开垦对黑土表层土壤压缩—回弹行为的影响

为探讨开垦对典型黑土表层土壤压缩与回弹行为的影响,以未经开垦天然次生林和开垦年限为17 a、30 a、40 a耕地的表层(0~10 cm)土壤为研究对象,采用快速固结试验方法,研究了土壤压缩与回弹过程中土壤孔隙比(e)、压缩指数(C_c)、压缩系数(a)和回弹指数(C_s)的变化。结果表明:土壤孔隙比(e)、压缩指数(C_c)、压缩系数(a)和回弹指数(C_s)随着开垦年限的增加而降低,C_c、a、C_s变化范围分别为0.252~0.426、0.002 04~0.003 70 k Pa~(-1)、0.041~0.070;未经开垦天然次生林地土壤C_c、C_s显著高于耕地土壤(p0.05);C_c、a、C_s与容重均呈极显著负相关(p0.01),与有机质含量呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。土壤压缩性与回弹能力随着开垦年限的增加逐渐降低,容重、有机质含量对其影响最大。     

铁矿尾砂配施有机物料对褐土压缩及回弹特性的影响

铁矿尾砂作为工业废弃物已经应用于农业生产，可以改善土壤结构；农业机械作业造成的土壤压实、破坏土壤结构是影响作物产量的主要原因之一。论文旨在探讨铁矿尾砂配施有机物料对褐土压缩—回弹特性的影响，将混有铁矿尾砂和有机物料的土壤以18%含水率培养一昼夜，按1.25 g/cm3容重装入土工试验专用环刀，采用快速固结试验方法，进行单轴压缩试验。结果表明，随铁矿尾砂施用量增加，在低应力时，土壤孔隙比减小量（?e）变大；在高应力时，土壤 ?e 变小。预固结压力值（Pc）和压缩指数（Cc）均随铁矿尾砂施用量增加而降低，Pc和Cc变化范围分别为72.91～119.30 kPa、0.445～0.720，二者均与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系；与砂粒含量呈极显著负相关关系（P<0.01）。回弹指数（Cs）变化范围为0.0109～0.0169，与有机质及砂粒含量均无显著相关关系，有机物料是影响土壤回弹指数的主要因素。较对照相比，20%铁矿尾砂配施有机物料处理使压缩指数降低12.77%，预固结压力值和回弹指数分别提高6.93%和22.14%，降低压实风险。     

初始含水量和容重对黑土压缩特性的影响

东北黑土区农业机械化水平高,农机作业压实导致的土壤结构和物理性状退化问题日益严重,压缩特性是定量分析土壤压实过程的有效手段,但目前黑土压缩特性随初始含水量和初始容重的变化规律尚不明确。为了解初始含水量和初始容重对黑土压缩特性的影响程度及其变化关系,该研究以重塑黑土为对象,设0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.40 g/g共6个初始含水量水平,设1.00、1.10、1.20、1.30、1.45、1.60 g/cm³共6个初始容重水平,使用固结仪进行单轴压缩试验测定土壤压缩曲线,分析初始含水量和容重对压缩特性影响。结果表明,土壤初始含水量、容重及两者交互作用均极显著影响重塑黑土压缩特性(P<0.001),据此建立了预测压缩特性的土壤传递函数。黑土的预固结压力为10.42～1 106.17 kPa,与初始含水量显著线性正相关、与初始容重显著线性负相关(P<0.05);压缩指数为0.311～0.852,与初始含水量和容重呈二元多项式方程的关系,随初始容重的增大而降低,在中等含水量时最大;回弹指数为0.007～0.321,与初始含水量正相关,与...     

民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带土壤粒径分形特征研究

通过野外采样与室内试验,分析了民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带土壤粒径分布分形特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系,结果表明:(1)民勤绿洲-荒漠过渡带白刺群落土壤以细砂为主,梭梭、沙拐枣群落土壤以中砂、粗砂为主;土壤粒径分形维数为2.144～2.398,3种植被类型土壤粒径分形维数均为固定沙丘半固定沙丘流动沙丘(或平沙地流动沙丘)。(2)土壤粒径分形维数与黏粒(0.005 mm)、粉粒(0.005～0.05 mm)含量呈极显著正相关(p0.01),与细砂(0.1～0.25 mm)、中砂(0.25～0.5 mm)、粗砂(0.5～1 mm)含量呈负相关但不显著,与极细砂(0.05～0.1 mm)、极粗砂(1～2 mm)含量呈正相关但也不显著。(3)分形维数D值与全氮、速效磷含量分别呈极显著正相关(p0.01)和显著正相关(p0.05),土壤黏粒含量与有机质、全氮、速效磷含量呈显著正相关(p0.05),土壤粉粒、砂粒含量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关(p0.01),土壤分形维数D值和黏粒、粉粒、砂粒含量与土壤含水量、全钾、速效钾、全盐、p H值相关关系均不显著。     

黔中地区坡耕地土壤机械组成对界限含水量的影响

土壤界限含水量作为重要的土壤力学指标,直接影响着坡耕地土壤抗冲性和土壤侵蚀过程。土壤机械组成与界限含水量特征值存在因果关系;研究两者间关系,有助于阐明坡耕地土壤侵蚀机理。以黔中3种主要岩性区坡耕地为研究对象,用野外调查及室内试验的方法,探讨了土壤机械组成对界限含水量的影响。结果表明:3种母岩区坡耕地土壤塑限为石灰岩区(30.49%)>紫色砂岩区(24.12%)、砂页岩区(20.50%),土壤液限为石灰岩区(56.30%)>紫色砂岩区(43.09%)>砂页岩区(32.80%),塑性指数为石灰岩区(26.03%)>紫色砂岩区(18.97%)>砂页岩区(12.29%)。石灰岩区坡耕地土壤粗砂含量、粉粒含量与液限、塑性指数呈负相关,黏粒含量与液限、塑性指数呈正相关;紫色砂岩区坡耕地粗砂含量与液限、塑性指数呈显著负相关,粉粒含量、黏粒含量与液限、塑性指数呈显著正相关;砂页岩区坡耕地粗砂含量与液限、塑性指数呈显著负相关,黏粒含量与液限、塑性指数呈显著正相关。不同岩性分布区坡耕地的界限含水量存在差异,成土母岩的差异是造成3种坡耕地土壤界限含水量差主要原因。     

黄土剖面土壤颗粒组成对土壤含水量的影响

土壤水资源是影响黄土高原土地利用和生态建设的重要因子,而土壤颗粒组成又是影响黄土高原土壤含水量的重要因素之一.为了分析黄土丘陵半干旱区深层剖面土壤颗粒组成对土壤含水量的影响.选择陕北绥德县境内的人工柠条林地和农地为研究对象,测定0-18 m土壤含水量及颗粒组成,分析深层土壤含水量与颗粒组成的关系.结果表明,人工柠条林耗水深度以下、农地3 m以下的土壤含水量主要受黏粒含量的影响,且土壤含水量与黏粒含量之间呈极显著的对数关系.人工柠条林在其耗水深度内,颗粒组成对含水量的影响不显著.     

秸秆添加与土壤基质势对棕壤压缩回弹特性的影响

土壤板结是农田土壤退化问题之一,秸秆还田是提高土壤有机质含量、改良土壤的重要措施。但秸秆还田和土壤基质势对土壤板结的影响尚不明确。试验设0,3,5 g/kg 3个秸秆添加量处理,以及高(1 000 kPa)、中(100 kPa)、和低(10 kPa)3个土壤基质势处理。通过固结试验,测定不同处理的压缩曲线并计算压缩回弹特性指标。结果表明:秸秆添加量、土壤基质势及其二者间的交互作用对压缩曲线最大曲率、预固结压力值、压缩指数和回弹指数的影响都达到显著性水平。预固结压力值、压缩指数和回弹指数均随着秸秆添加量的增加而增大,而最大曲率则随着秸秆增加量的提高而降低。土壤基质势与压缩曲线最大曲率、预固结压力值和压缩指数均呈正相关关系。回弹指数随着土壤基质势的增加呈现先降低后增加的趋势。秸秆添加有助于提高土壤回弹和抗压缩特性。     

毛乌素沙地东南缘沙漠化过程中土壤理化性质分析

采用空间代替时间的方法,对毛乌素沙地东南缘沙漠化过程中土壤理化性质变化进行了分析.结果表明,沙漠化过程中土壤理化性质呈规律性变化,随沙漠化程度的加剧,土壤黏粒含量、含水量、有机质、有机碳和全氮含量减少,土壤砂粒含量、容重和C/N增加,土壤质量下降;相关性分析结果表明,容重和C/N比与各指标呈负相关关系,其余各指标间呈正相关关系,其中容重与有机质、全氮含量之间以及有机质与全氮含量之间存在极显著相关性,黏粒含量与含水量、容重、有机质和全氮含量之间存在显著相关性,含水量与容重、有机质和全氮含量之间也存在显著相关性,说明沙漠化过程中土壤各组分之间存在着密切的内在联系.     

秸秆添加对土壤有机碳库分解转化和组成的影响

研究秸秆添加量对黄潮土和砂姜黑土有机碳库分解转化和组成的影响规律,为调节土壤碳循环、培肥地力提供科学依据。通过1年的室内培养试验,研究了添加0~400 g·kg-1秸秆时,两种土壤的有机物料分解率、腐殖化系数、C/N及土壤活性有机碳、非活性有机碳、总有机碳和碳库活度(活性有机碳与非活性有机碳的比值)的变化。结果表明:随秸秆用量的增加,有机物料在土壤中的分解率增加,腐殖化系数降低;土壤活性有机碳、非活性有机碳、总有机碳含量和碳库活度均增加,与秸秆添加量呈极显著线性正相关关系;土壤活性有机碳和总有机碳含量间具有极显著线性正相关性关系,腐殖化系数同土壤碳库活度呈极显著线性负相关。与砂姜黑土相比,秸秆在黄潮土中更易分解,但黏粒含量较高的砂姜黑土更有利于土壤碳的储存。试验1年后,黄潮土活性有机碳占总有机碳的比例和碳库活度分别比砂姜黑土平均高7.6个百分点和12.3个百分点,砂姜黑土的腐殖化系数和C/N分别比黄潮土平均高3.2个百分点和2.3。综上,秸秆添加越多,碳库活度便越高,越有利于有机物料分解,降低腐殖化系数;黏粒含量越高,有机物料的分解受阻,腐殖化系数便越高。     

沂蒙山区桃园棕壤斥水性对理化性质的空间响应

以沂蒙山区典型土地利用桃园棕壤为例,在分析降雨前后桃园棕壤斥水性与理化性质空间变异的基础上,探讨了棕壤斥水性对土壤含水量、有机质含量和土壤质地的空间响应特征。按照1 m×1 m网格等间距测定降雨前后土壤实际斥水性与含水量,同时采集表层0~3 cm土壤样品,分析其有机质含量与砂粒、粉粒、黏粒含量,并借助经典统计学、地统计学与空间自相关理论对土壤斥水性及理化性质进行空间格局与空间相关性分析。结果表明:沂蒙山区桃园棕壤的斥水程度强烈,雨后斥水性显著降低;降雨前后棕壤斥水性均具有中等变异水平和较强的空间自相关性,且呈指数模型分布,各向异性显著。受结构变异和随机变异作用,斥水性空间格局沿耕作方向呈条带状分布,在其垂直方向上最小变程为1.4 m。土壤质地是影响棕壤斥水性空间变异的主要因素,斥水性与粉粒含量呈空间正相关,与砂粒和黏粒含量呈空间负相关,相关程度粉粒砂粒黏粒;棕壤斥水性与含水量呈空间负相关,相关度雨前较弱,雨后显著。     

Assessing the compaction susceptibility of South African forestry soils. II. Soil properties affecting compactibility and compressibility

Factors affecting the compaction susceptibility of South African forestry soils were assessed. Two traditional measures of compaction susceptibility were used: maximum bulk density (ρ_mbd) determined by the standard Proctor test, defined compactibility, and the compression index using a simple uni-axial test, defined compressibility. Soils were chosen from a broad range of geological and climatic regions and they varied greatly in texture (8 to 66 g 100 g⁻¹ clay) and organic matter content (0.26 to 5.77 g 100 g⁻¹ organic carbon). Soils showed a wide range in ρ_mbd values, from 1.24 to 2.00 Mg m⁻³, and this reflected the wide range of particle size distributions and organic matter contents of the soils. Very good correlations were achieved between measures of particle size distribution, particularly clay plus silt and both compactibility and compressibility. Both compactibility and compressibility were significantly correlated with loss-on-ignition (L_OI) which is a measure reflecting the combined effects of soil texture and organic matter on soil physical properties. Indices of compaction susceptibility were influenced more by particle size distribution than by organic carbon content. Clear effects of organic carbon on compaction behaviour were only evident for soils with low clay contents (< 25 g 100 g⁻¹. No clear relationship between compactibility and compressibility was found. Compactibility generally increased with decreasing clay plus silt content, whereas compressibility increased up to about 70 g 100 g⁻¹ clay plus silt before decreasing again. It is difficult to define compaction susceptibility solely in terms of indices of compactibility or compressibility particularly as there is no clear relationship between these two properties. A classification system for compaction risk assessment is presented, based on the relationship between compactibility (ρ_mbd) and L_OI, and between clay plus silt content and compressibility.     

Strength attributes and compaction susceptibility of Brazilian Latosols

In this study, strength attributes and compaction susceptibility of the main classes of Brazilian Latosols (Oxisols), under native vegetation, were studied using the load bearing capacity models relating precompression stress, compression index and water potential through statistical regression models. These models were developed based on the results of the analysis of undisturbed soil samples collected at the B horizon at the different sites. The results showed that the maximum value of the compression index was 0.53 for the Acric Red Latosol, indicating its higher susceptibility to soil compaction. The Dystrocohesive Yellow Latosol had the highest load bearing capacity, while the Acric Red Latosol had the lowest one. The Dystrocohesive Yellow Latosol due to its high load bearing capacity and bulk density (mechanical resistance) behave similarly to hardsetting soil, in which the plants root system has severe physical restrictions to explore deeper horizons during the dry periods. Differences in the load bearing capacity and compaction susceptibility were found to be influenced by soil structure which is associated with clay mineralogy in these very weathered-leached soils and water potential. The study also showed that soil compression index is influenced by water potential and clay mineralogy also. Our work has laid a foundation for estimation of compaction susceptibility of Latosols.     

Stress relaxation of five different soil samples when uniaxially compacted at different water contents

The average size of rainfed and irrigated agricultural farms in Spain has grown steadily over the past two decades. This has called for the use of machinery of higher field capacity and greater weight that in turn requires a high drawbar power. All this has resulted in soil changes such as an increased compaction and compactibility. The confined uniaxial compression test was used to assess compaction and viscoelastic behavior of five soil samples from different agricultural areas of Spain. The bulk density–compression stress line was fitted to a three-parameter multiplicative compaction model and viscoelastic behavior was evaluated by means of stress-relaxation tests. The objectives were to determine to what extent the parameter coefficients of the compaction model equation and the relaxation of the stress induced in the compacted soil were influenced by the type of soil, its water content and the compression stress applied. Gravimetric water contents of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% were considered, and maximum normal stresses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 kPa were applied to the soils in a universal testing machine. The soil samples considered differed in texture, sandy loam (SL), sandy clay loam (SCL), loam (L), clay (C) and silt-loam (SiL), and organic matter content.

The slope of the bulk density-compression stress line at zero normal stress was strongly dependent on soil water content and plasticity index; whereas the slope of the curve at high applied normal stresses was influenced by soil moisture but not by soil plasticity. The viscoelastic behavior of the soils compared was dictated by their water content and plasticity index, as well as by the compression stress applied. The stress relaxation rate at time t=0 was scarcely influenced by water content. In fact, the rate remained constant over the water content range from 10 to 20% (w/w) at values that were higher than those obtained at 5 and 25% (w/w), which in turn were identical to each other. The stress-relaxation rate was also found to increase linearly with the logarithm of the compression stress. On the other hand, the residual stress decreased linearly with increasing water content. However, the latter increased linearly with compression stress. Increasing soil plasticity resulted in decreasing relaxation rate and increasing residual stress. Therefore, the more plastic the soil was the lower was the rate at which stress relaxation started and the smaller was the amount of stress dissipated.     

A method for predicting soil susceptibility to the compaction of surface layers as a function of water content and bulk density

Identifying the vulnerability of soils to compaction damage is becoming an increasingly important issue when planning and performing farming operations. Soil compaction models are efficient tools for predicting soil compaction due to agricultural field traffic. Most of these models require knowledge of the stress/strain relationship and of mechanical parameters and their variations as a function of different physical properties. Since soil compaction depends on the soil's water content, bulk density and texture, good understanding of the relations between them is essential to define suitable farming strategies according to climatic changes. In this work we propose a new pedotransfer function for 10 representative French soils collected from cultivated fields, a vineyard and forests. We investigate the relationship between soil mechanical properties, easily measurable soil properties, water content and bulk density. Confined compression tests were performed on remoulded soils of a large range of textures at different initial bulk densities and water contents. The use of remolded samples allowed us to examine a wide range of initial conditions with low measurement variability. Good linear regression was obtained between soil precompression stress, the compression index, initial water content, initial bulk density and soil texture. The higher the clay content, the higher the soil's capacity to bear greater stresses at higher initial water contents without severe compaction. Initial water content plays an important role in clayey and loamy soils. In contrast, for sandy soils, mechanical parameters were less dependent on initial water content but more related to initial bulk density. These pedotransfer functions are expected to hold for the soils of tilled surface layers, but further measurements on intact samples are needed to test their validity.     

An investigation of the re-expansion of unsaturated, structured soils during cyclic static loading

A procedure is presented that quantifies soil resilience to compressive stress, through elastic deformation or re-expansion after stress removal, with a single numerical index. This was achieved by comparing the three parameter coefficients of static-loaded and rebound compression lines (normal stress range = 0–1.0 MPa) which had been fitted to a non-linear density-stress model equation. The difference between the static-loaded and rebound values of one of these coefficients was significantly correlated to the clay and organic matter contents, the gravimetric moisture content and the initial dry bulk density of the 33 soils sampled as intact cores at field moisture content (coefficients of determination=0.533–0.973, P<0.05). The magnitude of the sample rebound observed varied between 0.018 and 0.075 Mg m⁻³ at the maximum applied stress of 1.0 MPa. This is likely to be a significant component of the error in prediction inherent in compaction models based on static-loaded compression data. The data further support the segregation of soils into groupings of comparable mechanical behaviour for soil compaction modelling purposes. The implications of these findings for improving soil resilience to compressive stress through soil and crop management are discussed.     

有机质对红壤和黑土中外源铅镉稳定化过程的影响

采用室内培养方法研究了中国典型红壤和黑土中外源铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）在单一和复合污染下的稳定化过程,探讨了土壤有机质含量对Pb、Cd稳定化过程的影响。结果表明,加入500mg·kg-1Pb、1.0mg·kg-1Cd或1.0mg·kg-1Cd＋500mg·kg-1Pb条件下,各种土壤有效态Pb、Cd含量在培养前期迅速下降,随后变化减缓,培养30d后基本达到平衡。利用二级动力学方程对Pb、Cd稳定化过程进行拟合,在红壤和黑土上,有机质含量高的土样有效态Cd的平衡浓度比有机质含量低的土样中降低12.7%～37.3%;有效态Pb的平衡浓度比有机质含量低的土样中降低78.3%～96.2%,相关分析表明,土壤有机质含量的增加显著抑制了外源Pb、Cd的有效性（P〈0.05）。在铅镉复合污染中,Pb的存在提高了土壤中Cd的有效性,而Cd对Pb的影响较小。与黑土相比,红壤上外源Pb、Cd稳定化速率较小,达到平衡所需的时间较长,且有效态Pb、Cd的平衡浓度较高。因此,在农业生产实践中,通过提高红壤和黑土上有机质的含量能够显著降低外源重金属Pb、Cd的有效性,减少环境污染风险。     

Critical state parameters from intact samples of two agricultural topsoils

The critical state parameters of intact samples of a sandy loam (Eutric Cambisol) and a clay loam (Gleysol) were estimated in a constant cell volume triaxial apparatus. Samples were taken under wet and dry conditions. The parameters describing the clay loam were the more variable. This was true of both its initial condition and its response to deformation. Under dry conditions, the sandy loam was less sensitive to increasing stress but compacted more at low stress than the clay loam. Isotropic stress compacted the wet soils until the percentage saturation reached about 85–95% and axial loading caused little further compaction. The difference in strength between soils was greater for the wet samples, whereas the corresponding compactibility differences were greater under dry conditions. The sandy loam was stiffer than the clay loam and the shear modulus decreased exponentially with increasing specific volume before deformation. The rebound slope was about one-twentieth of the compression index for the dry soils and about one-third of the compression index for the wet soils. A simple model of recompression accounted for plastic deformation below the virgin compression line, where the critical state model usually assumes elasticity. The proposed model reproduced the main observed features of repeated isotropic loading.