低(42.58%),在用沼气池产气不足影响其使用效果,整体有效性较低。农户对沼气的节能减排和环境保护作用普遍认可,对发展前景认识不一,预判较低。沼气的有效性是宏观政策和社会环境、示范推广和服务媒介、微观农户行为多项耦合综合作用的结果,受政府政策、社会环境、维护管理、农户特征、认识和意愿、沼气属性等多种因素共同影响,地方"重建轻管"、快速城市化背景下社会环境与农户认知变化影响尤为强烈。使用有效性与家庭常住人口规模、耕地面积和果蔬林种植面积正相关,与家庭收入呈负相关。     

基于GIS的南疆地区人居环境适宜性评价

人居环境适宜性评价是个综合的多学科集合,它不但包括人居环境自然适宜性评价还包括社会经济适宜性。文中借助GIS平台,系统的归纳了国内外人居环境评价研究的理论基础和应用研究成果,采用综合评价模型,基于DEM数据、NDVI数据、多年平均气温、降水量、人口和GDP等要素的栅格数、以1km×1km的栅格尺度直接反映了南疆地区适宜性的空间分布特征。结果表明:1)植被、地形、气温等各种自然因素与社会经济因素在空间上的适当结合分布对南疆人居环境的发展和分布具有重要的决定作用;2)南疆地区大部分地区受到自然环境条件的限制,人居环境适宜性中一级适宜区(最好适宜区)的面积最少,占全研究区的3.092%,二级适宜区占7.15%,三级区占8.39%,四级适宜区和五级适宜区的面积最广,占全研究区的81.17%,表明自然环境基础十分恶劣;3)研究区内除了现已开发利用的绿洲面积以外现未开发的交错带具有较好的自然环境条件和人居环境发展的潜能,但是此地区的生态环境相当脆弱,在今后的发展规划当中需要大量的关注。     

基于GIS的人居环境生态适宜性评价——以宁夏中部干旱带为例

适宜的人居环境对促进人类社会经济系统与自然生态系统协调发展具有重要意义。以30 m×30 m的栅格为基本单元,运用RS和GIS技术,对原始影像数据进行解译、提取、运算和分析,结合研究区的实际情况,得到宁夏中部干旱带人居环境生态适宜性模型（HEI）,并对适宜性的空间分异特征进行初步评价。结果表明： ① 宁夏中部干旱带人居环境适宜性指数介于16.05～84.90之间,整体生态适宜性较高。空间格局表现为：除东北角少数乡镇外,从西南方向到东北方向适宜性逐渐提高,从南到北适宜性逐渐提高。② 研究区发展受水资源限制较大,适宜性地区沿灌渠和水系呈带状分布。高度适宜区占7.64%,较适宜区占11.49%,一般适宜区占27.42%,临界适宜和不适宜区占研究区总面积的53.45%。通过对宁夏中部干旱带人居环境生态适宜性评价,以期为宁夏境内生态移民区选址和生态环境保护提供数据支撑。     

祁连山国家公园青海片区生态旅游开发适宜性研究

适宜性评价是国家公园生态旅游发展的前提和基础，有利于厘清生态保护与旅游开发之间的关系。从国家公园管理要求和生态旅游开发面临的矛盾入手，以祁连山国家公园青海片区(以下简称“祁连山国家公园”)为例，选取生态保护条件、社会经济条件、旅游资源条件和旅游接待条件等4个维度、18个因子构建了国家公园生态旅游开发适宜性评价指标体系。运用GIS空间分析工具对其进行单因指标分级评价和加权叠加分析，定量评估了祁连山国家公园生态旅游开发适宜性水平，并将其适宜性从低到高依次划分为Ⅰ-Ⅴ的5个等级。结果表明，祁连山国家公园整体适宜发展生态旅游，Ⅰ-Ⅳ类适宜区的面积基本持平，特别适宜区(Ⅴ)面积占比较小，空间异质性明显，整体呈“八宝镇为核心，东高西低”的空间分布格局。在适宜性评价结果、国家公园管控分区与土地利用现状的基础上，进一步将研究区划分为6类生态旅游空间布局，并提出不同片区的主导服务功能与管理措施。研究结果可为国家公园建设和生态旅游开发提供规划与管理指导。     

塔河中下游退耕适宜性评价的指标体系及其权重

在回顾总结国内外退耕还林还草评价的相关研究概况的基础上,针对我国最大的内陆河——塔里木河生态环境恶化的现状,探讨了退耕适宜性综合评价的原则,从土壤、水资源、气候环境、经济因素4个方面选择13个评价指标建立了塔河中下游退耕适宜性评价指标体系,并将层次分析法运用于塔里木河中下游退耕适宜性评价指标的权重确定上,通过对指标进行定量分析确定其权重。     

基于光热地资源的特色农业精细区划指数模型 ——以韩城市花椒种植为例

以陕西韩城市的特色农业——花椒种植为例,依据特色农作物生长发育所需光、热、地资源,选取年均太阳辐射量、日照时间、多年平均日气温、≥10℃活动积温、坡度、坡向作为适宜性区划评价指标,借助韩城及周边共计10个气象站的气象资料和数字高程模型(DEM),采用多元回归分析、空间插值、地形因子修正、指标量化分级等方法,构建了光热地资源的各区划指标空间分布精细化模型,从资源的可持续利用出发,通过熵权法建立了县域特色农业精细区划指数模型,提出了韩城花椒种植适宜性区划图并进行了分区评价。模型应用结果表明:韩城市花椒种植的最佳区域位于地势平坦且光热充足的东部黄河沿岸河谷川塬,但特色农业区划应与城镇规划协调发展;适宜区位于已有较好特色农业基础的西部浅山丘陵,可结合立体种植布局推进特色农业产业化;不适宜区分布于光热及地形条件较差的深山高岭,建议在该区发展林业和观光农业以追求资源均衡利用及发挥生态保护功能。     

基于光热地资源的特色农业精细区划指数模型

以陕西韩城市的特色农业——花椒种植为例,依据特色农作物生长发育所需光、热、地资源,选取年均太阳辐射量、日照时间、多年平均日气温、≥10℃活动积温、坡度、坡向作为适宜性区划评价指标,借助韩城及周边共计10个气象站的气象资料和数字高程模型（DEM）,采用多元回归分析、空间插值、地形因子修正、指标量化分级等方法,构建了光热地资源的各区划指标空间分布精细化模型,从资源的可持续利用出发,通过熵权法建立了县域特色农业精细区划指数模型,提出了韩城花椒种植适宜性区划图并进行了分区评价。模型应用结果表明：韩城市花椒种植的最佳区域位于地势平坦且光热充足的东部黄河沿岸河谷川塬,但特色农业区划应与城镇规划协调发展;适宜区位于已有较好特色农业基础的西部浅山丘陵,可结合立体种植布局推进特色农业产业化;不适宜区分布于光热及地形条件较差的深山高岭,建议在该区发展林业和观光农业以追求资源均衡利用及发挥生态保护功能。     

甘肃省河东地区玉米种植适宜性评价和区划

利用1951—2015年甘肃省河东地区17个典型测站气候资料,采用均值法并运用Origin8.0软件对其近65年来年平均气温、4—9月份玉米生育期平均降水量、≥10℃积温总量和年平均无霜期日数的空间分布特征进行了分析,结合温度、无霜期日数和生育期降水数据对不同测站玉米种植适宜性予以评价。通过对影响研究区玉米种植适宜性主要气候因子分析,并借助GIS空间分析技术得出河东地区玉米种植适宜性区划等级结果。结果表明:(1)研究区玉米种植适宜性等级总体表征为东高西低。(2)最适宜区范围最小,密集分布在平凉市和庆阳市南部区域,为正宁县、宁县、泾川县、灵台县、崇信县和庆阳市区。(3)适宜区主要分布在陇东黄土高原大部、陇南秦巴山区(两当县除外)以及临夏回族自治州大部分地区。(4)次适宜区集中分布在陇中黄土高原,另有零星分布如环县、两当县、和政县和康乐县。(5)不适宜区主要分布在甘南高原。     

生态产品价值实现的适宜性评价与路径配置

科学评价生态产品价值实现适宜性对选取生态产品价值实现路径、优化国土空间开发格局具有重要参考价值。以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市为例,借助ArcGIS平台,采用层次分析法、多要素空间叠加法等,在核算生态产品价值基础上,从开发潜力与生态功能重要性两个角度评价生态产品价值实现适宜性,进而对价值实现路径进行配置。结果显示：1)2020年,鄂尔多斯市生态产品总值为1423.67亿元,空间分布上呈现东北-西南方向价值高,西北-东南方向价值低的特点。2)生态产品开发潜力高值区集中于生态本底条件较好的东北部;生态功能重要性总体呈现南高北低的特点,高值区在东南部有明显聚集。3)生态产品价值实现适宜区、基本适宜区面积占比分别为16.71%、29.80%,主要分布于鄂托克旗西部、准格尔旗、杭锦旗等。基本不适宜区、不适宜区面积占比分别为40.98%、12.51%,主要分布于鄂托克前旗、鄂托克旗中东部、乌审旗等。4)路径选择上,适宜区以产业生态化为主,基本适宜区以生态修复为主,基本不适宜区以生态产业化为主,不适宜区以生态补偿为主。生态产品价值实现的适宜性评价搭建起了生态产品价值量化与转化的桥梁,能够为地区国土资源开发与布局...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.