冬小麦抗白粉病基因的定位

以前报道过１０个冬小麦品系抗白粉病的基因数量与遗传模式，但这些基因的同位关系及其定位还没有确定。１０个抗白粉病小麦品系中，有８个相互杂交并与１３个已知抗白粉病基因的不同寄主品系杂交。各杂交组合中，取Ｆ２３００－８００个幼苗在温室内评定了对白粉病１２７号小种的反应，以确定这种同位关系以及８个小麦品系中抗白粉病基因的各个特性。在Ｃ３９、Ａ５５－２、Ｒ１０７、Ａｒｍａｄａ和ＳＩ５中鉴定出Ｐｍ４ｂ这个常见     

冬小麦抗白粉病基因的定位

以前报道过１０个冬小麦品系抗白粉病的基因数量与遗传模式，但这些基因的同位关系及其定位还没有确定．１０个抗白粉病小麦品系中，有８个相互杂交并与１３个已知抗白粉病基因的不同寄主品系杂交。各杂交组合中，取Ｆ＿２３００—８００个幼苗在温室内评定了对白粉病１２７号小种的反应，以确定这种同位关系以及８个小麦品系中抗白粉病基因的各个特性．在Ｃ３９、Ａ５５—２、Ｒ１０７、Ａｒｍａｄａ和ＳＩ５中鉴定出Ｐｍ４ｂ这个常见基因。根据这些品系与相应寄主不同品系杂交后代感病性的缺失，确定出Ｃ３９和ＳＩ５中３个抗病基因分别为Ｐｍ２、Ｐｍ４ｂ和Ｐｍ６。ＯＫ７５Ｒ３６４５中抗性基因很可能是Ｐｍ３位点上的１个等位基因或与其紧密连锁基因。由于ＧＯ４７７９与Ａｘｍｉｎｓｔｅｒ／８ＣＣ（Ｐｍ１）杂交后代未观察到感病性的分离，ＧＯ４７７９中的抗病基因可能为Ｐｍ１。ＳＴ１—２５中的抗病基因为简单隐性基因Ｐｍ８。     

小麦品系天00127抗白粉病基因遗传分析与SSR标记定位

白粉病是严重危害小麦安全生产的重要病害之一。天00127是对小麦白粉病具有良好抗性的新品系。为明确其白粉病抗性及遗传规律,选用白粉菌系Linxia-3对天00127与感病品种铭贤169的杂交F1、F2代分离群体和F3代家系进行温室苗期抗白粉性遗传分析,并对其抗白粉病基因进行SSR分子标记分析。结果表明,天00127对Linxia-3的抗性由1对隐性基因控制,暂命名为PmT00127。筛选到3个与目的基因连锁的SSR标记Xgwm566、Xgwm376和Xwmc1,距离目的基因最近的两侧标记为Xgwm566和Xgwm376,其遗传距离分别为3.7和2.2cM,初步表明抗病基因位于小麦3B染色体上。分子检测及系谱分析结果表明,PmT00127可能是一个来自农家品种白大头的抗白粉病新基因。     

我国主要麦区101个小麦品种（系）的抗白粉病基因推导

为了明确当前我国小麦品种（系）中抗白粉病基因的组成,利用基因推导法对来自我国主要麦区的１０１个小麦生产品种、区试品系和高代品系进行了抗白粉病基因推导。结果表明,近一半的供试生产品种对所有供试菌株表现感病;供试的大多数区试品系具有有效的抗白粉病基因;近１／３的高代品系含有有效的抗白粉病基因。供试小麦生产品种和区试品系及高代品系中具有已知的抗白粉病基因主要有Ｐｍ４ｂ、Ｐｍ８、Ｐｍ２＋Ｍｌｄ、Ｐｍ４ａ、Ｐｍ２、Ｐｍ２＋６、Ｐｍ３０ 等。     

小麦品种保丰104抗白粉病基因的遗传分析

小麦品种保丰104具有良好的抗白粉病特性。为了解其抗病性的遗传基础,利用保丰104/辽春10号得到F2分离群体和F2:3家系,对其苗期抗病性进行了鉴定和遗传分析,并对其所携带的抗病基因进行了独立性测验及分子标记定位。结果表明,保丰104可能含有两个抗白粉病基因,其中一个抗白粉病基因与Xcfd81紧密连锁,可能是Pm2,另一个与CINAU127紧密连锁,可能是Pm6。     

小麦品系91260抗白粉基因的分子标记定位（英文）

白粉病是小麦的重要病害之一,可造成小麦严重减产。小麦品系91260具有优良的成株期白粉病抗性并对白粉菌生理小种E09免疫。为给抗白粉病小麦育种提供参考,本研究对抗病品系91260和感病品种豫麦49的杂交F2代群体进行遗传分析。结果发现,F2代群体中抗感植株的分离比为9∶7,表明91260含有两对显性互补的抗白粉基因,暂时命名为Ml91260-1和Ml91260-2。SSR分子标记分析表明,Ml91260-1位于2AL染色体上,侧翼分子标记为Xcfa2263和Xwmc170,遗传距离分别是8.3 c M和4.1 c M;Ml91260-2位于2BL染色体上,侧翼分子标记为Xgpw4103和Xwmc332,遗传距离分别是4.1 c M和6.7 c M。其中,Ml91260-2是2BL上新的抗白粉病基因。     

冬小麦抗白粉病基因数量与遗传模式

一些抗白粉病广谱性有效抗源已在小麦中确定出来，但在施工品种中抗性基因的特性还未知。从１９８２年国际冬小麦白粉病与锈病圃筛选的１０个冬小麦品系作为试材，研究了作用基因的数量与抗白粉病的遗传模式。     

小麦PR-1、PR-2、PR-5基因的白粉菌和水杨酸诱导表达分析及白粉病抗性研究

病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5是植物抗病基因介导的抗病反应和系统获得抗性(systemic acquired resistance,SAR)中的标志基因.为了研究病程相关蛋白基因和水杨酸在小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)抗白粉病反应中所起的作用,以抗白粉病和感白粉病小麦品系为材料,在白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici,Bgt)诱导不同时间,或水杨酸处理不同时间后,用半定量RT-PCR技术检测了小麦叶片中PR-1、PR-2和PR-5基因的表达变化.结果表明,白粉病菌的侵染激活和显著增强了病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5在周麦18中的转录.与感病品系相比,PR-1和PR-5在抗病品系中转录激活得更快、更强.水杨酸处理显著激活了PR-1和PR-5的转录,但对PR-2的转录影响不大.白粉病菌和水杨酸均能显著激活和增强PR-1和PR-5的表达,但白粉病菌的作用更强,说明PR-1和PR-5基因在小麦抗白粉病反应中起重要作用.PR-1和PR-5可以作为小麦SAR的标志基因.水杨酸处理后周麦18和中国春的白粉病抗性得到提高,提示水杨酸在小麦抗白粉病信号传导途径中起一定作用. 激活和显著增强了病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5在周麦18中的转录.与感病品系相比,PR-1和PR-5在抗病品系中转录激活得更快、更强.水杨酸处理显著激活了PR-1和PR-5的转录,但对PR-2的转录影响不大.白粉病菌和水杨酸均能显著激活和增强PR-1和PR-5的表达,但白粉病菌的作用更强,说明PR-1和PR-5基因在小麦抗白粉病反应中起重要作用.PR-1和PR-5可以作为小麦SAR的标志基因.水杨酸处理后周麦18和中国春的白粉病抗性得到提高,提示水杨酸在小麦抗白粉病 号传导途径中起一定作用. 激活和显著增强了病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5在周麦18中的转录.与感病品系相比,PR-1和PR-5在抗病品系中转录     

兼抗条锈、白粉病小麦新种质观4的分子标记鉴定

将多个不同的抗病亲本及优良农艺亲本进行复合杂交,选育出抗病且农艺性状较好的小麦新品系观4.为了明确观4的抗病性及品质状况,对该品系的抗病基因及品质性状进行分子标记鉴定和分析.结果表明,观4兼抗白粉病和条锈病,其白粉病抗性主要来自亲本92R179中的Pm21基因,而条锈病抗性则主要源于YW243中的抗条锈病基因YrX;辽春10号中的高分子量麦谷蛋白优质亚基7+8也遗传到新品系观4中.因此,观4可作为优良小麦亲本应用于小麦品质和白粉病、条锈病抗性的改良.     

小麦抗白粉病的遗传改良及多系品系的配制

为了培育抗白粉病的综合性状优良的小麦品种,采用滚动回交与遗传标记相结合的方法,排除了供体亲本中的不良性状,把抗白粉病基因Pm4α、Pm2、Pm6、Pm21以及Compton的慢白粉病性等转入综合性状较好的轮回亲本背景,与背景材料的丰产、早熟、优质、抗病等数量性状相结合,育成了一系列优良的近等基因系,其中扬麦10号、11号、12号等已经通过品种审定,在生产上大面积推广。同时构建了抗白粉病多系品系。并提出了把一系列重要农艺性状象转育Pm基因一样转育成综合丰产性好的近等基因系,然后在它们之间进行逐一回交,以构建聚合育种体系的构想。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.