大豆抗原蛋白的基本结构及作用机理

本文阐述了大豆球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白的基本结构及其使动物产生腹泻的作用机理,说明了大豆抗原蛋白对动物的抗营养作用。     

大豆抗营养因子及豆粕的质量评价

大豆及其加工副产品是目前国内外应用最广泛的植物性饲料蛋白质原料,其蛋白质含量高,除含硫氨基酸较缺乏外,其他氨基酸较平衡。大豆加工副产品—大豆饼、粕作为一种良好的植物性饲料蛋白原料,在畜禽及水产动物日粮中用量一般可达20%~30%。但是由于大豆及其副产品中存在一些影响     

大豆抗原蛋白对小鼠肠上皮细胞吸收功能的影响

大豆中所含的大豆球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白会导致幼龄动物对营养物质的吸收功能发生下降,进而出现腹泻等症状。试验以自备分离纯化大豆球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白作为试验材料,以原代培养小鼠肠上皮细胞作为试验模型,研究了0、1、5和10mg/mL纯化大豆球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白对小鼠肠上皮细胞Na+-K+-ATP酶及小肽转运蛋白1(PEPT1)和二价金属离子转运体(DMT1)表达的影响。结果表明:大豆球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白能增强小鼠肠上皮细胞Na+-K+-ATP酶活性,降低PEPT1和DMTl基因的表达量,而且β-伴球蛋白的作用明显大于大豆球蛋白。     

大豆抗原蛋白及SBA在动物肠道内的分布及对肠道结构的影响

大豆是一种优秀的植物蛋白源,因其高含量的蛋白质及平衡的氨基酸模式被广泛应用于食品加工、动物饲养等领域。然而,大豆本身所含有的抗营养因子对动物机体带来一定负面效应,故而限定了其使用。作为引起动物机体过敏反应的大豆抗原蛋白和影响蛋白质消化利用的SBA近年来被广泛研究。文章从大豆抗原蛋白中的大豆球蛋白、-伴大豆球蛋白和SBA在动物肠道内的分布及对肠道组织结构等方面的影响进行阐述,为研究抗营养因子对肠道健康的影响提供依据。     

现场测定大豆产品及其副产品质量的方法

<正> 为了繁衍,几乎所有的植物种籽都含有若干不利于动物消化生理的有害物质。大豆产品及其副产品是公认最富有营养的植物蛋白质来源。它所含不利于动物消化生长的主要成份是:胰蛋白酶抑制素、血球凝结素、甲状腺肿大素及尿素酶。所幸这些有害成份皆可利用适当的热处理加以消除。大豆产品及其副产品的正确加工(加热或烘焙)非常重要。正如其它蛋白质资源一样,如加热过度或加热不够,都会使蛋白质质量下降。烘焙过     

不同地区大豆及其副产品微量元素的分析

文章分别对不同地区大豆及其副产品饲料原料中的微量元素进行对比。研究供搜集了190份来自全国不同地区的玉米及其副产品样品。结果表明，大豆及其副产品饲料原料中铜、铁、锰、锌4种微量元素的平均含量分别为5.23、137.38、7.75、42.63?mg/kg。不同大豆副产品饲料原料的铜、铁、锰、锌4种微量元素含量差异较大，差异系数分别为50%、17%、24%、27%。总体上看，不同地区大豆及其副产品饲料原料中微量元素含量差异较大。本研究结果对饲料营养配方优化，尤其是微量元素的合理分配有极为重要的参考价值。     

大豆抗原对幼龄动物的影响

大豆既是主要的粮食作物,又是主要的油料作物．更是优质的植物蛋白质和油脂来源。具有极高的营养价值,其所含蛋白质约占大豆籽粒的40％。大豆中必需氨基酸的绝对含量高,且氨基酸组成比例平衡,接近理想蛋白质模式中的氨基酸比例。是人和动物优质的植物蛋白质来源（李德发等,2003）。但同时研究和实践表明,大豆及其副产品中也含有一些影响营养物质消化吸收和动物生理健康的抗营养因子。     

大豆球蛋白及β-伴大豆球蛋白的研究进展

大豆是一种高蛋白含量的作物,在畜禽养殖中多用作蛋白饲料,但其中含有的抗营养因子限制了大豆的使用。大豆球蛋白及β-伴大豆球蛋白是主要的抗原蛋白。本文介绍了大豆球蛋白及β-伴大豆球蛋白的结构、抗营养作用和抗原性的消除方法。     

大豆抗营养因子对仔猪的影响

大豆因其高蛋白、高能量、低纤维的特点而成为世界上最常用的食品和饲料原料；同时大豆及其副产品中含有许多抗营养因子，这也限制了大豆制品在仔猪日粮中的应用。这些抗营养因子不仅影响营养物质的消化与吸收，而且对动物的生长发育和健康产生严重的影响。     

大豆抗原蛋白对小鼠肠上皮细胞的影响

大豆中所含的抗原蛋白是引起幼龄动物发生过敏反应的重要原因之一。研究以自备分离纯化大豆球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白作为试验材料,以原代培养小鼠肠上皮细胞作为试验模型,研究0、1、5和10mg/mL纯化大豆球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白对小鼠肠上皮细胞完整性和免疫的影响。结果表明:超过5mg/mL大豆球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白能破坏小鼠肠上皮细胞完整性,抑制上皮细胞增殖。显著提高培养液乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)水平。大豆球蛋白和β-伴球蛋白能显著提高体外培养的小鼠肠上皮细胞炎性细胞因子(白介素-2(IL-2)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-8(IL-8))的分泌,促使其发生过敏反应。     

A review of okara (soybean curd residue) utilization as animal feed: Nutritive value and animal performance aspects

Year by year, huge quantities of by-products are generated during the manufacturing process of soybean-based products. Okara is one of the by-products, and it is an insoluble portion of the soybean. It consists of high moisture (8.4–22.9%); on dry matter basis, it contains high metabolizable energy (9.0–14.2 MJ/kg) and other components that include crude protein (20.9–39.1%), crude fiber (12.2–61.3%), crude fat (4.9–21.5%), and ash (3.4–5.3%). Fermentation of okara improves its nutritional quality and reduces its anti-nutrient contents. Due to animals' palatability, okara can be used to replace the soybean meal/concentrate feed partially or completely in ruminant's diet and partially in nonruminant's diet. Okara feeding does not depress the intake, digestibility, growth, milk production, blood metabolic profiles, and meat quality of animals. However, this by-product decays quickly due to its high moisture content, and its heavy weight and sticky nature make it difficult to process and expensive to dry using conventional methods. This paper thoroughly summarizes the utilization of okara as animal feed in the cause of developing a general guideline with favorable levels of inclusion in the diets of animals for its exploitation and valorization. This review will encourage further research to develop eco-friendly and value added feed for animals.     

Evaluation of the inclusion of soybean oil and soybean processing by-products to soybean meal on nutrient composition and digestibility in swine and poultry

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of selected soybean (SB) processing byproducts (gums, oil, soapstock, weeds/trash) when added back to soybean meal (SBM) during processing on the resulting nutrient composition, protein quality, nutrient digestibility by swine, and true metabolizable energy (TMEn) content and standardized AA digestibility by poultry. To measure ileal DM and nutrient digestibility, pigs were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. The concentration of TMEn and the standardized AA digestibility by poultry were determined using the precision fed cecectomized rooster assay. Treatments in the swine experiment included SBM with no by-products; SBM with 1% gum; SBM with 3% gum; SBM with 0.5% soapstock; SBM with 1.5% soapstock; SBM with 2% weeds/trash; SBM with a combination of 3% gum, 1.5% soapstock, and 2% weeds/trash; SBM with 5.4% soybean oil; and roasted SB. A 10 x 10 Latin square design was utilized. The experiment was conducted at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and at The Ohio State University, Columbus. In the swine experiment, apparent ileal DM, OM, CP, and AA digestibilities were reduced (P < 0.05) when pigs consumed the combination by-product diet compared with the diet containing no by-products. Apparent ileal digestibilities of DM, CP, and total essential, total nonessential, and total AA were lower (P < 0.05) for any diet containing by-products compared with the diet with no by-products. Apparent ileal digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, and AA were lower (P < 0.05) for the roasted SB-compared with the SB oil-containing diet. In the rooster experiment, TMEn values were greater (P < 0.05) for roasted SB compared with SBM with no by-products and increased linearly as the addition of soapstock increased. Individual, total essential, total nonessential, and total AA digestibilities were lower (P < 0.05) for roosters fed roasted SB versus SBM devoid of by-products. Gums, soapstock, and weeds/trash reduce the nutritive value of the resultant meal when they are added back during processing.     

β-伴大豆球蛋白对仔猪抗营养阈值的研究进展

β-伴大豆球蛋白等抗原蛋白热稳定性较强,其抗原活性难以完全去除,可导致仔猪等幼龄动物产生过敏反应,从而影响其生理健康、日粮养分消化利用和生产性能。目前针对不同大豆制品在畜禽生产中的应用已有大量研究,但大豆抗原蛋白在幼龄畜禽日粮中的安全剂量尚不明确。本文对β-伴大豆球蛋白的理化性质及对仔猪的致敏机制、大豆制品中β-伴大豆球蛋白含量及大豆制品在仔猪生产中的应用进行综述,并对β-伴大豆球蛋白在仔猪日粮中的安全剂量进行探讨。     

Brewer's yeast efficiently degrades phytate phosphorus in a corn-soybean meal diet during soaking treatment

Microbes such as yeast and Aspergillus are known to produce phytase, and Aspergillus phytase has been used as a feed additive for improving phytate-phosphorus bioavailability in monogastric animals. We measured phytase activity in some by-products from fermented food and beverage productions by yeast and Aspergillus . The phytase activity was as high as 3577 and 2225 PU/kg DM in raw and dried brewer's yeasts, respectively. On the other hand, the phytase activity was approximately 400 PU/kg DM in white-wine yeast and red-wine yeast. The phytase activity was further low in natto (fermented soybean) residue, soy sauce cake, rice brewer's grain and the activity was not detected in dried corn-barley distiller's grain with soluble and sweet-potato distiller's residue. The stability of phytase against pepsin was much lower in the brewer's yeast than in an Aspergillus phytase preparation. On the other hand, the addition of raw brewer's yeast effectively degraded phytate phosphorus in a corn-soybean meal diet during soaking. These results suggest that phytase in the examined by-products is not suitable for the phytase source of conventional diets, but that the soaking treatment with a raw brewer's yeast is an alternative method for improving phytate-phosphorus bioavailability in corn-soybean meal diets for pigs.     

茶及其副产品在畜禽养殖中的应用

我国茶资源丰富,且其富含多种独特的营养成分,可以调节畜禽机体的生理功能,在畜禽养殖应用中无残留、无毒副作用,能从根本上满足人们对畜禽产品品质安全的需求,从而改善和提高人们的生活水平。为此,文章就茶及其副产物的生物学特征和营养水平进行介绍,并综述其作为饲料资源对畜禽自身的生长发育、畜产品品质的影响,以及在畜禽养殖上的保健作用,旨在为茶及其副产物作为新型饲料资源的开发应用提供参考。     

Energy utilization by swine of nutritive fiber-rich by-products from the milling and food industry

Growing pigs (from 20 to 80 kg body weight) were fed diets containing equal amounts of soybean, pea (pisum sativum), millet and barley hulls as well as a mixture of these fibre sources. The effects of these fibrous components on the digestibility of energy and nutrients were investigated. Although some rations had a similar nutrient composition, important differences in the digestibility of energy could be observed: e.g. soybean hulls and pea hulls had a similar content in crude fibre but differed in the digestibility of energy by a factor 1:2. The difference in the digestibility of energy was even more pronounced between the rations with soybean hulls and millet hulls (factor 1:11, respectively) although the crude fibre and ADF fibre content were similar. Therefore the magnitude of the difference in digestibility of energy shows a considerable variation between the fibre sources. This seems to be caused partially by differences in the chemical nature of the fibrous by-products. Soybean hulls and barley hulls proved to be very well suited for growing pigs (11.4 MJ DE/kg DM and 10.0 MJ DE/kg DM, respectively). The pea hulls showed a mean content of digestible energy (5.6 MJ DE/kg DM) whereas the millet hulls (1.1 MJ DE/kg DM) didn't contribute significantly to the energy supply of the pigs.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌实时荧光定量PCR测定方法的建立及其在豆粕发酵中的应用

本试验旨在通过快速定量不同发酵时期下发酵豆粕中解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)的数量,以解决豆粕发酵过程品质监控的瓶颈难题,建立解淀粉芽孢杆菌的实时荧光定量PCR方法。根据解淀粉芽孢杆菌DNA解旋酶A亚基(gyrA)基因及16S核糖体RNA(16S rRNA)基因的保守区设计出3对引物,利用常规PCR筛选出1对特异性引物,并以该引物的扩增产物构建的重组质粒作为标准品,建立实时荧光定量PCR方法,并对该方法进行特异性、灵敏性、重复性检验,核酸水平抗干扰验证及豆粕对检测敏感度的干扰验证,最后对发酵的豆粕样品进行定量检测。结果表明:1)以gyrA基因设计的引物构建的质粒标准品建立的实时荧光定量PCR方法具有良好的特异性;2)该方法检测解淀粉芽孢杆菌核酸和菌液的最低检测限分别为102 copies/μL和103 CFU/mL;3)该方法组内变异系数在0.76%~3.27%,组间变异系数在0.34%~1.88%,均低于5%,说明重复性良好;4)含有与不含副干酪乳杆菌核酸的解淀粉芽孢杆菌的Ct值无显著差异(P>0.05),说明该方法不受检样中其他微生物的核酸干扰;5)该方法对豆粕中解淀粉芽孢杆菌的检测限为104 CFU/mL,比纯菌液最低检测敏感度(103 CFU/mL)降低了1个数量级(但不影响该方法的实际检测应用)。解淀粉芽孢杆菌在不同发酵时期发酵豆粕样品中定量检测结果表明,发酵0 d解淀粉芽孢杆菌的数量为9.33×10^5 copies/g,发酵至5 d接种菌数量为4.16×10^8 copies/g。由此可见,本试验建立的解淀粉芽孢杆菌实时荧光定量PCR方法特异性强,灵敏度高,抗干扰能力强,可快速定量发酵豆粕中的解淀粉芽孢杆菌的数量。     

Slaughter by-products: problems, preliminary research and possible solutions.

The collection, storage, disposal and processing of slaughterhouse by-products is an important part of veterinary care in regions with intensive animal husbandry and meat production. Transmission of diseases and environmental pollution through an improper and/or incorrect handling of slaughterhouse by-products needs to be prevented. The use of animal by-products as feedstuff could be of economical benefit to slaughterhouses and could add nutritive value to animal feed. As a results of the centralisation and intensification of slaughtering, the amount of slaughter by-products produced at a single location is increasing. Until now, hardly any attention, in practice or in research, has been paid to the collection and disposal of these by-products. There are important socio-economic reasons to increase scientific knowledge about the handling of slaughter by-products. Several animal by-products were contaminated with Salmonella. We also showed that rapid breakdown of amino acids in poultry by-products occurs during storage at 20 degrees C. It is concluded that as far as safety, environmental care and nutritive value of animal by-products is concerned, diversification and separation of slaughter by-product collection, storage, disposal and processing is necessary. Measures at source, the slaughterline, and some technologies are suggested for future use.     

Litter Moisture and Footpad Dermatitis as Affected by Diets Formulated on an All-Vegetable Basis or Having the Inclusion of Poultry By-Product

Chicken feet (paws) are valuable products in the Asian market. Foot dermatitis, mostly caused by litter condition, can affect the foot skin tissue leading to downgrades and reduced market value. In this study, a diet having animal by-products was compared with 2 all-vegetable diets formulated with corn, soybean meal, and toasted soybean with or without corn gluten meal. A total of 1,200 birds were placed in 24 pens with new pine shavings as litter. Each treatment had 8 replications. Birds were fed the experimental diets up to 40 d of age. Starting at 21 d of age, 10 birds per replication were labeled and submitted to weekly evaluations of foot dermatitis. Litter samples were also collected weekly to determine percentage of moisture. In general, litter moisture and incidence and severity of foot dermatitis increased as broilers aged. Inclusion of corn gluten meal consistently reduced the incidence and severity of footpad dermatitis, which occurred in parallel with the reduction in litter moisture. Litter moisture from birds fed a diet with the inclusion of poultry by-product was similar to that obtained with corn gluten meal; however, benefits from reductions in foot dermatitis were not seen. It is concluded that feed formulation can affect litter moisture and the incidence and severity of foot dermatitis. Birds fed all-vegetable diets based exclusively on corn and soybean meal have an increased potential to develop footpad dermatitis as well as to produce excreta with greater percentages of moisture when compared with those fed diets with inclusions of poultry by-product or corn gluten meal.     

高效液相色谱法测定饲料中大豆异黄酮

为了建立检测天然植物饲料添加剂中大豆异黄酮类主要成分含量的快速分析方法,采用HPLC法,分别以大豆中的大豆甙、染料木甙、大豆素、染料木素为标准品,在其紫外最大吸收峰260nm处,测定样品分离提取的样液,从而得出大豆异黄酮类各主要单体的含量。