黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系

 为给黄土高原退耕地的植被恢复和重建提供科学依据,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的安塞县为例,用系统聚类和逐步多元回归的分析方法,对退耕地自然恢复植被的演替阶段进行划分,并定量分析群落演替过程中的植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系。结果表明:黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复草地的演替,依次经历猪毛蒿群落→赖草群落→长芒草群落、铁杆蒿群落、达乌里胡枝子群落→白羊草群落。随着退耕地植被恢复的不断进行,Gleason指数、Margalef指数等丰富度指数以及群落Pielou指数,都呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,Simpson指数在演替初期及平衡阶段较大,群落生态优势度与物种丰富度的变化趋势相反。在群落的演替过程中,土壤有机质、全N、有效N和速效K的含量不断增加,土壤pH值和速效P含量不断减小,土壤表层密度变小,孔隙度变大。A层土壤全N、有效N含量、土壤pH值和C层土壤全N含量与物种丰富度呈显著正相关,A、C层土壤有机质含量和B层土壤速效K含量与其关系相反;B层土壤速效P的含量与群落生态优势度呈显著正相关;A、B层土壤速效K含量与植被群落盖度呈正相关关系,B层土壤速效P含量与其关系相反。     

黄土丘陵区退耕地土壤养分变异特征

在延安、安塞和吴旗选择典型黄土丘陵不同植被类型区的不同年限退耕地为试点,通过S型方法采集土样,应用土壤养分系统研究法进行了养分分析,并应用传统统计学对土壤养分变异进行了研究。结果表明,不同植被类型区土壤养分性质均存在着空间变异。受传统农业影响的有机质、全N、有效N和速效K的变异较大;而全P和速效P的变异相对较小。不同退耕年限的土壤养分含量及其变异系数存在着明显差别。退耕初期,受耕作和施肥影响,土壤养分含量较高,植被特征指数呈显著上升趋势且变异性较大;随着耕作施肥活动的停止和植被恢复对土壤养分的消耗,使土壤养分含量有一个降低的过程,土壤养分的变异也较大;而随着植被恢复和群落演替的继续,植被枯落物逐步增多,土壤也逐步发育,植被指数与土壤养分均呈增长趋势,并在退耕地20年左右时达到稳定状态,但土壤的发育往往滞后于植被特征的变化。     

不同退耕年限干旱绿洲植被群落及灰棕漠土特性变化

为了探讨不同退耕年限对植被恢复及土壤特性的影响,选择民勤绿洲不同年代退耕地(1,2, 4,8,13,20,30,40年)和耕地（对照CK）为研究对象,运用时空替代法,测定并系统分析其植被组成、土壤理化特性、土壤微生物特性和土壤酶活性。结果表明：在40年退耕地植被自然演替过程中,9个样地（包括一个CK）的所有样方中共出现43种植物,植被群落由一年生草本植物逐渐演替为单一的灌木,表现出较强的连续性与递进性。随着退耕年限的增加土壤含水率呈先降再升后降的趋势,总体呈倒“N”字型变化。土壤容重总体表现为逐渐减小;土壤粒径变化规律不明显,各样地细砂粒占比最大,黏粒最少;土壤全氮、速效钾、土壤有机质含量及土壤微生物量碳呈先上升后下降趋势,速效磷含量变化不明显,但是变化幅度较大;细菌与放线菌数量不同程度的减少,细菌是土壤中主要的微生物类群,最大数量达到611.46×105 cfu.g-1;土壤酶活性随退耕年限延长呈波动式下降。随着土层深度增加,土壤容重、土壤养分及土壤微生物总体表现为逐渐减小,表聚现象明显;通过退耕地聚类谱系图可以推断出退耕第4年是民勤绿洲退耕地恢复治理的关键时期。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植物群落与土壤环境因子的对应分析

根据在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区安塞33个退耕地自然恢复植被样方的调查数据,采用对应分析(Correspondence Analysis)和典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis)进行了植物群落排序和植物群落与土壤环境因子的对应分析。结果表明:在40 a的演替过程中,退耕地植被大体上依次经历了猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)为优势种的群落、达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)和长芒草(Stipa bungeana)为优势种的群落、铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)为优势种的群落和白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemun)为优势种的群落,4个群落的物种组成表现出较强的延续性和递进性。4个植物群落的土壤特性有明显的差异,对于0-60 cm土层的土壤养分和0- 500 cm土层的土壤水分,群落1的土壤水分和速效磷含量较高;群落2的全氮、速效氮含量较高;群落3的全磷和200-500 cm土层的水分含量较高;群落4的速效钾、土壤有机质含量较高。全磷、速效磷、土壤有机质和0-200 cm土层的土壤水分含量是显著影响黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植物群落变化的主要因子。要加速退耕地植被恢复和有效防止土壤流失,人工引种补播适宜物种和施肥值得重视。     

黄土丘陵区不同退耕年限植被多样性变化及其与土壤养分和酶活性的关系

通过野外植被调查研究黄土丘陵区草原带退耕地植被在自然恢复过程中的演替规律及物种多样性特征,通过室内土壤样品分析土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量及土壤脲酶、转化酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性动态变化过程,并对植物多样性指数和土壤养分及酶活性进行相关分析。研究结果表明,黄土丘陵区草原带退耕地在长达75a的自然恢复过程中,植物群落演替以菊科(猪毛蒿)与黎科(虫实)等为主的一年生草本开始,逐步演替为多年生草本群落,最后形成以大针茅+长芒草为优势种的顶级草原群落,植物物种数总体上呈现增加趋势;物种多样性指数随退耕年限延长均呈波动性上升趋势;土壤养分及酶活性均随退耕年限的增长亦呈波动性上升趋势。自然恢复75a,Margalef指数、Shannon-Wienner指数及Pielous指数分别增加83.3%、31.8%、21.4%;土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量分别增加了185.0%、164.8%、152.9%、109.8%;土壤脲酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性分别增加了64.0%、7.8%、51.1%、11.8%。土壤养分及酶活性与Margalef指数、Shannon-Wienner指数之间存在显著正相关关系,与Pielous指数相关性不显著。     

黄土丘陵区自然植被恢复下土壤微生物学质量演变特征

为了探讨黄土丘陵区自然植被恢复过程中土壤微生物学质量演变特征,用时空互代法对燕沟和县南沟典型小流域自然植被恢复下5个演替阶段（退耕1~6 a、7~17 a、18~35 a、36~60 a、> 60 a）土壤养分含量、微生物量和酶活性进行了研究。结果表明:随着地区植被退耕后自然演替的推进,土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮与有效钾含量持续增加,土壤全磷含量在不同植被演替阶段变化不明显,有效磷含量在植被演替至多年生草本阶段（18~35 a）时含量最低;土壤细菌约占土壤微生物量的65%左右,且其数量在植被演替至多年生草本阶段时最多,土壤真菌和放线菌随退耕年限的延长呈现不断增加的趋势;土壤碱性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性也随着植被自然演替的推进呈不断增加趋势,但脲酶和蔗糖酶在植被演替至灌木阶段（36 a）后增速放缓。相关性分析表明,自然恢复过程中土壤微生物数量与酶活性的提高程度比较一致,其与土壤养分关系密切,因此土壤微生物群落与土壤酶活性是反映植被恢复中土壤生物学质量变化的重要指标。     

巴山山地退耕地植被自然恢复过程及物种多样性变化

 巴山山地是我国南北方过渡地区,亦是长江重要的水源涵养区,探讨该地区退耕地植被自然恢复演替过程及其物种多样性的变化规律,对于指导该地区的人工植被建设具有重要的理论价值与实际意义。采用时空互代法对巴山山地退耕地植被自然恢复过程及其物种多样性变化进行研究,结果表明:1)巴山山地退耕地植被演替依次经过1年生植被草本群落、多年生草本群落、杂灌草群落及以栓皮栎、橿子栎或栓皮栎为建群种的阔叶林群落等不同阶段,形成地带性植物群落大致需要40～50a;2)物种多样性会随立地环境的变化有所差异,阴坡的各物种多样性指标明显高于阳坡,但其变化规律基本一致。演替初期,植被群落的物种数、Shannon-wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数相对较低,随着植被群落演替的进行,各指标均呈波浪上升趋势;当植被恢复25a时,各多样性指数均达到最大,分别为23、2.5、0.89和0.8;到地带性植物群落阶段时,其各物种多样性指标又略有降低并趋于稳定。该结论对于充分利用植被自然恢复进行生态改善,并根据植被演替进程采取相应的人工管理措施具有重要的指导意义。     

吉兰泰盐湖周边不同沙化程度植被群落与土壤养分特征研究

选取吉兰泰盐湖周边4种不同程度的沙化土壤,对其植被群落特征与土壤养分含量进行测定,分析不同沙化程度植被群落特征、土壤养分含量垂直分布特征以及植被群落与土壤养分含量之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)随着沙化程度的加剧,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数与Margalef丰富度指数均不断下降,植被群落结构趋于简单化;(2)随着沙化程度的加剧,土壤有机质与速效养分含量总体呈降低趋势;(3)土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾均与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈显著正相关;碱解氮与Margalef丰富度指数呈显著正相关。对不同沙化程度植被群落特征和土壤养分的研究为吉兰泰盐湖区天然植被恢复与重建及盐湖保产、高产提供科学依据。     

桂西北喀斯特不同植被演替阶段土壤微生物群落多样性

采用经典统计与排序分析方法,研究了桂西北喀斯特不同植被演替阶段(原生林、次生林、灌丛、草地)土壤微生物群落多样性变化特征,并探讨了土壤微生物群落多样性与土壤养分、土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物数量之间的关系。结果表明:(1)桂西北喀斯特植被演替对土壤养分有较大的影响,除了土壤容重和全磷含量以外,由草地到原生林的演替过程中,土壤养分均呈显著的变化趋势(p0.05)。随着演替的进行,土壤pH值和容重逐渐减小。土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随着演替而逐渐增加趋势,其大小依次变现为原生林次生林灌丛草地,其中不同演替阶段土壤有机碳全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量差异均显著(p0.05)。(2)土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷大小依次变现为原生林次生林灌丛草地,其中灌丛和次生林MBP含量差异不显著(p0.05)。MBC/MBN随着演替的进行呈逐渐减小趋势,MBC/MBP和MBN/MBP随着演替的进行呈逐渐增加趋势。(3)不同植被演替阶段土壤微生物数量及组成不同,其中以细菌数目最多,土壤微生物种群总数量、细菌和放线菌数目依次为原生林次生林灌丛草地。(4)不同演替阶段土壤微生物群落功能多样性指数存在一定差异,其中物种丰富度指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S)依次表现为原生林次生林灌丛草地(p0.05);而优势度指数(Ds)依次表现为原生林次生林灌丛草地,并且不同演替阶段优势度指数(Ds)差异不显著(p0.05)。(5)相关性分析表明土壤养分、土壤微生物量、土壤微生物数量均与土壤微生物群落多样性具有显著的相关性,其中,土壤微生物量对微生物群落多样性的贡献最大,而MBN,SOC和细菌数目是影响桂西北喀斯特不同植被演替阶段土壤微生物群落多样性分布的主要因子。     

黄河三角洲湿地不同植被群落下土壤养分含量特征

以黄河三角洲潮上带湿地为对象,通过采样、分析,研究了4种典型的植被群落下水盐梯度和土壤养分含量的变化特征。结果显示．沿植物群落演替方向,土壤水分含量无显著差异,土壤盐分呈逐渐降低的趋势,在一定程度上反映了植物群落的不同演替阶段。在这种水盐梯度下,植被群落的变化能够影响土壤养分含量,沿着植被演替方向,全碳与有机质含量随着演替方向呈先逐渐降低后增加的趋势,土壤碳氮比（C／N）在植被演替中期相对较高;全氮含量沿着演替方向呈现增加趋势,硝态氮与铵态氮先增加后降低;全磷与有效磷随演替变化系数较小,演替中期各理化性质变异系数相对较大。各群落土壤C／N值均小于25。相关分析表明,全氮、有机质与有效磷两两显著相关（p〈0.01）,有效磷还与含水率显著相关（p〈0．05）,硝态氮、铵态氮和全磷未显示出与其他理化性质的相关关系。含水率与pH值显著相关（p〈0．05）,且二者均与土壤盐分显著负相关（P〈0．01）。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前，肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言，因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍，且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化，以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系，为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明，在20世纪60年代，肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍，且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前，肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%，但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比，中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入，大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年，中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明，种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性；农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大，如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比，畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说，农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响，这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.