小黑麦、小麦和黑麦淀粉粒形态特征及酶解特性的差异

为了解小黑麦胚乳细胞程序性死亡(PCD)的过程,观察了小黑麦籽粒灌浆过程中胚乳PCD、淀粉积累和相关内源激素乙烯和脱落酸的变化,并对PCD抑制因子之一Defender Against cell Death-1(DAD-1)进行了氨基酸序列分析.结果发现,小黑麦胚乳发育过程伴随着PCD过程,籽粒淀粉积累速率、单个籽粒中ABA含量在整个籽粒灌浆过程中呈单峰曲线变化,乙烯的释放速率从花后15 d持续下降;动植物DAD-1之间同源性较高.小黑麦籽粒中淀粉的快速积累时期和胚乳PCD的快速发生时期相重合,胚乳PCD可能影响了胚乳中贮藏淀粉的合成和积累.     

结实期籽粒乙烯释放速率和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸浓度与稻米外观品质的关系

 为阐明水稻籽粒乙烯与稻米外观品质的关系，试验采用10个不同基因型的水稻材料，测定了结实期籽粒乙烯释放速率、1 氨基环丙烷 1 羧酸（ACC）浓度和稻米的外观品质，分析了它们之间的关系并用化学调控等方法进行验证。结果表明，灌浆中后期籽粒乙烯释放速率和ACC浓度与稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度均呈极显著的正相关。籽粒中ACC浓度低的品种，胚乳淀粉体排列紧密，间隙较小；而籽粒中ACC浓度高的品种，淀粉体排列疏松，间隙大。在灌浆中后期分别用1 μmol/L ACC 处理稻穗，稻米的淀粉体排列变疏松，垩白粒率、垩白大小和垩白度均显著增加，用1 μmol/L氨基 乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸（ACC合成酶抑制剂）处理稻穗，结果则相反。结实期进行轻干 湿交替灌溉，降低了籽粒乙烯释放速率、ACC浓度和垩白度。说明籽粒中乙烯和ACC对稻米胚乳淀粉结构和外观品质起重要的调控作用，通过品种选育、化学调控和灌溉等措施降低籽粒乙烯释放速率和ACC浓度，可以改善稻米的外观品质。     

灌浆前期高温对小黑麦籽粒淀粉积累及其合成相关酶活性的影响

为探讨灌浆前期高温对六倍体小黑麦籽粒淀粉积累及其相关合成酶活性的影响,以4个春性小黑麦品种（系）为材料,在开花后5~14 d于田间搭建温棚进行高温胁迫,对其籽粒淀粉积累动态、淀粉合成相关酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,开花后5~14 d高温胁迫导致小黑麦千粒重和容重均显著下降,其中,千粒重下降5.95%~20.47%,容重下降3.33%~9.49%;籽粒中的总淀粉、支链淀粉与直链淀粉含量均显著降低,依次下降6.84%~17.97%、7.70%~24.60%及2.27%~7.17%,直/支链淀粉比有所升高,但差异不显著。在高温胁迫期间,小黑麦籽粒中与淀粉合成相关的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）及淀粉去分支酶（DBE）活性均较对照有所上升,高温胁迫结束后,AGPP、SSS、DBE的活性均较对照有所下降。推测灌浆前期高温胁迫导致灌浆中后期小黑麦籽粒中淀粉合成相关酶活性的下降是籽粒中淀粉含量降低以及千粒重、容重下降的主要原因。     

春小麦籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累与底物供应的关系

利用产量和蛋白质含量不同的三个春小麦品种,在盆栽条件下,研究了籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉和蛋白质积累与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸含量变化的关系。结果表明,开花后5～20 d三个品种籽粒可溶性糖含量急剧下降,对应时期的淀粉含量快速上升,后期当可溶性糖含量回升时,其相应淀粉含量下降或增加的幅度很小。籽粒游离氨基酸含量随着灌浆进程渐次降低,品种间蛋白质含量的变化与游离氨基酸的变化一致。所有品种淀粉积累速率变化呈抛物线型变化,高产中蛋白品种的淀粉积累速率最高。进一步认为,可溶性糖作为淀粉合成的底物向淀粉的转化可能更多地依赖于籽粒利用和合成能力的大小,而蛋白质积累更多地直接依赖供应源。     

春小麦籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累与底物供应的关系

利用产量和蛋白南含量不同的三个春小麦品种,在盆栽条件下,研究了籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉和蛋白质积累与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸含量变化的关系。结果表明,开花后５～２０d三个 品种籽粒可溶性糖含量急剧下降,对应时期的淀粉含量快速上升,后期当可溶性糖量的变化与游离氮基酸的变化一致。所有品种淀粉积累速率变化呈抛物线型变化,高产中蛋白品种的淀粉积累速率最高。进一步认为,可溶性粮作为淀粉合成的底物向淀粉的转化可能更多地依     

淀粉含量不同的两类小麦品种籽粒淀粉积累及关键酶活性的变化

为给新疆小麦品质育种提供理论依据,在新疆灌溉农业条件下,选用淀粉含量差异较大的普通小麦品种新春24、E28（高淀粉含量组）和宁春16、安农9912（低淀粉含量组）为材料,测定了籽粒灌浆过程中总淀粉及淀粉组分的含量,同时测定了籽粒束缚态淀粉合成酶（granule bound starch synthase,GBSS）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（soluble starch synthase,SSS）、淀粉分支酶（starch branching enzyme,SBE）和淀粉去分支酶（starch debranching enzyme,DBE）等相关酶的活性,并对其在籽粒灌浆过程中的变化及淀粉积累特征进行了相关分析。结果表明,高淀粉含量和低淀粉含量的小麦品种在籽粒淀粉积累量和积累速率上均存在明显的基因型差异。Logistic 方程拟合淀粉积累过程发现,支、直链淀粉最终积累量取决于积累启动时间的早晚和积累速率的大小,而最大积累速率出现时间的早晚对其调节作用较小。不同类型籽粒中的GBSS、SSS、SBE和DBE酶活性变化均呈现单峰曲线,峰值出现在花后12~24 d不等。4个品种的GBSS酶活性均与直链淀粉的积累速率呈极显著正相关,与总淀粉的积累速率达到显著或极显著正相关,但与支链淀粉积累速率的相关不显著。SBE和SSS酶活性与总淀粉的积累速率和支链淀粉的积累速率呈显著或极显著正相关,而与直链淀粉积累速率的相关不显著。DBE活性与淀粉积累速率的相关性不显著。淀粉合成关键酶活性间的相关性分析表明,高淀粉含量的品种DBE活性与SSS、GBSS和SBE相关达到显著或极显著水平,它们之间可能存在着协同作用。     

水稻糖质胚乳突变体Sug-11籽粒灌浆过程的淀粉合成关键酶活性及其与淀粉理化特性关系

以水稻糖质胚乳突变体Sug-11与其野生型对照中花11为材料,通过对两者籽粒中可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量和淀粉含量以及有关淀粉品质理化指标的比较,结合籽粒灌浆过程中糖类物质含量、淀粉合成代谢关键酶活性和相关同工型基因转录表达水平的动态测定,从籽粒淀粉合成代谢角度,对水稻糖质突变体Sug-11的籽粒糖类含量变化和千粒重下降的生理原因进行了分析。结果表明,Sug-11糖质突变体与其野生型在灌浆初期的可溶性糖和蔗糖含量差异并不明显,随着籽粒灌浆进程,两者间的籽粒糖分含量差异在灌浆中后期逐步趋于明显;与野生型相比,Sug-11糖质胚乳突变体的稻米直链淀粉含量和直链淀粉碘蓝值显著下降,而淀粉溶解度和支链淀粉碘蓝值则显著升高,糖质胚乳突变对稻米淀粉的理化特性也产生了明显的影响;在籽粒淀粉合成代谢的几个关键酶中,Sug-11糖质突变体籽粒中的DBE活性及其在灌浆过程中的动态变化与其野生型存在明显差异,揭示了胚乳糖质突变体Sug-11籽粒中淀粉积累减少、糖分含量增加主要是由籽粒灌浆中后期的PUL转录表达水平和DBE活性的大幅下降所引起的,而Sug-11的籽粒灌浆不良和千粒重下降等现象,则与其ADPGase活性在籽粒灌浆前期的显著下降存在一定的联系。     

外源GA3对小黑麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

小黑麦籽粒不饱满是制约其应用开发的主要因素。为了解决这个问题,本试验以小黑麦东农8809和东农95-6654为试验材料,研究外源赤霉素(GA3)作用下小黑麦籽粒干物质、灌浆速率及产量的变化,并探讨开花期喷洒外源赤霉素对小黑麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响。结果表明,开花期适量赤霉素处理能提高小黑麦籽粒灌浆速率,加速籽粒灌浆进程,促进干物质向籽粒中运转,进而提高粒重及产量。20 mg·L-1赤霉素喷施调控效果最好。     

小麦籽粒淀粉合成动态及其相关酶活性的研究

为了研究小麦籽粒淀粉形成机理与调控技术,选取2个小麦品种,对小麦胚乳发育期间籽粒中直、支链淀粉的积累动态及淀粉合成代谢的几个关键酶——ADPG焦磷酸化酶(ADPG-PPase)、UDPG焦磷酸化酶(UDPG-PPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(S-STS)、束缚态淀粉合成酶(B-STS)与淀粉分支酶(Q-酶)——的活性变化进行了分析。研究结果表明,在小麦籽粒灌浆过程中,直、支链淀粉几乎是同步积累的,不同品种的淀粉积累形成差异表现在两者的相对积累比率上。小麦籽粒发育过程中直链淀粉的含量变化呈“S”形曲线;支链淀粉的含量较直链淀粉含量上升略快。ADPG-PPase、UDPG-PPase、S-STS、B-STS、Q-酶的活性均与淀粉积累速率呈正相关。     

追氮时期对冬小麦胚乳发育及灌浆特性的影响

为明确氮肥追施时期对冬小麦籽粒发育和灌浆特征的影响,选用冬小麦品种石麦18,采用随机区组设计,研究了LA1(春2叶期)、LA2(春3叶期)、LA3(春4叶期)、LA4(春5叶期)、LA5(春6叶期)5个追氮处理对籽粒胚乳细胞分裂增殖和灌浆特征的影响。结果表明,追氮时期对胚乳细胞增殖和灌浆特征均有显著影响。LA1、LA2和LA3处理的胚乳细胞在籽粒建成期分裂速率较高,而后分裂速率急剧下降,胚乳细胞数较少;灌浆速率表现为前期较高,后期较低;成熟时粒重较低。LA4处理能延长籽粒胚乳细胞增殖活跃期,在花后21 d后胚乳细胞仍然具有较高的分裂增殖能力,胚乳细胞数目最多,籽粒的最大灌浆速率最高,后期的灌浆能力较强,粒重最高。LA5处理胚乳细胞数较多,后期灌浆速率较低,粒重仅低于LA4处理。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

转小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥植株的主要抗旱性研究

核氧还蛋白（nucleoredoxin,NRX）可通过还原目标蛋白的二硫键来调控其生物活性,在植物的生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。蛋白质二硫键异构酶（protein disulfide isomerase,PDI）、h型硫氧还蛋白（h-type thioredoxin,TRXh）和蛋白磷酸酶2A催化亚基（protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit,PP2Ac）是小麦核氧还蛋白TaNRX1的互作蛋白。为了明确TaNRX1互作蛋白的抗旱性功能,本研究在拟南芥中过表达了小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因,对野生型和转基因拟南芥的表型和抗旱相关生理指标进行了鉴定。结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的根长、存活率、脯氨酸含量均大于野生型,离体叶片失水率、丙二醛（MAD）含量均小于野生型。二氨基联苯胺（diaminobenzidine,DAB）对H₂O₂组织定位染色结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的H₂O₂含量均低于野生型。上述结果说明,TaNRX1的互作蛋白基因 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D增强了拟南芥对于干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。本研究可为小麦抗旱育种提供候选基因和理论基础。     

玉米灌浆期3种鳞翅目害虫的空间分布

采用网格式取样200株玉米,整株剖秆调查亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和棉铃虫在玉米上的数量,用地统计学的方法分析和模拟它们在田间的水平分布;采用生态位理论分析3种害虫在玉米植株上的生态位和种间竞争。结果表明,亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和3种鳞翅目害虫整体在玉米田中的水平分布分别适合球形、高斯、球形模型拟合,均属于聚集分布。Kriging插值模拟图显示,亚洲玉米螟和桃蛀螟为核心分布型;在垂直分布上,雌穗上3种害虫数量最多,占总虫量的69.82%。亚洲玉米螟的基础生态位宽度最大,在整株玉米上都可危害;桃蛀螟则主要在玉米中、上部;棉铃虫基础生态位最窄,只在雌穗附近危害。3种害虫在玉米茎秆上种间竞争激烈,异种害虫无法共存;雌穗上种间竞争程度小于茎秆,异种害虫可以共存。