芒果赤霉素氧化酶基因GA3ox的克隆、表达及亚细胞定位分析

赤霉素3-氧化酶(gibberellin 3-oxidases, GA3ox)是赤霉素(gibberellic acid, GA)生物合成途径中的关键限速酶之一。芒果中GA3ox基因的功能及其表达模式未见报道。本研究利用RACE技术克隆了一个芒果GA3-氧化酶基因(GA3ox),该基因全长cDNA序列为1 680 bp,编码氨基酸381个,开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)为1 146 bp,蛋白分子量为42.6 kD,等电点为5.13,不含信号肽,不含跨膜结构域。系统发育树分析发现,该基因编码的蛋白主要与开心果亲缘关系较近,其次为克莱门柚、甜橙、麻疯树等植物。通过拟南芥原生质体亚细胞定位分析发现,该基因主要定位在细胞质中。通过对乔化、矮化芒果品种不同发育时期的叶片的实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,该基因主要在矮化品种中表达量较高,在乔化品种各个时期表达量较低,且差异不大。矮化品种中主要在开花期表达量最高,坐果期7～8周含量最低,但都高于乔化品种的任何取样时期。该基因的克隆和表达分析为下一步功能的研究及其在芒果株形调控分子机制提供理论依据。     

大豆GmGBP1在GA调控开花过程中的功能分析

从大豆中克隆得到一个编码SKIP蛋白的基因,命名为GmGBP1。通过研究外施赤霉素对GmGBP1过表达拟南芥植株表型及相关基因表达量的影响,探讨了该基因在GA3调控开花过程中的功能。结果表明,过表达GmGBP1植株对赤霉素的敏感性加强,植株开花时间显著提早,开花相关基因的相对表达量明显提高,而与野生型相比,GA3生物合成途径关键酶基因GA3ox和GA20ox的相对表达量下降明显。初步证实GmGBP1为GA开花信号途径中的正向调控因子,负调节植物赤霉素的生物合成。     

大豆GmGBPl在GA调控开花过程中的功能分析

从大豆中克隆得到一个编码SKIP蛋白的基因,命名为GmGBPl。通过研究外施赤霉素对GmGBPl过表达拟南芥植株表型及相关基因表达量的影响,探讨了该基因在GA3调控开花过程中的功能。结果表明,过表达GmGBPl植株对赤霉素的敏感性加强,植株开花时间显著提早,开花相关基因的相对表达量明显提高,而与野生型相比,GA3生物合成途径关键酶基因GA3ox和GA20ox的相对表达量下降明显。初步证实GmGBPl为GA开花信号途径中的正向调控因子,负调节植物赤霉素的生物合成。     

陆地棉中赤霉素合成途径关键酶基因的时空表达变化

为揭示赤霉素合成途径关键酶基因在棉花生长发育过程中的调控作用,利用实时荧光定量PCR方法中的相对定量方法,对中棉所49材料植株体内的赤霉素合成途径相关基因表达量进行了检测分析。结果显示,幼苗期茎组织内除GA2ox1基因外,其余各基因表达量相对较高。开花期根中GA2ox1、GA3ox1、GID1B,茎中CPS1、GA20ox1、GA3ox1、GID1B和叶中GA3ox1基因表达量上调;吐絮期根中GA2ox1和GA3ox1基因表达量上调,其余基因下调,茎中KS、GID1B基因表达量下调,其余基因上调,其中以GA2ox1上调幅度最大,叶中GA2ox1基因表达量下调,其余基因上调。结果表明,开花期,茎中GA20ox1基因的高表达为植株茎的伸长及果枝发育提供必要的活性赤霉素水平,GA3ox1基因可能与开花成铃有关;吐絮期,随着根茎组织的木质化,根茎中GA2ox1基因表达量逐渐升高以降低活性GAs合成,而叶组织中GA3ox1和GA20ox1基因表达量上调,则为棉桃生长发育与脱水成熟提供必要的激素水平。棉花通过改变植株体内赤霉素合成代谢途径关键酶基因的表达量来调控植株的生长发育,且随着生长发育的进行,各目的基因的表达量变化趋势存在一定差异。为深入研究赤霉素对陆地棉的调控机理提供了理论基础,有助于加快利用赤霉素进行品种改良与种质创新。     

小桐子赤霉素合成酶JcGA3ox基因家族成员的克隆与功能分析

赤霉素(gibberellins, GAs)是一类在植物生长和发育过程中起重要调控作用的植物激素。本研究克隆了木本油料能源植物小桐子(Jatropha curcas)赤霉素3-氧化酶(gibberellin 3-oxidase, JcGA3ox)基因家族全部3个成员，分别命名为JcGA3ox1、JcGA3ox2和JcGA3ox3。采用RT-qPCR技术检测JcGA3oxs在成年小桐子不同组织部位的表达量，发现JcGA3ox1的主要表达部位是成熟叶和幼果；JcGA3ox2的主要表达部位是成熟叶、雌花和雄花；JcGA3ox3主要表达部位是根、成熟叶和幼果。为了进一步探究JcGA3oxs在植物生长和发育过程中的作用，采用35S启动子分别构建了35S:JcGA3ox1、35S:JcGA3ox2和35S:JcGA3ox3超量表达载体，并转化拟南芥和小桐子。结果显示，35S:JcGA3oxs转基因拟南芥和小桐子植株的JcGA3oxs表达水平均显著高于野生型植株。与野生型拟南芥植株相比，转基因拟南芥植株GA₁和GA₃含量均有减少，GA₄     

蓖麻赤霉素氧化酶基因的全基因组鉴定和表达分析

赤霉素氧化酶基因(GAox)是赤霉素合成和调控的关键酶,其通过调节植物活性GA水平调控植物株高。为了解析蓖麻赤霉素氧化酶基因(RcGAox),利用生物信息学分析方法对RcGAox进行全基因组鉴定,并分析其理化性质、保守结构域、系统发育、基因上游2 kb启动子区域顺式作用元件预测,通过蓖麻表达数据库以及外源赤霉素和多效唑处理2个蓖麻品种的顶端嫩茎转录组测序分析RcGAox基因表达模式。结果表明：蓖麻共有30个赤霉素氧化酶基因,其中7个RcGA2ox、4个RcGA3ox、19个RcGA20ox,蛋白质分子质量在26.12～44.31 ku,等电点预测值在5.06～7.82,内含子个数为1～2个;蛋白结构域分析保守基序Motif 1、Motif 2、Motif 4存在30条蛋白序列中;系统进化分析将RcGAox基因分为5个不同的亚群：Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和C20 GA2ox,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ分别对应GA2ox、GA3ox、GA20ox;启动子顺式作用元件预测光反应相关的顺式元件数量最多,且在预测区域均匀分布,18个基因含1～2个赤霉素相关元件;蓖麻RcGAox在胚乳、雄花、叶片中特异表达的基因分别有...     

蓖麻RcGA20ox1基因克隆及生物信息学分析

GA20氧化酶是赤霉素生物合成途径中的重要氧化酶,我们尝试克隆该酶,发掘蓖麻中GA20ox家族候选基因,并推测其功能。根据NCBI上已知蓖麻GA20ox1基因(XM_002510827.2)序列设计引物,扩增得到GA20ox基因片段,连接pMD18-T载体,得到Rc GA20ox1 cDNA完整的开放阅读框序列1 137 bp,并对其进行序列比对、转录物理化性质分析、疏水性、功能域分析及其三级结构预测。推测其可编码378个氨基酸,为亲水性稳定蛋白;基因隶属PcbC superfamily家族,为非分泌蛋白、细胞质蛋白、含有28个磷酸化位点;预测结构由8个α-螺旋和8个β-折叠构成;与大戟科巴西橡胶树、木薯和麻疯树高度同源。本研究为蓖麻GA生物合成乃至蓖麻矮化相关研究提供一定的理论与实践依据。     

Rht12矮秆小麦GA3ox基因的克隆与表达分析

赤霉素3-氧化酶(GA3ox)是赤霉素生物合成途径中的一种关键酶,在茎的伸长中起着重要的作用。为探讨GA3ox基因和Rht12矮秆小麦矮化之间的关系,本研究利用同源克隆方法分离得到了小麦品种中国春和宁98-2105(含矮秆基因Rht12)的GA3ox1和GA3ox2基因,并对其在茎的不同部位进行了表达模式分析。研究结果表明,小麦GA3ox1和GA3ox2均含有3个外显子和2个内含子,其编码的蛋白具有2-酮戊二酸依赖性的双加氧酶典型的保守结构域,但中国春和宁98-2105的GA3ox1和GA3ox2之间存在部分碱基的差异。实时定量表达分析结果显示,GA3ox1和GA3ox2在中国春和宁98-2105茎的不同部位的表达趋势基本一致,但表达量具有较大差异,GA3ox1和GA3ox2在宁98-2105茎的倒一节结节中的转录水平显著高于中国春,推测宁98-2105中赤霉素的信号转导通路可能受到了影响,即矮秆基因Rht12可能影响了赤霉素信号的传导。本研究结果为进一步研究矮秆基因Rht12的致矮机理和利用提供了理论依据。     

亚麻赤霉素氧化酶基因家族鉴定及表达分析

亚麻(Linum usitatissimum L.)是世界上重要的纤维作物,赤霉素对亚麻的生长发育起着重要的调控作用。通过对亚麻赤霉素氧化酶基因GA2ox、GA3ox和GA20ox进行全基因组鉴定和序列分析,并运用转录组和实时荧光定量PCR技术分析亚麻快速生长期茎尖中GAoxs的表达水平。本研究从亚麻全基因组共鉴定出23个赤霉素氧化酶基因,其中GA2ox类11个、GA3ox类4个,GA20ox类8个,分布于除6、7、9号染色体外其他染色体上;亚麻赤霉素氧化酶基因包含2～4个外显子;蛋白质理论分子量在35.36～47.71 kD之间;等电点为5.25～8.90;基因结构和保守结构域分析发现motif 1、motif 2、motif 3、motif 4、motif 5、motif 6、motif 9、motif 10是大部分基因所共有的,motif 8是GA2ox所特有的。系统发育分析将23个赤霉素氧化酶基因聚类在4个分支上。转录组结果表明,在高秆和矮秆亚麻快速生长期的茎尖中有6个基因差异表达,分别为4个GA2ox (LuGA2ox5, LuGA2ox6, LuGA2ox10, LuGA2...     

四倍体矮秆小麦拔节期赤霉素合成途径中关键酶基因表达分析

为研究四倍体矮秆小麦拔节期赤霉素(GA)合成途径中涉及的关键酶基因及其与植株矮化的关系,选择拔节期的矮杆番麦和四倍体矮杆小麦近等基因系ANW 16 D、ANW 16 F、ANW 16 G(分别含有Rht 14、Rht 16、Rht 18基因)以及作为对照的高秆小麦Langdon(LD)进行试验.取拔节期小麦穗下第一茎节节间(约0.5 cm),提取总RNA并反转录,对影响GA合成过程中的GA 20 ox、CPS、GA 2 ox、KAO、KO、KS、GA 3 ox、GID 1、GA-MYB、XET、GIP、GAI、RSG和14-3-3等关键酶基因进行实时荧光定量分析.结果显示,GA 20 ox、GA 2 ox、KAO、KO、KS、GA 3 ox、GID1、GA-MYB、XET、GIP、GAI、RSG在4个矮杆品系和高杆对照中均有表达.GA 20 ox在高秆小麦中的表达量高于矮秆小麦,GA-MYB与之具有相似的表达模式,说明GA 20 ox和GA-MYB基因的低表达影响了矮秆小麦拔节期赤霉素的合成,从而导致矮化性状.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...