大麦新品种闽诱3号的麦草和籽粒产量及其主要营养含量分析

大麦新品种闽诱３号，经连续两年区试和多年多点大面积试种，比福建省主栽品种莆大麦４号增产５．８～１９．４％（籽粒），麦草（幼嫩）产量为莆大麦４号的１６３．９％，籽粒中的蛋白质和氨基酸含量分别比莆大麦４号高２．３１和２．４５个百分点，麦草中的蛋白质和氨基酸含量分别高６．７５和４．８７个百分点，新鲜的麦苗汁液中还含有大量的矿物质，维生素和ＳＯＤ。     

麦草营养初探

对大麦不同生长时期的植株和籽粒进行蛋白质和氨基酸含量分析发现，大麦各生育阶段的蛋白质和氨基酸含量，苗期为３１．２６％和１８．７９％；抽穗期为１８．１０％和１５．０７％；灌浆期为１２．３％和１１．７５％；籽粒为１０．７０％和９．２３％。此外，大麦苗还含有大量的矿物质、维生素和ＳＯＤ酶等。对小麦苗的营养分析表明，它比猪瘦肉、牛肉、花生仁、面粉、籼米等，不仅营养含量高，营养成分齐全，而且质优。     

特种黑大麦新品种资源的开发与利用

黑大麦新品种杂交育成，中高杆，茎杆粗灶，抗倒伏，属二棱大麦，早熟，长芒大穗、大粒型，重粒重４４－５０ｇ。成熟后期穗 、颖、芒和籽粒转为黑色。     

黑大麦新品种“赣大麦1号”

赣大麦1号是以秘鲁引进的Lima黑大麦为母本，舟麦2号（81－C1）为父本，进行二棱大麦亚种间杂交，采用系谱法经过12种选育而成。赣大麦1号系春性，属二棱皮大麦，幼苗直立型，叶色浓绿，生长势强，分蘖力中等，成穗率高，株高96－100cm，穗和芒、籽粒品质极佳，并富含硒成份，麦芽品质极优，是研制生产中名啤酒和开发系列特色营养保健品、饮品、麦片、咖啡、大麦茶等优异的特种新品种资源。     

大麦新品种闽麦02的选育与生产示范

闽麦02系福建省农科院于1987年用浙皮1号为母本、S096为父本，经有性杂交选育而成。表现抗白粉病，幼苗繁茂性好，分蘖力强，有效穗多，籽粒大，增产潜力高。其籽粒经多年多点品种比较试验，均比对照品种增产明显；两年省区试，分别比对照莆大麦5号增产10．7％和6．8％。在生产上，一般单产300kg／666．7m^2，最高曾达408．9h／666．7m^2。其麦苗生长快，生物量明显比莆大麦5号等品种高。且富含蛋白质、氨基酸。是一个粒、苗两用型品种。     

黑大麦新品种"赣大麦1号"

赣大麦1号是以秘鲁引进的Lima黑大麦为母本,舟麦2号(81-C1)为父本,进行二棱大麦亚种间杂交,采用系谱法经过12年选育而成.赣大麦1号系春性,属二棱皮大麦,幼苗直立型,叶色浓绿,生长势强,分蘖力中等,成穗率高,株高96～100cm,穗和芒、籽粒品质极佳,并富含硒成份,麦芽品质极优,是研制生产名啤酒和开发系列特色营养保健品、饮品、麦片、咖啡、大麦茶等优异的特种新品种资源.     

矿质营养对玉米籽粒营养品质的影响

本文介绍了氮、磷、钾、锌、锰、铜、硒及稀土对普通玉米、高赖玉米和甜玉米籽粒营养品质的影响，适量施肥可明显提高籽粒蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸等成分的含量。单独施氮肥虽然能显著提高蛋白质含量，却降低了蛋白质的营养价值．氮、磷、钾配合使籽粒品质明县改善、普通玉米和高赖玉米籽粒品质对矿质养分的反应有差别．     

黑粒小麦新品种漯珍1号优异品质调优技术

漯珍1号是由漯河农科所选育出的珍稀黑粒小麦新品种，是第一个通过省级品种审定委员会审定的黑粒小麦新品种。据国家定点机构测试，该品种籽粒蛋白质含量为17．1％，18种氨基酸总和达到15．2％，对人体有利元素钙、铁、硒、磺的含量是普通小麦的1．3～3倍，具有优异的品质和极高的营养价值。随着人们对黑色食品营养价值的深入了解以及食品加工技术的发展与应用，以漯珍1号为代表的黑粒小麦种植及市场开发将具有广阔的发展前景。     

陕西大麦高蛋白质资源研究

大麦籽粒蛋白质含量是当前大麦育种中的重要品质指标之一。据陆练等研究报道，陕西省属全国著名的大麦高蛋白质资源分布区，具有丰富的大麦高蛋白质资源。本文主要分析了载入忡国大麦品种资源目剥（上册）和（中国大麦遗传资源目录》的316份陕西地方品种资源中粗蛋白含量超过ZO％（含20％）的72个品种（文中称为“高蛋白质资源”）的分布规律及品质特性，旨在为进一步开发PJ阐这些珍贵资源提供信息。文中营养品质鉴定结果由山东省农科烷中心室提供。1高蛋白质资泛的分布规律1．l吁各大麦生态区分布规律王玉成等将陕西省大麦生态区划分为五…     

青稞新品系87—9—5的选育

青稞新品系87－9－5是甘南农科所1987年用83A－19－1为母本，肚里黄为父本组配合杂交、南繁北育、系统选育而成。1992年参加品种（系）比较试验，平均产量5500.5kg/hm^2，较对照品种肚里黄和长芒青稞平均增产48．4％；1993－1995年参加甘南州青稞联合区试，平均产量3727．5kg/hm^2，较对照甘青一号增产13．9％，居第2位。差异极显著；1996－1999年多点生产示范中平均产量4294kg/hm^2，较对照品种增产25．38％。该品系生育期110－115d，株高84－116cm，穗长 6．9－9．4cm，穗粒数44－52粒，千粒重42．1－48．8g。籽粒粗蛋白含量11．2％，赖氨酸0．49％，淀偻6．26％。表现早熟，抗倒伏，穗大、粒多，穗脖坚韧，落黄好，较抗大麦条纹病。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.