甜菜碱在肉鸡养殖中的应用效果

<正>甜菜碱是一种广泛存在于动植物体内的天然化合物,以甜菜制糖后的糖蜜中含量最高,随着人们对甜菜碱功效研究的不断深入,发现甜菜碱具有促进生长、改善胴体品质的功效。30年前,欧美国家开始利用甜菜碱作为鸡、猪、鱼和宠物等的饲料添加剂,每年需求量达1万多吨。近年来我国     

甜菜碱在蛋鸡养殖业中的研究概况

甜菜碱又名三甲基甘氨酸 ,是一种广泛存在于动植物体内的天然化合物 ,尤以甜菜制糖后的废糖蜜中含量最高。大量试验证明 ,甜菜碱具有促进动物采食和生长 ,改善胴体组成 ,提高肉质 ,缓和应激等多种生物功能。因此广泛利用甜菜碱作为鸡、猪、鱼和宠物等的饲料添加剂。近年来化学合成甜菜碱的研制成功和生产 ,极大地提高了产量 ,降低了生产成本。甜菜碱在蛋鸡养殖中的研究应用日益受到养鸡业者的关注和重视。1　甜菜碱的作用机理1 1　作为甲基供体 ,部分取代蛋氨酸和胆碱蛋鸡体内蛋白质和脂类代谢反应 ,需要甲基的参与 ,而蛋鸡本身不能合成甲…     

甜菜碱对猪生长性能、体脂含量的影响及其机理探讨

甜菜碱是一种天然化合物，它无毒、无害、性质稳定，又在动物蛋白质和脂肪代谢中起看非常重要的作用。甜菜碱通过影响生长代谢调控轴激素和氨基酸、脂肪代谢对猪生长性能、胴体组成、肉质等产生一定的影响，并达到降低动物脂肪沉积的目的。     

甜菜碱对生长期限饲猪营养利用和营养分配的影响

试验的目的是测定不同浓度的甜菜碱（0－0.5%）对生长期限饲猪生长和体组成的影响。甜菜碱可减少液体沉积，改变宰前肥育猪的蛋白质利用率。而且，甜菜碱对于能量限饲猪的生长和胴体组成有更大影响，取32头去热公猪（36kg,n=8／组）用玉米－豆粕脱脂奶型基础日粮（Cp=18.6%,ME=3.23Mcal/kg）进行限饲试验。喂量为粮量的1／4，分别补加0％、0.125%、0.25%、0.5%甜菜碱，每周根据体重调整粮的分配，以保证所有组平均进食量约为1.7kg。达64kg时，将猪宰杀并取内脏称重，胴体冷藏24h以便进行胴体测定。随后，1／2胴体和全部内脏进行化学成分分析。线性回归分析表明，日粮中甜菜碱含量从0％提高到0.5%，胴体脂肪沉积（P＝0.06）、P3脂肪高度（P＝0.14）、和内脏重（P＝0.129）均下降，而胴体总蛋白（P＝0.98）、蛋白沉积率（P＝0.98）、瘦肉率（P＝0.115）均提高。试验观察到，差异较大的组为添加0.5%甜菜碱的组，胴体脂肪沉积和P3脂肪高度分别下降10％和26％。其它脂肪高度测量值差异不显著（P＞0.15）。另外，添加碱较高的组与对照组相比，胴体蛋白与脂肪的比值提高19％，蛋白沉积率提高23％，瘦肉率提高24％，日粮添加甜菜碱对于生长性能（P＞0.15），内脏化学组成、胴体脂肪沉积、内脏脂肪和蛋白沉积率、血清脲和氨气浓度没有影响。这些数据表明，甜菜碱改变营养分配，导致胴体蛋白沉积提高，而胴体脂肪和内脏组织沉积减少。     

甜菜碱在猪营养上的作用及其机理探讨

甜菜碱是一种天然化合物,这种物质因最初从甜菜中提取而得名,它无毒、无害,且性质很稳定,广泛分布于动植物之中。随着对甜菜碱在动物营养上研究的不断深入,人们发现甜菜碱在动物蛋白质和脂肪代谢中起着非常重要的作用。本文就甜菜碱对猪生长性能、胴体组成及肉质的影响及有关机理作一综述。1　甜菜碱对猪生长性能的影响有关甜菜碱对猪采食量、日增重和饲料利用效率影响的研究结果报道不一。Ｗｅｂｅｌ通过对83～118ｋｇ杂种猪研究表明,甜菜碱对猪的采食量、日增重和饲料转化率没有明显影响,但有增加阉公猪日增重的趋势[1]。研究还表明,除了…     

甜菜碱在肉鸡养殖中的应用

甜菜碱是一种广泛存在于动植物体内的天然化合物,以甜菜制糖后的糖蜜中含量最高,广泛应用于食品、化学试剂和化工原料等领域。随着人们对甜菜碱功效研究的不断深入,发现甜菜碱具有促进生长、改善胴体品质的功效。三十多年前,欧美国家开始利用甜菜碱作为鸡、猪、鱼或宠物等的饲料添加剂,每年需求量达1万多吨。近年来我国有关单位也已开始研究甜菜碱在养殖业中的应用,尤以肉鸡饲养中的研究报道较多。     

甜菜碱在水产养殖业上的应用

甜菜碱是一种季胺型生物碱 ,广泛分布于动植物体内 ,以甜菜糖蜜中含量最高。 2 0世纪70年代初 ,芬兰首次发现甜菜碱具有诱食效能 ,开始从制糖后的废糖蜜中提取甜菜碱 ,作为水生动物诱食剂。 2 0世纪 90年代初 ,一些欧美国家通过大量试验证明 ,甜菜碱具有促进动物采食和生长、改善胴体组成、提高肉质、缓和应激等多种生物功能。以此利用甜菜碱作为鸡、猪、鱼和宠物等的饲料添加剂 ,每年需求量达 1万多吨。近年来合成甜菜碱的研制成功和生产 ,极大地提高了产量 ,降低了生产成本。在我国 ,甜菜碱在水产养殖业上的研究尚处于起始阶段。1　甜菜碱…     

甜菜碱在养鸡业上的应用概述

甜菜碱系一种季胺型生物碱,广泛存在于动植物体内,尤以甜菜糖蜜中含量提高。70年代初,芬兰首次发现甜菜碱具有诱食效能,开始以制糖后的废糖蜜中提取甜菜碱,作为水生动物诱食剂,90年代初,一些欧美国家通过大量试验证明,甜菜碱具有促进动物采食和生长,改善胴体组成,提高肉质,缓和应激等多种生物功能,从此广泛利用甜菜碱作为鸡、猪、鱼和宠物等的饲料添加剂,每年需求量达1万多吨。近年来化学合成甜菜碱的研制成功和生产,极大地提高了产量,降低了生产成本。甜菜碱在养鸡业上的研究应用日益受到养鸡业者的关注和重视,概述以下:     

甜菜碱在蛋鸡养殖业中的研究概况

甜菜碱又名三甲基甘氨酸，是一种广泛存在于动植物体内的天然化合物，尤以甜菜制糖后的废糖蜜中含量最高，广泛应用于食品、化学试剂和化工原料等领域。２０世纪７０年代，芬兰首次发现甜菜碱具有诱食功能，开始从制糖后的废糖蜜中提取甜菜碱，作为水生动物的诱食剂。２０世纪９０年代初，通过大量试验证明，甜菜碱具有促进动物采食和生长，改善胴体组成，提高肉质，缓解应激等多种生物功能。因此，广泛利用甜菜碱作为鸡、猪、鱼和宠物等的饲料添加剂，每年需要量达１万多吨。近年来化学合成甜菜碱的研制成功和生产，极大地提高了产量，降低…     

甜菜碱对金华猪生长性能及胴体肉品质的影响

试验研究了甜菜碱对金华猪生长肥育性能及胴体肉品质的影响。结果表明,金华猪饲粮中添加甜菜碱可提高金华猪日增重,其中以1 250 mg/kg组最佳,比对照组提高8.77%,但差异不显著(P0.05);与对照组相比,添加1 250 mg/kg甜菜碱金华猪胴体瘦肉率提高4.84%(P0.05),3点平均背膘厚降低17.23%(P0.05);甜菜碱对金华猪胴体肉品质没有影响。试验结果表明,饲粮中甜菜碱以1 250 mg/kg的添加量对提高金华猪日增重及改善胴体品质较为理想。     

Effect of dietary betaine on nutrient utilization and partitioning in the young growing feed-restricted pig

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary betaine over a range of concentrations (between 0 and 0.5%) on growth and body composition in young feed-restricted pigs. Betaine is associated with decreased lipid deposition and altered protein utilization in finishing pigs, and it has been suggested that the positive effects of betaine on growth and carcass composition may be greater in energy-restricted pigs. Thirty-two barrows (36 kg, n = 8 pigs per group) were restrictively fed one of four corn-soybean meal-skim milk based diets (18.6% crude protein, 3.23 Mcal ME/kg) and supplemented with 0, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5% betaine. Feed allotment was adjusted weekly according to BW, such that average feed intake was approximately 1.7 kg for all groups. At 64 kg, pigs were slaughtered and visceral tissue was removed and weighed. Carcasses were chilled for 24 h to obtain carcass measurements. Subsequently, one-half of each carcass and whole visceral tissue were ground for chemical analysis. Linear regression analysis indicated that, as betaine content of the diet was elevated from 0 to 0.5%, carcass fat concentration (P = 0.06), P3 fat depth (P = 0.14) and viscera weight (P = 0.129) were decreased, whereas total carcass protein (P = 0.124), protein deposition rate (P = 0.98), and lean gain efficiency (P = 0.115) were increased. The greatest differences over control pigs were observed in pigs consuming 0.5% betaine, where carcass fat concentration and P3 fat depth were decreased by 10 and 26%, respectively. Other fat depth measurements were not different (P > 0.15) from those of control pigs. In addition, pigs consuming the highest betaine level had a 19% increase in the carcass protein:fat ratio, 23% higher carcass protein deposition rate, and a 24% increase in lean gain efficiency compared with controls. Dietary betaine had no effects (P > 0.15) on growth performance, visceral tissue chemical composition, carcass fat deposition rate, visceral fat and protein deposition rates, or serum urea and ammonia concentrations. These data suggest that betaine alters nutrient partitioning such that carcass protein deposition is enhanced at the expense of carcass fat and in part, visceral tissue.     

甜菜碱在肉鸡营养上的作用及其机理

甜菜碱具有许多生理生化作用。日粮中添加甜菜碱具有促进肉鸡生长、改善胴体组成、提高肉质和抗球虫效果等功效。甜菜碱通过作为甲基供体 ,促进RNA合成和氨基酸 (特别是含硫氨基酸 )代谢 ,提高蛋白质合成 ,提高肌苷酸含量及调控脂肪合成酶和分解酶的活力或肉碱途径影响脂肪合成和分解 ,达到提高肉鸡的胸肌率、降低腹脂率和营养再分配的效果。另外增强神经内分泌机能 ,使血清GH和IGF— 1的水平升高 ,从而促进畜禽生长     

甜菜碱对生长猪的生长性能和胴体组成的影响

选用 96头杜长大生长猪 ,随机分成 4组 ,以研究日粮中添加不同水平甜菜碱 (10 0 0、15 0 0、2 0 0 0 mg/kg)对猪生长性能、胴体组成及肉质的作用效果。试验结果表明 ,与对照组相比 ,日粮中添加 10 0 0 mg/kg和 15 0 0 mg/kg甜菜碱组猪日增重分别提高 13.2 0 % (P<0 .0 1)、9.2 8% (P<0 .0 5 ) ,日均采食量分别增加 7.30 % (P<0 .0 5 )、7.33% (P<0 .0 1) ,料重比分别下降 7.93% (P<0 .0 1)、6 .5 5 % (P<0 .0 5 )。此外 ,10 0 0 mg/kg甜菜碱组猪的胴体瘦肉率和眼肌面积比对照组分别提高 7.15 % (P<0 .0 5 )、19.12 % (P<0 .0 5 ) ,胴体脂肪率与背膘厚分别减少 2 7.2 1% (P<0 .0 5 )、14 .86 % (P<0 .0 5 ) ;背最长肌中的肌红蛋白和肌内脂肪分别提高 34.2 1% (P<0 .0 1)、2 9.5 6 % (P<0 .0 1)     

Synergistic effects of betaine and conjugated linoleic acid on the growth and carcass composition of growing Iberian pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of dietary betaine, CLA, or both as growth promotants and carcass modifiers in growing Iberian pigs. Twenty gilts (20 kg of BW) were individually penned and fed barley- and soybean meal-based diets (12% CP, 0.81% Lys, and 14.8 MJ of ME/kg of DM) containing either no added betaine or CLA (control), 0.5% betaine, 1% CLA, or 0.5% betaine + 1% CLA, at 95% of ad libitum energy intake. An additional group of 5 pigs was slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to obtain the initial body composition. At 30 kg of BW, a balance experiment was conducted. At 50 kg of BW, pigs were slaughtered and viscera was removed and weighed. Betaine or CLA alone did not affect growth performance. However, betaine + CLA increased ADG (601 vs. 558 g, P = 0.03) and gain relative to ME intake (25.4 vs. 22.2 g/MJ, P = 0.03) compared with control pigs. Digestibility of nutrients and metabolizability of energy did not differ among diets (P = 0.46 to 0.75). Carcass protein, water, and lean deposition (g/d) increased (19.8, 24.2, and 23.4%, respectively, P < 0.01) in pigs fed betaine + CLA compared with control pigs. Similarly, protein deposition relative to ME intake increased by 28% in betaine + CLA-supplemented pigs (P < 0.05). Fat and mineral deposition did not differ among treatments. Carcass protein, water, and lean content (g/kg of carcass) of pigs fed betaine + CLA-supplemented diets tended to increase (P = 0.07 to 0.09) and carcass fat content tended to decrease (P = 0.09). Similarly, estimated composition of carcass gain was affected, such that water and lean content tended to increase (P = 0.06 to 0.08), whereas fat tended to decrease (P = 0.08) in pigs fed betaine + CLA-supplemented diets. Longissimus muscle area was not altered by treatments (P = 0.49). The liver of pigs fed betaine + CLA diets had increased weight (19%, P < 0.05) compared with control pigs. Overall, dietary supplementation of betaine + CLA increased ADG, protein, water, and lean deposition in growing Iberian gilts. There appears to be a synergistic action when betaine and CLA are used together.     

Effects of betaine, pen space, and slaughter handling method on growth performance, carcass traits, and pork quality of finishing barrows

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of betaine, pen space, and preslaughter handling method on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of finishing barrows. For the growth trial, a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used: betaine (0 or 0.250%) and(or) pen space (m2/pig; adequate, 0.035 BW0.67 kg, or inadequate, 0.025 BW0.67 kg). Each treatment was replicated five times with four barrows per replicate. At trial termination, two barrows from each pen were selected to receive either minimal or normal preslaughter handling. Reducing pen space decreased (P < 0.05) overall ADG and gain:feed and tended (P = 0.12) to decrease overall ADFI. Betaine had no affect (P > 0.10) on overall ADG, ADFI, or gain:feed. Pigs fed betaine had decreased (P < 0.10) carcass length. Other carcass and ham measurements were not affected (P > 0.10) by betaine. Pigs with inadequate pen space had increased (P < 0.10) ultimate pH, subjective color, cooking loss (fresh and frozen chop), and shear force but decreased rectal temperature, loin muscle CIE L*, biceps femoris CIE b*, and drip loss. Pigs subjected to minimal preslaughter handling had decreased (P < 0.10) rectal temperature, plasma cortisol, loin muscle CIE b*, and fresh chop total loss (drip + cooking loss). Pigs fed betaine had increased (P < 0.01) initial pH and decreased (P < 0.10) drip loss (fresh chop). Cooking loss and total loss (frozen chop) were decreased in pigs fed betaine with adequate pen space but increased in pigs fed betaine with inadequate pen space (betaine x pen space, P < 0.01). Pigs fed betaine may have improved pork quality.     

甜菜碱对生长肥育猪体脂重分配的作用及机理研究

通过48头20～65　kg生长猪和60头60～95　kg肥育猪（Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire）饲养、屠宰试验和有关生化指标分析，探讨了甜菜碱对生长肥育猪皮下脂肪沉积、胴体脂肪率和肌内脂肪含量的影响及其作用机理。48头生长猪和60头肥育猪分别分成对照和试验2个处理组，每个处理含3个重复，生长猪和肥育猪的试验组分别饲喂含1000　mg／kg和1500　mg／kg甜菜碱的饲粮。结果表明添加甜菜碱，提高了生长猪的日增重13.20％（P＜0.05），降低了料重比7.93％（P＜0.05）；分别降低生长猪和肥育猪的背膘厚14.82％（P＜0.05）和14.93％（P＜0.05）、脂肪率5.76％（P＞0.05）和11.51％（P＜0.05）；分别提高背最长肌肌内粗脂肪含量36.00％（P＜0.05）和17.66％（P＜0.05）。血清生化指标分析表明甜菜碱分别提高生长猪和肥育猪脂肪酶活性10.49％（P＜0.05）和7.50％（P＝0.06），分别提高了血清游离脂肪酸含量20.16％（P＜0.05）和13.43％（P＜0.05），显示甜菜碱加强了猪体脂动员。进一步研究表明，饲喂甜菜碱的生长猪和肥育猪肝脏游离肉碱含量分别提高了20.68％（P＜0.05）和23.53％（P＜0.05），肥育猪背最长肌中酸不溶肉碱含量以及酸不溶肉碱和游离肉碱比例分别提高了48.59％（P＜0.01）和38.24％（P＜0.01），结果揭示甜菜碱似通过提供肉碱合成所必需的甲基以提高生长肥育猪肝脏游离肉碱的含量，促进长链脂肪酸进入肌肉线粒体进行β-氧化，在减少体脂（主要是皮下脂肪）同时，适度增加肌肉脂肪含量，从而发挥着重新分配体脂的作用。     

饲粮调控对猪胴体脂肪酸的组成改善及氧化稳定性的增强效应

从猪胴体脂肪酸组成特点及其改变的可能性入手 ,系统综述了饲粮中添加不同种类与水平的油脂、全脂油籽与饼粕对猪胴体脂肪酸组成的改善 ,以及维生素E、硒、维生素C、类胡萝卜素与肌肽对不饱和脂肪酸含量较高的胴体脂肪氧化稳定性的增强效应 ,并指出了今后的研究和发展方向。     

Supplemental betaine and peroxide-treated feather meal for finishing cattle

These studies evaluated the effects of betaine, provided either as feed-grade betaine or as concentrated separator by-product (CSB; desugared beet molasses), on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing cattle. In Exp. 1, 175 steers (410 kg initial BW) were fed a finishing diet based on steam-flaked and dry-rolled corn, and treatments included 10.5 and 21 g/d feed-grade betaine and 250 and 500 g/d CSB (supplying 15.5 and 31 g/d of betaine, respectively). Steers fed feed-grade betaine had greater (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.1) DMI than control steers, but ADG and gain efficiencies were not affected by treatment. Dressing percent and backfat thickness was greater (P < 0.1) for steers that received feed-grade betaine than for controls. Longissimus muscle area was lower (P < 0.1) for steers supplemented with either feed-grade betaine or CSB than for control steers. Yield grades were higher for cattle receiving feed-grade betaine (quadratic effect, P < 0.1) than for control steers. Marbling scores were not affected by supplemental betaine, but the percentage of carcasses grading USDA Select was lower (linear and quadratic effects, P < 0.1) for steers fed feed-grade betaine than for control steers, predominantly due to a greater percentage grading USDA Choice. In Exp. 2, 312 heifers (343 kg initial BW) were used in a finishing study to evaluate the effects of graded levels of feed-grade betaine and peroxide-treated feather meal on performance and carcass characteristics. Treatments included two finishing diets (containing peroxide-treated or untreated feather meal) and four levels (0, 4, 8, and 12 g/d) of feed-grade betaine arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial. No significant interactions occurred between treatment of feather meal and betaine. Treatment of feather meal with hydrogen peroxide (5% wt/wt) increased in situ protein degradability but did not alter DMI, ADG, gain efficiencies, or carcass characteristics of heifers when it replaced untreated feather meal in the diet. Top-dressing feed-grade betaine to the diets had no effect on DMI, ADG, and gain efficiencies. Marbling scores were greater (cubic effect, P < 0.05) for heifers fed diets top-dressed with 4 and 12 g/d of feed-grade betaine, but other carcass characteristics were not altered significantly. Overall, feed-grade betaine and CSB did not alter growth performance, but did have minor effects on carcass characteristics.     

高黎贡山猪与明光小耳猪性能比较分析

试验对高黎贡山猪和明光小耳猪的体重、体尺、屠宰性能、肌肉化学成分含量等性能进行了比较分析。结果发现,高黎贡山猪的体重、体长、胸围明显高于明光小耳猪;胴体重、屠宰率、脂肪比率、眼肌面积、皮占比率和皮张厚度高于明光小耳猪;肌肉化学成分含量与明光小耳猪相接近。结果表明,高黎贡山猪和明光小耳猪肌肉主要化学成分含量相近,但高黎贡山猪的体型比明光小耳猪大,屠宰性能明显优于明光小耳猪。     

Ob基因对松辽黑猪肉质和胴体性状的影响

以松辽黑猪为研究对象,分析Ob基因对其肉质和胴体性状的影响。测定30头松辽黑猪的9个肉质性状和6个胴体性状,用PCR-RFLP方法检测Ob基因型。结果显示,松辽黑猪TT基因型平均膘厚比CT基因型低,而肌内脂肪含量、瘦肉率则显著高于后者(P<0.05),其他肉质和胴体性状在Ob基因型间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,Ob基因的TT基因型对猪的肉质和胴体性状具有显著的正遗传效应。