特种稻研究与利用

特种稻是具有特殊遗传性状和特殊用途的水稻,它主要包括香稻、色稻和专用稻三大类,其中专用稻类又包括加工型专用稻、高营养功能性专用稻和观赏专用稻。随着特种稻产业的发展,进入21世纪以来,世界各国对特种稻米的研究迅速朝着功能性的方向发展,对功能性稻与水稻基因组及传统育种方法关系的研究越来越广泛而深入。特种稻的开发应用具有显著的经济效益与社会效益,开发前景广阔。     

特种稻研究与利用

特种稻是具有特殊遗传性状和特殊用途的水稻,它主要包括香稻、色稻和专用稻三大类,其中专用稻类又包括加工型专用稻、高营养功能性专用稻和观赏专用稻。随着特种稻产业的发展,进入21世纪以来,世界各国对特种稻米的研究迅速朝着功能性的方向发展,对功能性稻与水稻基因组及传统育种方法关系的研究越来越广泛而深入。特种稻的开发应用具有显著的经济效益与社会效益,开发前景广阔。     

蛋白质和淀粉对面条类制品微观结构的影响

用扫描电镜技术对小麦粉或小麦淀粉制成的五种面条类制品的微观结构进行了观察和分析。结果表明,蛋白质经水化及变性后形成的网络结构是由小麦粉所制面条类制品中弹性及韧性的主要来源。这种网络结构的连续程度可能与面时的加水量、煮制时间及淀粉粒湖化后体积的膨大程度有关。面条类制品中的淀粉粒或悬浮于蛋白质网络结构的空隙或粘附于其上。面条经都制至可食程度后,淀粉粒发生严重变形,但彼此之间并未产生充分的连接与融合。淀     

浅议富硒甘薯的开发与利用

硒是人体必需的微量元素,对人体的健康有着非常重要的作用。功能性富硒食品已成为目前食品研究开发的重点,富硒甘薯作为一种天然营养、保健的食品,开发前景广阔。因此,本文简述了硒对人类健康的重要意义、开发富硒甘薯的实际意义、甘薯硒营养的有关研究以及富硒甘薯的前案展望。     

小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进展

为促进我国面条工业生产并为面条专用小麦良种的选育提供科学依据,对近年来小麦蛋白质与面条品质关系的研究进行了综述。总体来看,蛋白质含量和质量从各个方面影响面条品质。蛋白质含量与面条白度、表观状态呈负相关,与面条质构特性,尤其是煮熟面条的硬度、弹性呈正相关。较高的麦谷蛋白含量可以提高面条的硬度、咀嚼性、粘合性和抗拉伸能力。在一定范围内,蛋白质质量（面筋含量和质量、沉降值、流变学特性）的提高有助于面条蒸煮品质的改善和感官评分的提高,但蛋白质质量过高（湿面筋含量〉35%,沉降值〉60mL,稳定时间〉16min）会导致面条外观品质变劣,评分下降;高分子量谷蛋白亚基5＋10可能与较好的面条品质有关。一般认为,优质面条小麦的蛋白质品质指标为：蛋白质含量12%～14%;湿面筋含量28%～34%,沉淀值40～45mL,稳定时间5～15min。     

大豆蛋白活性肽在功能性食品中的应用及发展前景

本文对采用微生物发酵技术生产的大豆蛋白活性肽，在功能性食品中的应用及发展前景进行了研究。结合产品的功能特性及在功能性食品中的应用，总结了近年来国内外的应用情况及发展前景。     

基于主成分分析和聚类分析的不同水稻品种营养品质评价研究

为了评价不同颜色糙米品种的营养品质,以3个红米品种、8个黑米品种和8个普通糙米品种为材料,对其5项基本营养成分、13种矿质元素含量和9项活性物质含量等27项营养品质指标进行比较分析,并采用主成分分析和聚类分析对不同水稻品种进行营养品质评价。结果表明,不同品种稻米的总淀粉、膳食纤维和脂肪含量在较小范围内波动;有色米品种的矿质元素含量变化范围较大,普通糙米品种的变化范围较小;总酚、总黄酮、ABTS和DPPH抗氧化活性间存在极显著的相关性,其在有色米品种中的含量显著高于普通糙米品种,且大多数黑米品种的含量显著高于红米品种;总花色苷、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷在黑米品种中含量比较高。对稻米基本营养成分和矿物质元素等指标进行主成分分析,提取了6个主成分,其累积方差贡献率达80%左右,可以较好反映稻米的营养品质。对19个水稻品种稻米的所有营养品质参数进行聚类分析,可以将水稻品种分为有色米类和普通糙米类;将所有品质指标分为五类,其两类主要是矿质元素,一类主要是活性物质,两类主要是基本营养成分。该研究结果可为稻米营养品质的评价提供科学依据,也可为生产功能性稻米新产品提供新思路。     

纳米苎麻远红外针织物功能性及服用性能研究

通过对纳米苎麻针织物的远红外发射率、红外照射温升、透气性、湿热传递性、保温性、冷暖感、悬垂性等指标进行测试,并对各指标及其相互间关系进行分析,为苎麻类功能性针织品的开发提供科学依据.     

纳米苎麻远红外针织物功能性及服用性能研究

通过对纳米苎麻针织物的远红外发射率、红外照射温升、透气性、湿热传递性、保温性、冷暖感、悬垂性等指标进行测试，并对各指标及其相互间关系进行分析，为苎麻类功能性针织品的开发提供科学依据。     

小麦品系干白面条品质特性的遗传差异研究

对四川58份小麦品系的面条品质进行了系统测试和分析,旨在研究不同基因型与面条加工品质的关系,为优质面条小麦品种的选育提供理论依据。研究结果表明,多数品种(系)的面条品质特性在基因型间存在显著差异,其中面条咬劲、延伸性和最佳烹调时间具有很大的遗传选择潜力。面条的口感与咬劲、最佳烹调时间、吸水率、弹性和白度显著相关,r值分别为-0.480、0.735、-0.807、0.423和-0.312,用最佳烹调时间和吸水率可较好反映面条的口感。     

Sensory and physicochemical properties of whole wheat salted noodles under different preparations of bran

Whole wheat products have gained popularity in recent years due to the health and nutritional benefits, with Asian salted noodles as one formulation. However, there is a general perception of decreased product quality and sensory acceptance of whole wheat noodles This study examined changes to sensory properties, texture (tensile and compressive strength), color, and cooking loss of noodles prepared from blends of wheat flour and bran that underwent five forms of hydro, thermal, pressure and their combined treatments: autoclaving, extrusion, jet-cooking, puffing, and roasting. Including the control (bran without processing) all six treatments were deemed palatable by sensory panel evaluation despite having statistically significant differences in physiochemical and sensory properties. For instance, 10 of the 22 sensory properties demonstrated significant differences among treatments. Bran processing tended to result in weaker (tensile and compressive strength) and stickier noodles while allowing for greater uptake of water during cooking.     

Nutritional Evaluation of Wheat–Fenugreek Blends for Product Making

Wheat flour was separately substituted with fenugreek flour (raw, soaked, and germinated) at 5–20% levels for product making. Nutrient analysis of the blends, product development, and their acceptability were carried out. Replacement of wheat flour with fenugreek flour increased the protein, fat, lysine, minerals, and dietary fibre contents proportionately to the level of substitution. Among the composite flours, the blends containing germinated fenugreek flour were found superior in nutritional quality compared to others. However, products, viz., bread, biscuits, noodles, and macaroni prepared from the wheat–fenugreek blends at 10, 15, and 20% levels, were found organoleptically acceptable.     

Chemical and Functional Characterization of Kañiwa (C<Emphasis Type="Italic">henopodium pallidicaule</Emphasis>) Grain,Extrudate and Bran

Cereals provide a good source of dietary fibre and other important compounds with nutritional potential, such as phenolic compounds, antioxidants, minerals and vitamins. Although native Andean cereals are known to have high nutritional value, their minor components have not been studied thoroughly. In this study, two varieties of a native Andean crop, kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule), were investigated as sources of dietary fibre and specific antioxidant compounds. Two products, an extrudate and bran, were also prepared and their functional properties and bioactive compounds were determined. Both varieties were rich in total dietary fibre and lignin, and the phenolic components analyzed had high antioxidant activity. The extrudates had good functional properties, such as degree of gelatinization, sectional expansion index and water solubility index; the bran was high in bioactive compounds, such as total phenolics. In conclusion, kañiwa may offer an alternative to traditional cereals as a health-promoting food ingredient.     

By-Products of Opuntia ficus-indica as a Source of Antioxidant Dietary Fiber

Dietary fiber and bioactive compounds are widely used as functional ingredients in processed foods. The market in this field is competitive and the development of new types of quality ingredients for the food industry is on the rise. Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus pear) produces edible tender stems (cladodes) and fruits with a high nutritional value in terms of minerals, protein, dietary fiber and phytochemicals; however, around 20% of fresh weight of cladodes and 45% of fresh weight of fruits are by-products. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the nutritional value of by-products obtained from cladodes and fruits from two varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica, examining their dietary fiber and natural antioxidant compound contents in order to obtain quality ingredients for functional foods and increase the added value of these by-products.     

Use of peanut and cowpea in wheat-based products containing composite flours

Cowpeas and peanuts are legumes of major dietary and economic importance. They are favored worldwide because of their palatability, contribution to nutritional status, and low cost as a protein source compared to animal protein. Flours processed from cowpeas and peanuts have unique physico-chemical and sensory properties when used in composite flour mixtures. Appropriate blends of cowpea and peanut flours to replace wheat flour in Chinese-type noodles, muffins, and tortillas were determined using modelling and optimization procedures. For noodles, 15% peanut flour and 8% cowpea flour supplementation produced an acceptable product with high protein content (21%). For wheat flour replacement in muffins, up to 43% cowpea and up to 44% peanut flours may be used. However, when wheat flour replacement is 50% or greater, cassava flour should comprise 56 to 72% of the blend with a few exceptions. In tortillas, 24% cowpea and 46% peanut flours produced products similar in quality characteristics to those made from 100% wheat flour. The systematic approach used in these studies is more efficient than the traditional substitution method to optimize sensory qualities of wheat-based products containing composite flours.     

Processing and evaluation of heat moisture treated (HMT) amaranth starch noodles; An inclusive comparison with corn starch noodles

AS, HMT-AS and CS starches were studied for amylose content, swelling power, water absorption capacity, color, particle size (PSA), pasting profile (RVA) and thermal (DSC) properties. Based on the laboratory scale experiments, noodles with good expansion, minimum cooking time and firm texture were prepared. Noodles were successfully prepared from AS, HMT-AS and CS starches. Noodles prepared from native amaranth starch (AS) and heat moisture treated (HMT) were tested for different functional properties and compared to cornstarch noodles. Standardized noodles were evaluated for cooking loss, texture profile (TPA), sensory and micro-structural analysis by SEM. HMT-AS noodles had experience less cooking loss of 20.15 g/100 g in comparison to AS noodles (22.20 g/100 g). The HMT-AS based starch noodles shown firmer texture, along with augmented taste and distinct flavor in comparison to AS and CS noodles.     

Effect of gaseous ozone treatment on the microbial and physicochemical properties of buckwheat-based composite flour and shelf-life extension of fresh noodles

In recent years, the application of gaseous or aqueous ozone in the processing of flour and noodles has been reported. However, little information is available about buckwheat-based (buckwheat-wheat-gluten) composite flour treated with gaseous ozone and fresh noodles made from the flour. This study investigated the microbial count, and physicochemical properties of buckwheat-based composite flour treated with gaseous ozone at 2.4 g h⁻¹ for 0, 2.5, 7.5 and 15 min and the shelf-life of fresh buckwheat noodles made from ozone-treated buckwheat-based composite flour (OTBF). Gaseous ozone significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the microbial total plate count and increased the CIE L* value, water absorption, development time, and stability time of the OTBF. The peak viscosity, final viscosity, setback, swelling capacity and solubility of the flour were also enhanced by ozone treatment. Scanning electron microscopy showed that ozone treatment facilitated the formation of more clumps and exposure of starch granules in the composite flour. In addition, gaseous ozone treatment at 2.4 g h⁻¹ for 15 min significantly suppressed microbial growth and reduction of L* value, maintained the overall sensory acceptability during the whole storage period, and the shelf-life of fresh noodles prepared from ozone-treated flour was extended to 96 h.     

猕猴桃的主要功能成份及其开发利用

主要介绍猕猴桃的6种功能成份,即维生素、膳食纤维、微量元素、多糖、黄酮、多酚的研究近况,及猕猴桃在果实贮藏、加工工艺、保健药用方面的开发利用,为今后猕猴桃的进一步开发与研究提供帮助。     

Anti-Obesity Activity of the Marine Carotenoid Fucoxanthin

Nowadays the global tendency towards physical activity reduction and an augmented dietary intake of fats, sugars and calories is leading to a growing propagation of overweight, obesity and lifestyle-related diseases, such diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. In particular, obesity, characterized as a state of low-level inflammation, is a powerful determinant both in the development of insulin resistance and in the progression to type 2 diabetes. A few molecular targets offer hope for anti-obesity therapeutics. One of the keys to success could be the induction of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in abdominal white adipose tissue (WAT) and the regulation of cytokine secretions from both abdominal adipose cells and macrophage cells infiltrated into adipose tissue. Anti-obesity effects of fucoxanthin, a characteristic carotenoid, exactly belonging to xanthophylls, have been reported. Nutrigenomic studies reveal that fucoxanthin induces UCP1 in abdominal WAT mitochondria, leading to the oxidation of fatty acids and heat production in WAT. Fucoxanthin improves insulin resistance and decreases blood glucose levels through the regulation of cytokine secretions from WAT. The key structure of anti-obesity effect is suggested to be the carotenoid end of the polyene chromophore, which contains an allenic bond and two hydroxyl groups. Fucoxanthin, which can be isolated from edible brown seaweeds, recently displayed its many physiological functions and biological properties. We reviewed recent studies and this article aims to explain essential background of fucoxanthin, focusing on its promising potential anti-obesity effects. In this respect, fucoxanthin can be developed into promising marine drugs and nutritional products, in order to become a helpful functional food.     

同色兜兰叶片内源激素变化与开花关系研究

近些年兜兰产业发展迅速,但花期调控难成为限制兜兰产业发展的瓶颈。以较易开花的同色兜兰为试验材料,观测各时期功能叶长和宽及花朵发育的形态变化,并采用酶联免疫法检测功能叶片内源激素的变化动态,分析它们与花发育的关系。结果表明：（1）同色兜兰花苞显现期,功能叶具有高水平的ZR和低水平的IAA,以利于成花分化;（2）在激素平衡研究中发现,顶芽从营养生长向生殖生长转换时（大苗期）,功能叶具有高比值的 IAA/GA₃、ABA/GA₃和低比值的ZR/ABA、ZR/IAA;（3）成花形态分化时（花苞显现期）,功能叶具有低比值的IAA/ABA、IAA/GA₃和高比值的ZR/GA₃、ZR/IAA;（4）大苗期、花苞显现期内源激素水平和比值对同色兜兰花芽诱导和花芽正常分化具有重要影响。