几种生物因子对褐飞虱诱导的水稻挥发物活性的影响

利用行为生测考察了褐飞虱为害程度、水稻生育期和品种对水稻挥发物引诱褐飞虱卵期寄生蜂稻虱缨小蜂活性的影响.结果表明,雌成虫10头/株和20头/株为害1 d的水稻挥发物,对稻虱缨小蜂具明显的引诱作用,而1头/株、5头/株、40头/株和80头/株为害1 d的,与空白对照相比不显示明显的引诱作用.稻虱缨小蜂对TN1未处理稻株挥发物的趋性不明显,并且对不同生育期的稻株亦无明显差异;但受褐飞虱为害后,生育期60 d的稻株比90 d的对稻虱缨小蜂具更强的引诱作用.不同品种未处理稻株间,TN1挥发物对稻虱缨小蜂的引诱作用明显地比Nabeshi强,而其他品种间差异不显著.在受到褐飞虱为害后,品种间的差异趋于明显.汕优63比TN1具更强的引诱作用,而Nabeshi、IR26和丙97-59等品种对稻虱缨小蜂的引诱作用则明显弱于TN1.     

抗吡虫啉褐飞虱种群对黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应的影响

[目的]了解褐飞虱对吡虫啉产生抗性后对黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应的影响,以便更好地协调生物防治与化学防治的关系.[方法]用抗、感吡虫啉褐飞虱种群分别饲养黑肩绿盲蝽1代,测定F2代黑肩绿盲蝽RNC和SNC种群各龄若虫和成虫对褐飞虱卵的功能反应.[结果]黑肩绿盲蝽RNC和SNC种群各龄若虫和成虫的功能反应均能用HollingⅡ圆盘方程进行拟合,同一个种群的捕食量在一定范围内随着猎物密度的增加而增加,两个种群的1~3龄若虫和雌成虫对褐飞虱卵的捕食能力、各龄期的日最大捕食量、对猎物的处理时间均差异不显著,但黑肩绿盲蝽RNC种群的4和5龄若虫对褐飞虱卵的瞬间攻击率α分别为1.2946和1.0968,显著低于SNC种群的1.9597和1.5657.[结论]用抗吡虫啉褐飞虱种群饲养黑肩绿盲蝽1代后,黑肩绿盲蝽的功能反应发生变化,其捕食功能有所下降.     

灰毛豆种子甲醇提取物对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的安全性

为评价灰毛豆种子甲醇提取物对白背飞虱天敌黑肩绿盲蝽的安全性,比较了提取物对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫和白背飞虱3龄若虫的杀虫毒力,测定了提取物对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫存活时间和捕食功能的影响.结果表明,提取物对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫的毒力远低于对白背飞虱3龄若虫的毒力,处理后48 h的LC50值分别为298.8和16.3 mg/L;用10 mg/...     

褐飞虱唾液中诱导水稻释放挥发物的活性组分研究

行为生测表明在褐飞虱的头部磨碎液中存在诱导水稻释放引诱稻虱缨小蜂挥发物的活性组分,这些活性组分主要属于蛋白质类.在-15～-20℃条件下褐飞虱头部磨碎液的生物活性,至少可保持38d,但72d后全部丧失.褐飞虱唾液中存在的α-萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶等4种主要酶类中,仅β-葡萄糖苷酶所处理的稻株挥发物能明显地引诱稻虱缨小蜂.褐飞虱头部磨碎液、磨碎液中的蛋白质以及β-葡萄糖苷酶等处理稻株的挥发物与褐飞虱雌成虫为害株的挥发物对稻虱缨小蜂的引诱作用无明显差异.挥发物提取、分离与鉴定的结果表明,褐飞虱头部磨碎液、头部磨碎液中分离的蛋白质类以及β-葡萄糖苷酶等处理所诱导释放的水稻挥发物与褐飞虱雌成虫为害株所释放的挥发物组成相似.这些结果表明褐飞虱唾液中的蛋白质类,尤其是β-葡萄糖苷酶在褐飞虱诱导的水稻挥发物释放中起着重要作用.文中还就褐飞虱唾液中可能存在的各类活性组分及其可能的作用机理进行了讨论.     

不同温度和密度下黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱的功能反应

在实验室条件下,开展不同温度和密度下黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱的功能反应试验,用该方法定量评价黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱的捕食作用。结果表明,黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱若虫的功能反应为HollingⅡ型反应,在温度为24-35℃时,24-30℃黑肩绿盲蝽的捕食量随温度的升高而增加,在30℃时捕食量达到最大值,30-35℃捕食量随温度的升高而降低。在不同密度下,黑肩绿盲蝽的捕食量随密度的增大而增加,捕食量在一定范围内随着猎物密度的增加而增加,若虫的捕食能力大于成虫;4龄若虫理论捕食量最大,为104.2粒卵/d。数值反应研究结果表明,不同褐飞虱卵密度对黑肩绿盲蝽的生长、发育、繁殖有着显著影响。随着猎物密度增大,黑肩绿盲蝽若虫发育迅速、雌虫产卵量、孵化率及雌性比增大,成虫寿命减小,最后趋于稳定。     

温度对黑肩绿盲蝽生长发育和繁殖的持续影响

黑肩绿盲蝽（Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter）是稻田重要害虫褐飞虱的主要天敌,人工饲养和大田释放黑肩绿盲蝽,能有效控制褐飞虱。在实验室研究了不同温度（19,23,27和31℃）对黑肩绿盲蝽生长发育和繁殖的连续3个世代的持续影响。结果表明,19℃条件下随着世代发展,雌若虫历期缩短,子代数量降低;31℃条件下随着世代发展,雌成虫寿命缩短,子代数量降低;其他温度对若虫存活率、雄若虫历期、雌虫体重、成虫寿命和子代数量持续影响不显著。试验结果说明在相对低温19℃和相对高温31℃下,黑肩绿盲蝽的生长发育和繁殖受到抑制。     

吡虫啉对稻虱缨小蜂的致死和亚致死效应研究

设定2种吡虫啉浓度(有效浓度分别为37.5、15.0 g·hm~(-2)),探讨其对褐飞虱的卵寄生蜂稻虱缨小蜂的毒性.剂的对照[死亡率为(1.67±1.67)%].携带稻虱缨小蜂幼体的稻苗经高浓度吡虫啉处理后,稻虱缨小蜂的羽化率为(83.53±1.81)%,显著地低于未经药剂处理的对照(92.09±0.75)%.吡虫啉对稻虱缨小蜂的致死中浓度(LC_(50))为790.89 μg·kg~(-1).稻虱缨小蜂接触250、500μg·kg~(-1) 2种亚致死浓度吡虫啉后,分别有40%和65%残存个体未能对褐飞虱为害稻株挥发物作出反应;而作出反应的个体亦不能区分虫害稻株与健康稻株的气味.然而,接触2种亚致死浓度吡虫啉后,存活的稻虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱利它素的行为反应及对褐飞虱卵的寄生率无明显改变.     

水稻不同栽插方式对褐飞虱及其天敌种群数量的影响

对江苏省仪征市手栽稻、机插稻、直播稻等不同栽插方式水稻田的褐飞虱及其天敌的发生动态进行了调查.结果表明,3种栽插方式水稻上褐飞虱的发生程度各不相同,总体表现为手栽稻重,机插稻次之,直播稻最轻;不同栽插方式水稻上褐飞虱天敌蜘蛛和黑肩绿盲蝽的数量存在明显差异,蜘蛛量表现为机插稻上最高,手栽稻次之,直播稻最低,黑肩绿盲蝽的数量手栽稻显著高于机插稻与直播稻.     

黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis(Reuter)对褐飞虱Nilaparvata cugens(Stal)的功能反应

黑肩绿盲蝽成虫对褐飞虱卵和成虫各龄期的功能反应均为Holling Ⅱ型。其反应曲线均能用Rogers的捕食者模型所拟合。该天敌的搜寻能力随其猎物褐飞虱龄期的增加而减少,而所需的处理时间则增加。本文还讨论了黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱的控制作用。     

水稻害虫的生物防治措施(下)

2.利用捕食性天敌防虫水稻上的捕食性天敌有黑肩绿盲蝽、尖钩宽黾蝽、青翅蚁形隐翅虫、双斑青步甲、捕食菅蓟马等。如黑肩绿盲蝽和尖钩宽黾蝽是稻飞虱和稻叶蝉的重要捕食性天敌。黑肩绿盲蝽主要捕食卵和低龄若虫。一头尖钩宽黾蝽成虫一天可取食一龄飞虱若虫4.2头或3龄若虫2.2头     

Cry1Ab rice does not impact biological characters and functional response of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis preying on Nilaparvata lugens eggs

One concern about the use of transgenic plants is their potential risk to natural enemies. In this study, using the eggs of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, as a food source, we investigated the effects of Cry1 Ab rice on the biological characteristics and functional response of an important predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. The results showed that the survival ability(adult emergence rate and egg hatching rate), development(egg duration, nymphal developmental duration), adult fresh weight, adult longevity and fecundity of C. lividipennis on Bt rice plants were not significantly different compared to those on non-Bt rice plants. Furthermore, two important parameters of functional response(instantaneous search rate and handling time) were not significantly affected by Bt rice. In conclusion, the tested Cry1 Ab rice does not adversely impact the biological character and functional response of C. lividipennis.     

Selectivity and sublethal effects of some frequently-used biopesticides on the predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae)

The green miridbug,Cyrtorhinus lividipennis,is an important predator of the rice brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens.In this study,the selective toxicity of seven commercial biopesticides for C.lividipennis was examined under laboratory conditions; abamectin was the most selective to C.lividipennis,followed by matrine and azadirachtin.Veratridine,rotenone,Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana showed less selectivity for C.lividipennis.Subsequently,matrine,abamectin and azadirachtin were selected for sublethal assessments with respect to C.lividipennis due to their high toxicities to N.lugens.C.lividipennis treated with sublethal concentrations(LC10 and LC20) of the three biopesticides could distinguish volatiles released from healthy and N.lugens-infested plants indicating that the biopesticides tested did not affect the foraging ability of surviving miridbugs.Azadirachtin decreased the consumption capability of C.lividipennis when the densities of N.lugens were 20,30,40 and 50 insects per vial.Sublethal concentration treatment did not impact the pre-oviposition period or egg hatchability of C.lividipennis.However,the fecundity of C.lividipennis exposed to azadirachtin and abamectin increased by 27–41% compared to the untreated individuals.In summary,abamectin or matrine together with C.lividipennis could be considered an effective,sustainable pest management strategy for rice.     

杀虫剂对褐飞虱捕食性天敌黑肩绿盲蝽的安全性评价

 【目的】评估7类14种杀虫剂对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens（Stål）的重要捕食性天敌黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtohinus lividipennis (Reuter)成虫、若虫和卵的安全性。【方法】在室内条件下,用药膜法、稻株喷雾法及稻茎浸渍法测定杀虫剂对黑肩绿盲蝽的安全性。【结果】药膜法测定结果表明氟虫腈、噻虫嗪和异丙威3种杀虫剂对成虫不安全（Ⅳ级）,LC50值为0.20～0.74 mg a.i.•L-1;氟硅菊酯、醚菊酯对成虫安全（Ⅰ级）,LC50值＞160.0 mg a.i.•L-1。稻株喷雾法测定结果表明噻嗪酮在药后1d对成虫安全（Ⅰ级）,死亡率为1.7％;在药后4～10 d,丁硫克百威、氟虫腈、噻虫嗪、吡虫啉为较不安全或不安全（Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级）,死亡率为70.0%～100.0%。稻茎浸渍法测定结果表明除噻嗪酮和阿维菌素外,其余供试杀虫剂均对黑肩绿盲蝽若虫不安全（Ⅳ级）。稻株喷雾法测定结果表明醚菊酯、阿维菌素、氟硅菊酯、敌敌畏、噻嗪酮对卵安全（Ⅰ级）,孵化抑制率＜20%,而丁硫克百威对卵较不安全（Ⅲ级）,孵化抑制率为52.24%。【结论】IGR类噻嗪酮对黑肩绿盲蝽各虫态均很安全,其它供试杀虫剂对黑肩绿盲蝽的安全性因杀虫剂和虫态的不同而异。     

植物挥发物及寄生经历在半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主搜索行为中的作用

研究了不同处理甘蓝植株释放的挥发物及寄生经历在半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主搜索行为中的作用.与完整植株相比,机械损伤植株、虫损伤植株、虫-植株复合体释放的挥发物对半闭弯尾姬蜂的引诱力显著提高,且以虫-植株复合体释放的挥发物引诱力相对最强,表明植物受虫害后的挥发物对该蜂的寄主搜索起着重要的诱导作用,寄主幼虫的挥发物也起一定作用.雌蜂在虫损伤植株、小菜蛾-植株复合体上所停留的时间较在完整植株和机械损伤植株上显著要长.寄生经历能够明显增强半闭弯尾姬蜂搜索寄主的效率.     

黑肩绿盲蝽对不均匀分布猎物的捕食行为

在人工气候室内黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinous lividipennis(Reuter)褐对飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stal高密度小区表现出明显的聚集反应。在褐飞虱密度高的小区出现的时间大于在低密度小区内的时间。其聚集的机制很可能是该捕食者对高猎物密度小区的捕食频繁,停留的时间也更长。尽管黑肩绿盲蝽表现出很明显的聚集行为,但是它们对褐飞虱的捕食率却与褐飞虱的密度无关或成逆密度相关。形成这种现象的据本原因是捕食者的最大食量和该捕食者在各害虫密度小区内的搜索时间限制。     

Functional and numerical responses of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis to eggs of Nilaparvata lugens are not affected by genetically modified herbicide-tolerant rice

To safely and sustainably utilize genetic breeding techniques for crop production, greater understanding of the potential effects of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops on the ecological functions of predators is required. In the laboratory, we examined the functional and numerical responses of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter to eggs of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), which were reared on GMHT rice Bar68-1; the untransformed parental cultivar, D68; or a BPH-susceptive rice variety, Taichung Native 1. All stages of nymphs and female adult of C. lividipennis, either on GMHT rice or control plants, exhibited typical type II functional responses when fed on BPH eggs; the attacking rate and handling time of C. lividipennis on GMHT rice Bar68-1 was not significantly different from that on D68. The numerical responses of C. lividipennis on GMHT rice or controls fit Beddington’s model; there were no significant differences in the parameters of numerical responses between GMHT rice Bar68-1 and D68. The results indicated that the functional and numerical responses of C. lividipennis to BPH eggs are not affected by GMHT rice Bar68-1.     

3种植物乙醇提取物对稻田捕食性天敌的毒杀作用

室内测定3种植物乙醇提取物对稻田重要天敌维腹肖蛸(Tetragnatha maxillosa)、食虫瘤胸蛛(Oedothorax insecticeps)和黑肩绿盲蝽(Cyrtorchimus lividipennis)的毒杀作用.结果表明,薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)乙醇提取物0.01 g·mL-1、...     

25%噻虫嗪SC防治盘育秧和水育秧害虫试验研究

应用25%噻虫嗪SC在水稻苗期以不同处理方式(灌根、叶面喷雾)、不同浓度(500~1500倍液)施用1次防治苗期稻蓟马、大田期稻飞虱,结果表明:该药剂对水稻苗期蓟马有良好的防治效果,苗前一次施药控制大田期稻飞虱效果一般。对提高秧苗素质有良好的作用。