甘油预处理对热处理材尺寸稳定性的影响北大核心

为提高木材的尺寸稳定性,采用甘油水溶液对毛白杨和云杉进行预处理,然后再进行热处理。通过检测处理材的密度、平衡含水率、吸水和吸湿抗胀率等,结果表明:与未预处理的热处理材相比,经甘油水溶液预处理后,热处理材的密度增加率提高;平衡含水率先降低后增加;吸水和吸湿抗胀率均显著增加。     

思茅松热处理木材的研究

热处理对于提高木材的尺寸稳定性和耐久性、抵抗生物破坏等性能来说是一种非常有效的方法。作者采用油浴法对思茅松木材进行热处理工艺的探讨,分别对热处理木材的失重率、吸湿率、线性胀缩率、以及微观构造等进行了分析,研究结果表明：（1）思茅松热处理材随着处理温度和处理时间的增加,失重率逐渐增加;（2）思茅松热处理材随着处理温度和处理时间的增加,吸湿率逐渐降低;（3）思茅松热处理材随着处理温度和处理时间的增加,线性胀缩率逐渐降低;（4）在微观构造观察方面,由于早材腔大壁薄,材质较松软,经过热处理后早材部分容易引起径向开裂,早材管胞形态的变形程度要比晚材要大,早材轴向管胞壁的弯曲变形较晚材的要严重。随着热处理温度升高,热处理时间的延长,炭化程度越来越严重,为不使木材物理力学以及微观构造方面遭到严重破坏,建议木材热处理温度为160℃、热处理时间为6～12h或木材热处理温度为180℃、热处理时间为6～8h为宜。     

热处理辐射松吸湿解吸等温线的测定与分析

为了筛选出适合新西兰辐射松的等温吸湿解吸模型,以新西兰辐射松板材为研究对象,经热处理温度为160,170,180,190,200和210℃,处理时间为2.0 h的热处理后,通过动态水分吸附仪研究热处理材的平衡含水率与热处理温度的关系,同时选用PEK模型及6种吸湿解吸等温线模型对平衡含水率数据进行非线性拟合并对其拟合效果进行评价,以确定最佳拟合模型及其参数。结果表明:在相同湿度条件下,热处理材平衡含水率最高为15.102%,低于对照材16.323%,相同处理温度的木材在相同湿度下,吸湿平衡含水率小于解吸平衡含水率;不同处理温度的木材吸湿解吸平衡含水率随热处理温度的升高而逐渐降低。PEK模型可以预测木材在吸湿和解吸过程中的含水率,其拟合度R~2在0.99以上。在6种吸湿解吸等温线模型中,GAB模型为最优拟合模型,可以预测不同环境湿度下木材的平衡含水率,其拟合度R~2在0.99以上。     

小叶紫檀和非洲血檀热处理材尺寸稳定性及抽提物研究

对小叶紫檀和非洲血檀试材进行高温热处理,热处理温度分别为120、140、160、180℃,时长2 h。利用GC-MS对试材的苯醇抽提物进行分析。研究结果表明:高温热处理使小叶紫檀吸湿率降低40.0%~67.2%;非洲血檀吸湿率降低36.8%,~52.1%。两种木材的吸湿率随处理温度升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势;热处理材的尺寸稳定性提高,抗胀缩率随着热处理温度的升高基本呈现升高的趋势;热处理材抽提物的含量和成分改变,但具有保健功能的成分部分保留;两种木材的总离子流谱图具有鲜明的特征,可为鉴别提供依据。     

生物质燃气热处理落叶松木材性能测试

利用生物质燃气对落叶松进行热处理,处理温度190℃,处理时间4 h。测试落叶松热处理材与素材的平衡含水率、湿胀率和力学强度。结果表明:经过生物质燃气热处理后,落叶松处理材的平衡含水率和湿胀性明显降低,顺纹抗压强度和抗弯强度均有小幅下降,分别下降了6.47%和7.4%;而落叶松热处理材的抗弯弹性模量基本保持不变。由此说明,以生物质燃气为处理介质,在合适的热处理条件下对落叶松木材进行处理,在改善湿胀性的同时,木材的力学强度下降幅度可以控制在10%范围内,对其使用没有产生很大的影响。     

热处理对进口辐射松木材抗弯性能和尺寸稳定性的影响

对进口辐射松木材分别以4个温度水平和3个时间水平进行热处理。结果显示:随着温度升高,试材抗弯弹性模量呈现波动式变化,200℃时出现最大值;抗弯强度逐渐减小;随时间延长,抗弯性能均缓慢下降。热处理可有效提高试材尺寸稳定性,试材平衡含水率、阻湿率和抗胀率主要受温度影响,受热处理时间的影响较小。     

高温热处理对UF树脂改性杉木吸湿性和耐湿尺寸稳定性的影响

以脲醛(UF)树脂改性杉木为研究对象,采用高温过热蒸汽对其进行热处理,系统研究了热处理温度和时间对UF树脂改性杉木吸湿性和耐湿尺寸稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:与杉木对照材相比,UF树脂改性杉木吸湿性降低,耐湿尺寸稳定性提高;高温热处理能降低UF树脂改性杉木的吸湿性,提高其耐湿尺寸稳定性;与热处理时间相比,高温热处理温度对UF树脂改性杉木的吸湿性和耐湿尺寸稳定性的影响更大,随着热处理温度的升高,UF树脂改性杉木的平衡含水率、弦向湿胀率、径向湿胀率和体积湿胀率均呈先下降后升高的趋势;与杉木对照材相比,热处理UF树脂改性杉木的平衡含水率、弦向、径向湿胀率和体积湿胀率最大分别降低了39.00%、62.02%、69.89%、59.99%;与未经热处理的UF树脂改性杉木相比,热处理UF树脂改性杉木的平衡含水率、弦向、径向湿胀率和体积湿胀率最大分别降低了28.71%、53.42%、65.85%、54.32%。     

高温热处理对欧洲云杉和花旗松吸湿特性的影响

研究了高温热处理对欧洲云杉和花旗松平衡含水率及吸湿特性的影响。采用水蒸气作为保护介质,设定160,180,200和220℃4个温度条件下进行高温热处理2 h,以双室温、湿度控制法获得等温吸附曲线,并采用GAB模型拟合,分析高温热处理对木材水蒸气等温吸附曲线线型、平衡含水率、有效比表面积的影响。结果表明:高温热处理可以显著降低2个树种试样的吸湿平衡含水率,处理温度越高,平衡含水率下降值越明显,220℃处理后试样的平衡含水率相较于未处理材的平衡含水率下降可达40%以上;利用GAB吸附模型能够较好地描述高温热处理欧洲云杉木材和花旗松木材的等温吸附过程,等温吸附线拟合度较高(拟合度决定系数均高于0.98)。高温热处理并未改变木材等温吸附线的线型,高温热处理试样和未处理试样均呈现第2类等温吸附曲线特征,但热处理会影响等温吸附曲线斜率;高温热处理后2个树种试样的有效比表面积显著降低,处理温度越高,有效比表面积下降值越明显,且试样高温热处理后比表面积相较于素材的下降比例与平衡含水率受高温热处理的影响相近。本研究可为热处理木材吸湿特性科学评价及实际高温热处理木材生产提供参考。     

高温热处理对三种热带阔叶树材颜色和尺寸稳定性的影响

以大果紫檀（Pterocarpus macrocarpus）、奥氏黄檀（Dalbergia oliveri）、光亮杂色豆（Baphia nitida）三种热带阔叶树材为研究对象,在160、180、200℃下对其进行热处理,探究热处理温度对其心材的颜色、尺寸稳定性的影响。结果表明：随着热处理温度的升高,三种木材的质量损失率均逐渐增大,颜色逐渐加深,热处理对光亮杂色豆和大果紫檀的颜色影响更大;三种木材在常温低湿（25℃、30%RH）和高温高湿（40℃、90%RH）条件下的吸湿平衡含水率和湿胀率均持续减小,阻湿率和体积抗胀率增大,尺寸稳定性明显提高。在200℃热处理后,三种木材均表现出明显增加的质量损失率和颜色变化,因此该三种木材较优的热处理工艺为180℃、3 h。     

热处理对进口辐射松木材抗弯性能和 尺寸稳定性的影响

对进口辐射松木材分别以4个温度水平和3个时间水平进行热处理。结果显示：随着温度升高，试材抗弯弹性模量呈现波动式变化，200 ℃时出现最大值；抗弯强度逐渐减小；随时间延长，抗弯性能均缓慢下降。热处理可有效提高试材尺寸稳定性，试材平衡含水率、阻湿率和抗胀率主要受温度影响，受热处理时间的影响较小。     

高温热处理木材吸湿特性

【目的】研究高温热处理对人工林樟子松、杉木、美洲黑杨木材平衡含水率和吸湿特性的影响,为科学评价热处理木材吸湿特性提供理论基础,为人工林木材高附加值利用和实际高温热处理木材生产提供参考。【方法】以水蒸气为保护介质,设定180、200和220 ℃3个温度进行高温热处理,采用双室温、湿度控制法,在25 ℃环境中以8种不同类型饱和盐溶液精确控制水蒸气相对湿度进行等温吸附试验,运用Hailwood-Horrobin模型拟合等温吸附曲线,分析高温热处理对木材水蒸气等温吸附曲线线形、平衡含水率、单层分子吸附水和多层分子吸附水的影响。【结果】 180、200和220 ℃处理后,试样吸湿平衡含水率均值相当于素材含水率均值的80%、70%和50%左右;3个树种素材试样和高温热处理材试样均表现为第2类等温吸附曲线形态特征,Hailwood-Horrobin模型能够较好拟合不同树种素材和高温热处理材等温吸附曲线,不同热处理条件试样等温吸附曲线的拟合度均高于0.980 0,处理温度越高,等温吸附曲线越接近直线;高温热处理后代表含有单位摩尔数吸附位的绝干木材质量参数( W )显著增加,不同相对湿度下高温热处理材的单层分子吸附水和多层分子吸附水含量也随之降低;180、200和 220 ℃处理后,木材试样单层分子吸附水含量相较于素材下降20%、30%和50%左右,高温热处理对多层分子吸附水含量影响规律与之相近;高温热处理后单层分子吸附水、多层分子吸附水和吸附水总量的最大值相较于素材明显下降,且处理温度越高,下降幅度越大。【结论】高温热处理可明显降低3个树种试样的吸湿平衡含水率,且处理温度越高,平衡含水率下降幅度越大;高温热处理会一定程度影响木材等温吸附曲线线形,Hailwood-Horrobin模型可用于描述高温热处理材等温吸附曲线,且拟合度较高;高温热处理可明显降低3个树种试样等温吸附过程单层分子吸附水和多层分子吸附水含量,且处理温度越高影响越明显,单层分子吸附水和多层分子吸附水最大含量均明显降低,进而影响吸附水总量最大值。     

植物油涂饰处理对热改性落叶松耐候特性的影响

参考芬兰Thermo-Wood~?工艺规程,对落叶松板材分别在160、180和200℃常压过热蒸汽环境下进行高温热改性处理;随后对经过热改性后的板材及常规室干对照板材分别进行了天然植物油涂饰处理,分别使用商品化木蜡油(底油和面油)、自制木油(预聚合大豆油)。在人工模拟高湿环境下测试各类植物油涂饰后的木材相对吸湿率、平衡含水率及橫纹相对变形率等各项技术指标。结果表明,热改性木材经植物油表面涂饰处理后,天然植物油蜡成分有效地浸入木材细胞壁组织,木材表层组织对环境湿度变化的敏感性降低。三种涂饰处理方法中,涂饰商品化木蜡油底油、木蜡油面油的方案最为有效,其木材横纹相对变形率均较未涂饰木材显著降低;随着热改性温度的升高,各类涂饰试件的平衡含水率、相对吸湿率呈现总体下降趋势,加热温度对各类试件的平衡含水率、相对吸湿率存在显著影响。     

Effect of heat treatment intensity on some conferred properties of different European softwood and hardwood species

Effect of heat treatment intensity on some conferred properties like elemental composition, durability, anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of different European softwood and hardwood species subjected to mild pyrolysis at 230 °C under nitrogen for different durations has been investigated. Independently of the wood species studied, elemental composition is strongly correlated with the mass losses due to thermal degradations which are directly connected to treatment intensity (duration). In all cases, an important increase in the carbon content associated with a decrease in the oxygen content was observed. Heat-treated specimens were exposed to several brown rot fungi, and the weight losses due to fungal degradation were determined after 16 weeks, while effect of wood extractives before and after thermal treatment was investigated on mycelium growth. ASE and EMC were also evaluated. Results indicated important correlations between treatment intensity and all of the wood conferred properties like its elemental composition, durability, ASE or EMC. These results clearly indicated that chemical modifications of wood cell wall polymers are directly responsible for wood decay durability improvement, but also for its improved dimensional stability as well as its reduced capability for water adsorption. All these modifications of wood properties appeared simultaneously and progressively with the increase in treatment intensity depending on treatment duration. At the same time, effect of extractives generated during thermal treatment on Poria placenta growth indicated that these latter ones have no beneficial effect on wood durability.     

Technological properties of glulam beams made from hydrothermally treated poplar wood

In this research, technological properties of glulam beams made from hydrothermally treated poplar (Populus deltoides) wood were investigated. Poplar wood blocks with dimensions of 6 (r)?×?10 (t)?×?73 (l)?cm³ were cut and hydrothermally treated in a stainless steel reactor at temperatures of 140 and 160°C for a holding time of 30?min. The treated wood blocks were initially air seasoned and then they were dried in a semi-pilot scale vacuum dryer to achieve moisture content (MC) of 12%. Conditioning of the treated and the untreated wood blocks was done prior to adhesive bonding. Afterwards the glulam beams (4 ply) were manufactured using polyurethane. In order to evaluate the physico-mechanical properties of the beams, density, equilibrium moisture content, water repellent effect (WRE), anti-swelling effect (ASE), mass loss (ML), wettability as well as surface roughness due to the hydrothermal treatment were determined in the treated wood and delamination, bond shear strength, tensile strength, MC and moisture-induced stresses as well as strains in cross-section of the beams were determined in the glulam beams. The results revealed that density, ML, ASE, WRE, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and delamination were increasing and the others were decreased due to the hydrothermal treatment.     

Water absorption of xeromor forest floor samples

Samples from the xeromor type humus horizon with different initial water cotents were irrigated and the water absorption studied. Four samples were used: from the litter (AoL), fermentation (AoF) and epihumus (AoFH) subhorizons and from the humus-mineral horizon (Ah). The samples were sprinkled continuously under laboratory conditions with an intensity of 10 mm h^?1.Irrigated samples with low initial moisture contents showed the lowest rate of water absorption, whereas in those with highest initial moisture content a quick increase in water content was observed. Two phases were distinguished: that of total absorption of irrigated water and that of partial absorption and outflow. The duration of the first phase was about 10 min for the samples with the lowest initial moisture content and about two hours for samples with higher initial moisture content. Significant differences in the first phase of water absorption were connected with the degree of humification. When the humification degree increases, so do the differences in absorption properties of the organic material due to initial moisture content. The ratios of water content increase in samples from subhorizons AoL, AoF, AoFH with the lowest initial water content were 0.82, 0.36 and 0.47, respectively. This shows that the initial water content has the least effect on the first phase of water absorption in the least humified material from subhorizon AoL. The water properties of the organic horizon significantly affect absorption by the forest floor.     

DETERMINE ON INITIAL DIMENSIONAL STABILITY OF CHEMICAL MODIFIED WOOD

Strain development along radial direction was continuously determined by D—200Linear Variable Differential Transformers(L.V.D.T).When a wood specimen was put into waterand begin to swell from absolute dry moisture content to the maximum.Experiment results showthat the differences of swelling with soaking time between untreated and treated wood specimens dueto uptaking water.It would also give an indication to the effectiveness of various chemicals on thedimensional stability of modified wood.ASE of modified wood samples with SA-EP,EP and SA were found to be better than MA-AGE.SA-EP had got the best effetiveness on dimensional stabili-ty in reducing the swelling.     

金沙江干热河谷不同土壤水分对台湾青枣根系生长的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同水分处理下台湾青枣根系的分布状况,调查分析了不同径级根系数量、根系含水率、根系密度等项目。结果表明:台湾青枣根系主要分布在0-60 cm的土壤中,根系数量随土壤含水量的降低而增加,但根系含水率则是随着土壤含水量的增加而增加,而根系数量则随着土壤含水量的减少而增多的特征。因此,A处理(土壤含水量为田间持水量的40%-55%)是台湾青枣生长的最适水量,通过人为控制土壤含水量,以此调节根系生长与空间分布,最终达到调控作物生长和产量。     

Effect of compression on hydroscopicity of extracted Chinese fir heartwood

In order to clarify the effects of extraction and compression on the hydroscopicity of wood, Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.） heartwood samples with or without extraction were radially or tangentially compressed under water-saturated condition at room temperature. Warm water and 1% sodium hydroxide were used as different solutions for extraction. Water absorption capacity and moisture adsorption isotherms of the compressed samples were then tested. The fractal dimension of internal wood surfaces （Dfs） was calculated based on adsorption isotherms by FHH equation. Results showed that in both compressed groups, the hydroscopicity of samples extracted by sodium hydroxide solution improved greatly, while that of samples extracted by warm water changed little, compared with that of water-saturated samples. Recovery of set and the change of hydroscopic environment inside wood were main reasons for the difference of water absorption among water-saturated samples and samples extracted with warm water and sodium hydroxide solution. The swelling rate of samples extracted by sodium hydroxide solution significantly increased. Moreover, the swelling rate in the tangential direction of tangentially compressed samples was obviously higher than that in radial direction of radially compressed ones. Dfs values of woods extracted by warm water and sodium hydroxide solution decreased by 0.002 and 0.007 in a radially compressed group and by 0.013 and 0.013 in a tangentially compressed group, compared to those of water-saturated one. Therefore, the conclusion can be made that the extraction and compression treatments used in this study have no obvious effects on internal wood surface.     

Changes of chemical properties and the water vapour sorption of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus pellita</Emphasis> wood thermally modified in vacuum

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and the dynamic water vapour sorption properties of Eucalyptus pellita wood thermally modified in vacuum. For this purpose, wood samples were thermally modified in a vacuum oven at 160–240 °C for 4 h. Chemical composition were investigated by wet chemical analysis, elemental analysis, as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and dynamic water vapour sorption properties were evaluated by dynamic vapour sorption apparatus. The results showed that holocellulose and alpha-cellulose contents decreased and lignin and extractives contents relatively increased during the heat process. Elemental analysis showed a reduction in hydrogen content and an increase in carbon content. FTIR analysis indicated that the degradation of hemicellulose and condensation reactions of lignin occurred. In addition, the thermo-vacuum resulted in a reduction in the equilibrium moisture content of wood during the adsorption or desorption process. And the sorption hysteresis had a decreasing trend with increasing treatment temperature. The development of the hygroscopicity was related to the increase in the relative content of lignin, the degradation of the carbonyl groups in xylan and the loss of carbonyl group linked to the aromatic skeleton in lignin after heat treatment.     

糠醇树脂改性杉木的尺寸稳定性及力学性能

使用以水和乙醇为溶剂的糠醇溶液,分别对人工林杉木进行改性处理。结果显示:以乙醇做溶剂的糠醇溶液处理的杉木,增重率平均为34%,尺寸稳定性以及抗弯弹性模量、抗弯弹性强度,均优于以水为溶剂配方处理的杉木。