氮素资源波动对反枝苋与大豆硝酸还原酶活性的影响

为探讨外来杂草反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)在入侵农田生态系统过程中对氮素资源波动的适应规律及与作物的竞争机制,采用人工模拟不同氮素波动条件的方法,比较研究了反枝苋和大豆(Glycine max)体内氮素同化关键酶——硝酸还原酶活性的变化情况。结果表明,大豆和反枝苋不同器官的硝酸还原酶活性均能对环境中的氮素添加作出快速的响应,这可能与硝酸还原酶是一种诱导酶有关;大豆硝酸还原反应主要在叶和根部进行,而反枝苋则主要在茎和繁殖器官中进行;无论是大豆还是反枝苋,在单栽其各器官的硝酸还原酶活性均大于混栽,说明种间竞争作用要明显大于种内竞争,种间竞争会显著降低植物体内氮代谢的水平。     

反枝苋种子形态与组分研究

对反枝苋种子形态特征和内含物组分含量进行了研究测定.结果表明:(1)反枝苋种子倒卵形或近圆形,边缘薄,成熟时黑色或黑褐色,具强光泽,种皮质硬,种脐位于种子基部缺口处,双子叶有胚乳种子.种子长宽为0.947 mm×1.068 mm,单粒重0.386 mg.(2)反枝苋种子发芽率为88％,在28℃恒温箱中约需1d便可萌发,是子叶出土幼苗.(3)反枝苋种子粗脂肪含量0.0684 mg/g,高于蛋白质(0.035 3 mg/g)和可溶性糖(0.0126 mg/g)的含量,还含有Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe、Mg、Ga、K、Na等矿质元素,且Mg、Ga、K、Na含量明显高于其他矿质元素.     

氮素波动对反枝苋和大豆最大净光合速率和光合氮利用效率的影响

为探讨外来杂草反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)在入侵农田生态系统过程中对氮素资源波动的适应规律及与作物的竞争机制,采用人工模拟不同氮素波动条件的方法研究了反枝苋和大豆(Glycine max)最大净光合速率(Pmax)和光合氮利用效率(PNUE)的变化情况.结果表明,无论在何种氮素波动条件下,苗期反枝苋的Pmax均显著高于大豆,而开花结荚期大豆的Pmax则略高于反枝苋;无论苗期还是开花结荚期,反枝苋的PNUE均高于大豆;说明在入侵初期,反枝苋能够保持高的光合能力,对氮素资源进行高效利用,这很可能是其迅速抢占生态位,从而成功入侵的原因之一.     

芍药籽油与牡丹籽油成分比较分析

为探讨芍药籽油与牡丹籽油的成分差异,评价其营养及保健功能。选取6个品种的芍药籽与6个品种的牡丹籽,采用GB/T 14772—2008提取法、GB/T 17377—2008气象色谱法对芍药籽和牡丹籽的粗脂肪成分进行测定。结果表明,芍药籽油的主要组成不饱和脂肪酸(油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸)的相对总含量在86.2%～90.9%,牡丹籽油的主要组成不饱和脂肪酸的相对总含量在88.4%～90.6%;芍药籽油的亚油酸含量在22.4%～33.0%,牡丹籽油中亚油酸含量介于19.6%～33.2%;牡丹籽油中的亚麻酸相对含量普遍高于芍药;芍药籽油中的油酸含量普遍高于牡丹。芍药籽油与牡丹籽油的不饱和脂肪酸总含量差异很小,其中芍药籽油的油酸、亚油酸平均值高于牡丹籽油,牡丹籽油的亚麻酸平均值高于芍药籽油,表明芍药籽油具有较高的营养和保健价值。     

城口苋米糖的制作技术

通过介绍城口苋米糖的原料生产、制作工艺、食用方法、贮藏条件,阐述苋米糖从苋米炒爆粒、投入到滚热的浓缩麦芽糖汁中充分搅拌,直至起锅压实切块、制成苋米糖的加工技术。     

四种苋属植物种子萌发对策的研究

以徐州地区常见的4种苋菜种子,皱果苋、凹头苋、反枝苋和白苋为材料,分别在15、20、25、30℃和20℃/25℃变温、遮光条件下进行萌发实验,分析温度对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,皱果苋和白苋种子萌发的适宜温度在25℃左右,凹头苋和反枝苋种子萌发的适宜温度为30℃;变温对4种苋菜种子萌发没有显著影响;黑暗条件下,反枝苋的萌发率显著提高,而其余3种无显著变化。冷藏4年后在25℃条件下进行萌发实验,实验结果表明:皱果苋和白苋在发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数三方面与储藏前比较都显著降低,而凹头苋和反枝苋在发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数三方面与储藏前比较都显著升高。     

“苋”及其相关植物的原植物研究

“苋”是现代中国人习见的野菜种类。目前对“苋”已经开展了大量的研究工作,这些工作包括宏观与微观,涵盖了“苋”类植物的种质资源、种子特性、植株的生理学特性、光合特性以及医药功能和药理的研究等。但是,从植物分类学的角度来说,对“苋”这一名称所代表的原植物却知之甚少。笔者通过对历史典籍中与“苋”有关资料的整理与分析,用比较形态学的方法,对与“苋”这一名称有关的植物开展分类学的研究工作,厘定原植物的科学名称。研究发现,历史典籍中记载的与“苋”有关的植物名称有17个,在对这些名称所代表类群的形态学特征对比后发现,这些名称可以归并入3 个科中,分别是苋科、马齿苋科和大戟科。被放置在苋科的植物包括苋属的白苋与红苋、牛膝属植物和青葙属的鸡冠花;马齿苋科的植物为马齿苋属的马齿苋;大戟科的植物为铁苋菜属。研究表明,早在汉代时期,中国先民已经认识到了“苋”类植物的食用功能;中国人明确地将马齿苋确定为单独类群的时间,比欧洲早800年。     

铅对绿穗苋种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究了不同浓度的铅对绿穗苋种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:低浓度pb2+在一定程度上促进绿穗苋种子的萌发;随着Pb2+浓度的增加,绿穗苋种子的活力指数、根长、苗长和叶绿素含量皆降低,但丙二醛(MDA)含量升高;高浓度pb2+对绿穗苋根生长的抑制作用大于茎轴的.铅对绿穗苋种子萌发的影响不显著,但对绿穗苋幼苗的抑制程度随铅浓度的增大呈递增趋势.     

反枝苋和大豆对降雨季节波动的生理生态响应

在棚室盆栽条件下,以外来杂草反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)和作物大豆(Glycine max)为试验材料,模拟不同的降雨季节格局,研究两物种的比叶面积、丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量的季节动态变化。结果表明,在干旱少雨的条件下,两物种均通过减少比叶面积来减少水分的蒸发;但反枝苋积累的脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量均大于大豆。说明,在生长旺季缺水的条件下,反枝苋的膜质过氧化程度小于大豆,且恢复较好。生长初期混栽反枝苋的丙二醛含量均高于大豆,受水分胁迫影响较大;但进入大豆开花结荚期后,混栽反枝苋的脯氨酸含量高于大豆,膜质过氧化程度小于大豆,受水分胁迫影响较小。说明在反枝苋入侵农田的过程中,通过调节其自身形态特征和生理物质含量适应降雨季节波动,这可能是其在农田中分布广泛的重要原因之一。     

美国粒用苋营养品质研究

研究结果表明,太原种植的美国粒用苋品种,蛋白质含量在17.00～19.6％之间,平均为18.02±1.054％,变异系数5.8％。18种氨基酸总量5885.62mg/gN,必需氨基酸含量占37.9％,其中谷氨酸含量最高,占总量的18.4％。脂肪平均含量7.0±0.74％,必需脂肪酸的亚油酸占不饱和脂肪酸的81.3％。计算氨基酸分、化学分、氨基酸指数,并与食用粮、油相比,明确营养价值。     

苋菜资源的引种栽培及繁种技术

苋菜是以嫩茎叶为食的一年生草本植物,每 100g嫩茎叶约含水分 90.1g、蛋白质 1.8g、碳水化合物 5.4g、钙 180mg、磷 46mg、胡萝卜素 1.95mg、维生素 C28mg.可炒食或做汤,具有丰富的营养价值.苋菜的生长期短,武汉地区早春上市苋菜的生长期约 45d,夏秋栽培苋菜约 20d便可上市.苋菜特别适合间套作,便于茬口安排.苋菜资源丰富,按叶片颜色可分为绿苋、红苋、彩苋.绿苋耐热性强,质地较硬;红苋耐热性中等,质地较软;彩苋叶边缘绿色,叶脉附近紫红色,质地软,是苋菜中最丰富的类型,也是武汉地区栽培的主要类型.     

Male-sterility in the grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus ex-Nepal) variety Jumla

Summary Twenty naturally occurring male-sterile plants were recovered from a normal population of the grain amaranth, variety Jumla. The identification of the male-sterile plants is possible during anthesis and after flowering. The male-sterility in this variety is conditioned by a single recessive nuclear gene ms.This research was supported by Grant No. AMA-KE-4-83-22 (CRG GRANT) from the National Academy of Science, USA. Reprint requests to V.K. Gupta.     

Screening for resistance against major lepidopteran and stem weevil pests of amaranth in Tanzania

Insect pests pose major challenges to optimum productivity of amaranth in Africa and Asia. The use of insecticides is the main control strategy, but is expensive and may pose health and environmental concerns, especially if proper care is not taken. Host plant resistance offers a cheap and sustainable pest management alternative. Open field experiments were conducted during two cropping seasons in 2016 and 2017 to screen 35 amaranth accessions and lines for resistance to leaf-webbers and stem weevils. The diversity (H) of lepidopteran defoliators and their parasitoids on each accession ranged from 0.00 to 1.57 and 0.00 to 1.65, respectively during the long rainy season and from 0.00 to 1.58 and 0.00 to 1.01 in the short rainy season. Accessions VI036227, RVI00027, VI054569, VI033487, VI044432, VI048076, VI049639, VI049530 and VI049698 had high levels of pest resistance with significantly lower infestations (≤?11.11?±?2.14%) and damage (≤?68.06?±?3.90%) by leaf-webbers and leaf-worms. Stem weevil infestations ranged from 68.70?±?2.0% to 90.42?±?1.0% during the long and short rainy seasons, respectively. Accessions VI047517-B, VI036227 and VI056563 had the least stem weevil infestations (<?62.5%) but differences among accessions for damage incidences were non-significant. Parasitism was observed in all the accessions except seven of them. Amaranth accessions exhibiting pest resistance or at least non-preference traits are important for success of breeding programs. The importance of deploying such accessions to breed for improvement of susceptible lines (by introgression) or their release to farmers, if they have desirable horticultural traits that are required by vegetable producers and consumers, for effective management of amaranth pests is also discussed.     

镉污染条件下不同形态氮肥对苋菜品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在镉污染的情况下不同种类的氮肥（硝酸铵、乙酸铵、尿素、硫酸铵、碳酸氢铵、氯化铵）对苋菜品质的影响,结果表明：在镉污染的蔬菜土壤上,Vc含量：硝酸铵〉尿素〉乙酸铵〉碳铵〉硫酸铵〉氯化铵;叶绿素含量：除硫酸铵稍差外,其他几个处理没有差异;可溶性糖的含量：硫酸铵〉乙酸铵〉尿素〉氯化铵〉硝酸铵〉碳铵;可溶性蛋白质的含量：尿素〉氯化铵,其他的比不施氮肥要差;粗纤维的含量：与对照基本没有差异;灰分的含量：施硝酸铵效果最好,其次是乙酸铵、尿素、碳铵。以各蔬菜品质含量为标准,施用碳酸氢铵、乙酸铵、尿素的效果比其他几种肥料要好。     

Yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of the pseudocereals amaranth,quinoa, and buckwheat under differing nitrogen fertilization

In recent years, the cultivation of the pseudocereal species amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat has gained rising attention. This study was undertaken to explore nitrogen (N) fertility requirements and nitrogen use efficiency of these species. For this purpose, a 2-year field experiment with N rates of 0, 80, and 120 kg N ha⁻¹ for amaranth and quinoa and 0, 30, and 60 kg N ha⁻¹ for buckwheat and two cultivars of each species was conducted.Grain yield of amaranth responded to N and ranged between 1986 and 2767 kg ha⁻¹. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) ranged from 13.9 to 15.4 kg grain yield per kg above-ground plant N and decreased with increasing N rate. Higher grain yields and NUtEs seemed to be mainly inhibited by the low harvest index (0.22–0.23) of the investigated amaranth cultivars.Quinoa yielded between 1790 and 3495 kg grain ha⁻¹ and responded strongly to N fertilization. NUtE averaged 22.2 kg kg⁻¹ and did not decrease with increasing N rates.The grain yield of buckwheat did not respond to N fertilization and averaged 1425 kg ha⁻¹. N uptake increased only slightly with N fertilization. NUtE ranged from 16.1 to 20.0 kg kg⁻¹. Main problems occurring with the application of N to buckwheat were grain scattering and lodging.     

Genotypic variability in vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L for foliage yield and its contributing traits over successive cuttings and years

Summary Twenty nine strains of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor were grown for two successive seasons to study different selection parameters for foliage yield and its nine contributing morphological and quality traits. The strains AV-38 (5.06 kg/plot) and AV-31 (5.04 kg/plot) recorded highest foliage yield, followed by AV-30 (4.78 kg/plot) and AV-23 (4.70 kg/plot). The protein and carotenoid content averaged 1.24 ± 0.03 mg/100 mg and 0.83 ± 0.02 mg/g respectively. The leaves of A. tricolor also have considerable quantities of ascorbic acid (112.33 ± 5.00 mg/100 g) and fibre (8.39 ± 0.10%). The mean of individual cuttings for plant height, leaf size, stem diameter, foliage yield, protein, ascorbic acid and fibre content increased with successive cuttings till third cutting and thereafter showed a decline. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) values ranged from 6.80 to 28.25%. However, the fibre content, branches/plant, leaves/plant, plant height and stem diameter showed lowest values of GCV. The values of heritability estimates were high for all the traits in all the cuttings as well as on pooled basis and ranged from 0.89 for branches/plant to 0.98 for foliage yield. Highest expected genetic advance was noticed for ascorbic acid (57.48%), followed by foliage yield (48.30%) and leaf size (29.51%).     

冷冻干燥速溶蛋花汤的加工技术

介绍了运用冷冻干燥技术进行速溶蛋花汤的加工,研究了生产工艺、特点以及影响产品质量的主要因素。试验表明,采用冷冻干燥技术加工的速溶蛋花汤,具有营养丰富、风味独特、方便快捷等特点。     

Measuring of Quantity of Matter-mass and the Measuring of Inertia of Matter-momentclm

A new definition of inertia,i.e. the momentum is the measuring of inertia of matter, is proposed. The article through and etc., subjects, the correctness of the new notion of inertia:The monentum is the measuring of inertia has been demonstrated, and the unsolved contradictions of the traditional definition of inetia. And the mass is the measuring of inertia has been revealed.     

香蕉遗传转化方法研究进展

香蕉是热带亚热带发展中国家重要的粮食作物和碳水化合物来源。但近年来,香蕉生产受到严重的病虫危害。大多数香蕉栽培品种是三倍体,生长周期长,而且不孕。由于没有种子,给繁殖和育种带来一定的困难。遗传转化技术的发展为香蕉品种的改良提供了一种有效的手段。香蕉的遗传转化方法有电激法、基因枪法、农杆菌介导法等。农杆菌介导法的应用是香蕉品种改良的一个重大突破。香蕉遗传转化的外植体也发展到多种,有原生质体,胚性细胞悬浮系,分生组织,以及横切薄片等。近几年,随着分子生物学的发展,出现了转化效率更高,重复性更好的香蕉遗传转化技术。如农杆菌和基因枪结合法,离心辅助农杆菌介导法、真空渗透技术等。这些新技术新方法的出现,必将推动香蕉产业高速发展。     

壳聚糖对石榴果汁澄清效果的影响

利用壳聚糖的絮凝作用对壳聚糖在甜石榴汁澄清中的应用效果进行了研究,试验结果表明,壳聚糖用量为0.3g/L、澄清时间为60min、温度为35℃时,甜石榴汁透光率可达85%以上,且通过对壳聚糖处理前后可溶性固形物、总酸、VC等营养成分含量的比较,确定以上工艺参数为甜石榴汁澄清的最佳选择。