百合新品种‘太阳花’

百合新品种‘太阳花’是从亚洲百合‘瓦迪索’与东方百合‘西伯利亚’杂交后代中选育出的,植株生长健壮。花碗形,完全开放直径16.5 cm,花瓣长10 cm,瓣宽5 cm,花瓣上部黄色,基部橘色,瓶插寿命10 d。耐高温,抗病性强,适合北方地区栽培。     

‘OT’系列百合品种评价体系的构建

以11个‘OT’系列百合品种为试材,进行冬季日光温室设施栽培,采用层次分析法,研究了‘OT’系列百合品种的生长特性并通过评价指标体系的构建,综合筛选适宜在北京地区日光温室栽植的百合品种,对‘OT’系列百合品种筛选有重要影响。结果表明:‘OT’系列百合品种的评价指标共有10项,包括株高、茎粗、花蕾数、花径、瓶插寿命、花期、叶烧病等级、叶片、花色和整体外观,筛选出‘Robina’、‘Cocossa’、‘Yelloween’、‘Rexona’和‘Conca D.Or’等5个百合品种较适合北方地区冬季温室设施栽培,该研究为以后引进百合新品种和丰富百合市场种类具有重要的理论依据。     

TDZ脉冲处理对‘索邦’百合切花保鲜效果的研究

将‘索邦’百合在不同浓度TDZ溶液中脉冲处理24h后进行瓶插试验,对切花寿命、最大花径、花枝鲜重变化率、叶片叶绿素含量、花朵呼吸速率及乙烯释放速率等指标进行测定。结果表明:适当浓度的TDZ脉冲处理对百合切花保鲜具有明显的促进作用,100μmol/LTDZ处理效果最为显著。与对照相比,处理的切花瓶插寿命延长1.2d;最大花径增加1.56cm、形成时间延后1.6d;花枝鲜重变化率可高出对照10.12%;叶片叶绿素含量能够长时间保持较高水平,比对照高2.01倍;花朵的呼吸高峰与乙烯释放高峰均推迟2d出现,呼吸峰值比对照降低0.53倍,乙烯释放峰值比对照低2.39倍。     

优质东方百合栽培技术

通过东方百合栽培试验表明,在浙江省常见的东方百合品种中,Expression和Siberia表现较好,植株高且健壮,切花率高,品质优,生育期长,是适合本地栽培的优质品种.利用国产泥炭和木屑混合的基质配方更适合东方百合的生长,可代替价格较高的进口泥炭.     

切花月季‘萨蔓莎’和‘加布里拉’失水胁迫耐性的差异

  不同失水胁迫条件下的研究结果表明: 切花月季耐失水胁迫品种‘萨蔓莎’和不耐失水胁迫品种‘加布里拉’的瓶插寿命缩短百分比、鲜样质量损失率、相对电导率、花朵乙烯生成量都随胁迫程度的增加而增加, 叶片、花朵水势随胁迫程度的增加而下降, 萨蔓莎的变化幅度比加布里拉小。中度失水胁迫的叶片和花瓣SOD、POD 活性高于轻度和重度胁迫。两个品种的叶片气孔阻力没有明显区别。瓶插期间,相同失水胁迫时间, 萨蔓莎复水恢复能力比加布里拉强。讨论了月季切花上述参数与失水胁迫耐性之间的关系。     

预处理结合低温冷藏对百合切花保鲜效果的研究

以东方百合品种‘西伯利亚’为试验材料,研究低温冷藏前用蔗糖溶液进行预处理以及不同冷藏方式对百合切花保鲜的影响。结果表明,在进行低温冷藏前用100 g/L的蔗糖溶液进行预处理,能提高切花的开花质量、延长瓶插寿命;冷藏期间将切花插入水中,比干燥冷藏更有利于切花的保鲜。     

'曼尼萨'百合保鲜研究

以‘曼尼萨’百合为试材,采用5种保鲜液对‘曼尼萨’百合进行处理,研究百合的瓶插寿命、鲜重、水分平衡值、可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素等生长品质参数变化,以期确定瓶插阶段的最佳保鲜配方。结果表明:配方3效果最好,瓶插寿命最长。     

纳米银预处理对麝香百合切花的保鲜效应研究

以麝香百合‘白天堂’为试材,研究了新型抗菌剂纳米银(Nano-silver,NS)处理对麝香百合(Lilium longiflorum)切花的保鲜效应。结果表明:用5～20mg/L NS溶液预处理麝香百合切花茎基端24h后再瓶插于去离子水中,可延长切花的瓶插寿命,并延缓花瓣和叶片的失水萎蔫、改善花枝的水分吸收和延缓花枝的鲜重损失,其中以10mg/L NS预处理效果最佳。进一步试验表明,10～20mg/L NS溶液对麝香百合切花采后易于滋生的假单孢菌属菌(Pseudomonassp.)、肠杆菌属菌(Enterobacter sp.)、鲍氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)和木糖氧化产碱菌(Achromobacter xylosoxidans)等4种主要病原菌生长有显著的抑制作用。     

北京冬季不同温室环境对百合生长的影响

以‘西伯利亚’百合为研究材料,研究北京冬季不同温室环境对百合生育期及其切花品质的影响。结果表明：不同温室环境种植的百合切花生育期和切花品质有所不同。生育期内温室温度低,则生育期延长、株高降低;温室内温度高,生育期缩短、株高增加;对叶片数的影响不显著。     

分根区交替灌溉对百合鲜切花生理变化和质量的影响

研究了分根区交替灌溉（APRI）和施用钾肥对亚洲型百合鲜切花质量及其瓶插期间生理变化的影响。结果表明，采收时APRI处理的切花形态指标与常规均匀灌溉（CI）之间差异不明显，但一般优于部分根干燥灌溉（PRD）。此外，APRI处理的切花寿命比CI处理延长1～1．5d。切花当天和瓶插期间APRI处理的切花百合叶片和花被片中淀粉和可溶性糖含量高于CI和PRD处理，且APRI可减缓瓶插期间鲜切花叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的下降。此外，施用适量钾肥提高百合叶面积、叶片数、株高以及延长切花寿命1～1.5d；且能增加采收时鲜切花叶片和花被片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量，但降低花被片中丙二醛（MDA）含量，还可减缓瓶插期间鲜切花叶片和花被片中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的下降和MDA含量的升高。上述结果表明，分根区交替灌溉和施用钾肥有利于糖的积累，并在一定程度上减缓丙二醛的积累，这将可能延缓亚洲型黄百合切花的衰老和提高切花的品质。     

Water loss and postharvest characteristics of cut roses grown at high or moderate relative air humidity

Single node cuttings with one mature leaf were taken from the rose cv. Baroness and rooted in water culture. The rooted stems were kept in water culture and subjected to one of the two levels of relative air humidity (RH) (high: 90%, moderate: 70%) in climate chambers. Morphological characteristics, dry weight (DW), osmotic concentration, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content in the pedicel and vase life behavior were studied, as well as water loss. Only negligible differences in growth and morphology were found. No clear difference in lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose content in pedicels was found between moderate and high RH grown roses. Uncontrolled water loss was characteristic for leaves from high RH roses. Base treatment with AgNO₃ improved vase life of high RH roses from 7 to 12 days. Moderate RH roses lasted on average 15.5 days, and vase life was only slightly improved with the use of AgNO₃. Preservative solutions caused crispy areas between the veins and brittle leaves on roses grown at high but not at moderate RH. A 10% lower osmotic concentration in leaves and flowers was found in roses grown at high RH, as compared to moderate RH. It is concluded that the shorter postharvest life of high RH flowers is mainly due to malfunctioning stomata.     

辣椒幼苗叶片解剖特征及光合特性对弱光的响应

 以弱光适应性不同的4个辣椒(Capsicum annuum L. )基因型（甜味型和辣味型）为试材,在人工气候室内研究了弱光（75~100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）条件下辣椒幼苗叶片显微结构、叶绿体超微结构、气孔特征特性,以及光合特性的适应性变化。结果表明,弱光下辣椒幼苗叶片变薄,栅栏组织/海绵组织比值增加,'伏地尖'（辣味型）和'上海园椒'（甜味型）具有较高的栅栏组织/海绵组织比值;叶绿体数目减少,但叶绿体变大,基粒数、基粒厚度和基粒片层增加,淀粉粒增大、增多,2个辣味型材料比2个甜味型材料具有较高的叶绿体数和基粒数。辣椒（甜味型）展叶过程中下表皮气孔密度下降,而展叶14 d以后的气孔指数和单片叶气孔数变化不大。弱光下叶片气孔密度、气孔指数和单片叶气孔数减小,但气孔变大,其中'上海园椒'气孔纵轴、横轴较正常光照下增加,'20078'则横轴显著增加;弱光环境中叶片表皮细胞变大并发生扭曲皱褶,气孔与表皮平齐或略显外突,保卫细胞角质层上可观察到明显的环状褶皱。弱光下辣椒幼苗的光饱和CO₂同化速率(Asat)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、夜间呼吸速率(R_n)、光呼吸速率(R_p)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、CO₂补偿点(Г)、CO₂饱和点(CSP)、羧化效率(CE)以及RuBP最大再生速率下降,表观量子效率(Фi)上升;辣味型较甜味型材料Asat下降幅度较小,并且具有较低的LCP 、LSP 及其Rd 、Rn和Rp。弱光下各基因型辣椒的光合启动时间均有所延长,弱光敏感性材料表现更为明显。     

Effect of air humidity variation on powdery mildew and keeping quality of cut roses

Vase life, flower opening and development of mildew were studied in six cut rose cultivars grown at daily periods of 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h at 90% and 75% relative air humidity (RH) was determined. Air humidities corresponded to vapour pressure deficits (vpd) of 220 and 550 Pa, respectively. Treatment with drought stress was included at the constant high RH treatment. On increasing RH from constant 75% to constant 90%, vase life decreased by between 15% and 70% in the different cultivars. High RH for up to 18 h generally had only a minor effect on vase life, but there was a significant deterioration between 18 and 24 h (continuous). On increasing the daily period of 90% RH from 0 to 12 h, the percentage of flowers opening during vase life in one of the cultivars decreased; a further increase to 18 and 24 h significantly reduced flower opening in five of the six cultivars. As a mean of all cultivars, 71% and 27% of the flowers opened when grown at 75% and 90% RH, respectively. The development of mildew was much greater at 12 h 90% RH combined with 12 h 75% RH compared with all other treatments. Constant 90% RH eliminated all mildew development, while at constant 75% RH, only minor infections were observed. Drought stress at constant 90% RH increased the vase life of five cultivars and stimulated the flowers to open in three; no mildew development was observed in any of the cultivars.     

Genetic improvement of vase life of carnation flowers by crossing and selection

We used conventional cross-breeding techniques to develop many carnation lines with long vase life and either low ethylene production or low ethylene sensitivity. Two cycles of selection and crossing to improve vase life led to a 3.6-day increase in mean vase life. All 39 selected lines had significantly longer vase life than the control cultivar, ‘White Sim’. In particular, second-generation lines 63-3, 63-12, 66-15, and 63-41 had a mean vase life of more than 15 days without chemical treatment. Measurements of ethylene production indicated that flowers of all second-generation selected lines had a greatly reduced capacity to produce ethylene. We screened three lines (515-10, 64-13, and 64-54) with low ethylene sensitivity. Evaluation by exposure to ethylene at high concentration showed that 64-13 and 64-54 were less sensitive to ethylene than ‘Chinera’, which is known for it low sensitivity. The vase life of these low-sensitivity lines was about twice that of ‘White Sim’. The extended vase life of selected lines was related to low ethylene production at flower senescence rather than to degree of ethylene sensitivity in young flowers. Ethylene sensitivity decreased with the age of the flower in many selected lines. The results clearly show that vase life of carnation flowers can be extended by crossing and selection.     

纳米银对瓶插月季切花乙烯作用的拮抗效应

 以月季‘影星’（Rosa hybrida‘Movie Star’）切花为试材,用5、10和30 mg · L^-1纳米银（nano-silver,NS）溶液,0.5 mmol · L^-1硫代硫酸银（silver thiosulfate,STS）溶液和去离子水（对照）分别预处理花枝（长为25 cm）基端2 h后再移至去离子水中瓶插,之后用10 μL · L^-1外源乙烯处理24 h,观测切花瓶插期间的观赏品质,瓶插寿命,花径和花枝鲜样质量等指标的变化。结果表明：乙烯处理可加快切花失水凋萎及叶片脱落,并抑制花朵开放,而NS处理可显著减轻乙烯处理的不利影响,其中以30 mg · L^-1 NS处理效果最佳,该处理月季切花的瓶插寿命比乙烯处理延长7 d。另外,取月季切花的花朵（带5 cm花茎,无叶）进行上述试验,进一步证实乙烯处理可抑制花朵开放,而NS处理可显著减轻乙烯对花朵开放的抑制作用。     

Effects of air humidity and K/Ca ratio in the nutrient supply on growth and postharvest characteristics of cut roses

Single node cuttings with one mature leaf were taken from the rose cv. Baroness and rooted in water culture. The rooted plants were grown in nutrient solutions and subjected to two levels of relative air humidity (RH): high (90%) and moderate (70%), in combination with high (12/1), medium (1/1) and low (1/5) K/Ca ratios in the nutrient solution. High RH plants accumulated less Ca in leaves and flowers than moderate RH plants. Roses grown at moderate RH had a longer postharvest life than high RH roses, irrespective of the K/Ca ratio of the nutrient solution. In general, a high K/Ca ratio had a negative impact on postharvest life. When grown at a high K/Ca ratio the ornamental value declined rapidly, mainly due to the appearance of necrotic petals as well as chlorotic and necrotic areas on the leaves. Bent neck occurred only with high RH plants but changes in the K/Ca ratio had no differential effect. Dry spots and brittle leaves were observed on high RH roses, and the occurrence increased with increased K/Ca ratio in the nutrient solution. Stomatal conductance increased in parallel with increases in RH and K/Ca ratio when measured on intact roses placed in dry air (40% RH).     

The effects of some chemical treatments on leaf water conductance of cut,flowering stems of Chrysanthemum morifolium

The leaf water conductance of cut, flowering stems of Chrysanthemum morifolium was measured by diffusion porometry. The stems were placed in solutions of chemicals which have commonly been used in flower preservatives, or which might be expected to affect the physiology of the leaves.In the environmental conditions of our experiments (18° C; 0.8 kPa; 5 W m^?2 visible radiation for 8 h) sucrose (6 %) and abscisic acid (0.001 %) lowered leaf water conductance. Silver nitrate (0.003 %) or 8-hydroxyquinoline sulphate (0.02 %) either had no effect or increased leaf water conductance. We conclude that the latter two substances increase the vase life of cut flowers by affecting the physiology and pathology of the stem rather than the stomatal physiology of the leaf. The leaves of stems standing in high concentrations of sucrose accumulated sucrose and were frequently damaged as a result.The results are discussed with regard to the water relations of the cut flower and the possible use of anti-transpirants.