共轭亚油酸对奶牛产奶量及乳品质的影响

试验选用体况相近的健康泌乳奶牛48头,采用单因子随机化设计,分4组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮基础上添加共轭亚油酸分别为15g/d·头、30g/d·头、45g/d·头。结果表明:(1)在日粮中添加共轭亚油酸可使奶牛产奶量提高,添加量为30g/d·头和45g/d·头时分别比对照组提高了18.9%和17.1%(P<0.05)。(2)在日粮中添加共轭亚油酸可使牛奶乳脂率下降,添加量为30g/d·头和45g/d·头时分别比对照组下降了12.3%和10.5%(P<0.05)。     

日粮添加Trans-18:1亚油酸钙盐或共轭亚油酸钙盐后泌乳期奶牛乳脂的变化

在泌乳期奶牛日粮中添加trans-18：1亚油酸钙盐(Ca-tFA)或共轭亚油酸钙盐(Ca-CLA)测定乳脂变化。45头荷斯坦奶牛(115d，产奶期)，饲喂添加400g EnerG Ⅱ(棕榈油脂肪酸钙盐)对照日粮(51％饲草，以干物质为基础)2周；之后，采用随机区组设计分为5组，每组9头，分别饲喂对照日粮、添加100g Ca-CLA的日粮和分别添加100、200、400g Ca-tFA的日粮，饲喂4周。各处理组奶牛的干物质进食量、产奶量、乳蛋白、乳糖和体细胞数没有受到影响。乳脂率从3．39％(对照组)降到3．3％(100g Ca-tFA)、3．04％(200g Ca-tFA)、2．98％(400g Ca-tFA)和2．54％(Ca-CLA)。乳脂量(对照组1．24kg／d)随Ca-tFA添加量的增加分别下降了60、130、190g／d，Ca-CLA组下降了290g／d。添加Ca-tFA增加了内源cis-9-共轭亚油酸的合成。所以日粮中添加Ca-CLA或Ca-tFA乳中总CLA含量相似。与对照组相比，添加Ca-CLA增加了乳中trans-10 CLA、cis-12-18：2CLA的含量，但trans-18：1CLA异构体的水平没有改变；添加Ca-tFA组乳中多数的trans-18：1CLA异构体含量增加，但trans-10、cis-12-18：2CLA的含量与对照组相似。结论：乳脂降低与乳中trans-10CLA、cis-12-18：2CLA和其它成分的含量无关，可能与trans-10-18：1CLA异构体有关。     

日粮添加共轭亚油酸钙盐和葵花油对奶牛产奶性能及饲料消化率的影响

试验研究了奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃共轭亚油酸(Ca-CLA),同时添加葵花油对奶牛生产性能和饲料利用率的影响。选择健康、泌乳月份与产奶量相近的多胎荷斯坦泌乳牛20头,随机分成5组,每组4头。对照组(A组)基础日粮为60%粗饲料(苜蓿、羊草、青贮)和40%精料(以DM为基础),处理组在对照组日粮基础上每天每头牛分别添加Ca-CLA100g(B组)、葵花油350g(C组)、Ca-CLA100g+葵花油350g(D组)、Ca-CLA50g+葵花油175g(E组)。试验共进行52d。结果表明:C组产奶量较对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),B、D、E组产奶量较对照组都分别显著提高2.20%、9.95%、11.16%(P<0.05);B、C、D、E组牛奶的乳脂率较对照组都分别显著降低15.00%、6.74%、21.74%、14.35%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,B组显著提高饲料中EE、CP、NDF、ADF消化率;C组除脂肪外其它营养成分消化率有降低的趋势但差异不显著;D、E组除脂肪消化率显著提高外,其它营养成分消化率差异不显著。     

国外畜牧科技

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加植物油对高产奶牛生产性能和乳脂中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响.采用12头泌乳早期(产后30～45 d)荷斯坦奶牛进行三重4×4拉丁方设计.每期试验基础日粮相同,设4个处理组:①对照组(不加油);②添加500 g棉籽油;③添加500 g大豆油;④添加500 g玉米油;每期试验3周,其中前2周为过渡期.试验结果表明日粮中添加植物油有提高产奶量的趋势(棉籽油组产奶量达35.0 kg/d,对照组产奶量34.4 kg/d).乳脂率降低,但乳蛋白率、乳蛋白产量和乳脂产量没有影响.大豆油组乳脂中trans-11 C18∶1含量最高 (23.8 mg/g乳脂),是对照组(12.6 mg/g乳脂)的2倍.与对照组(3.5 mg/g)相比,棉籽油组、玉米油组和大豆油组乳脂中cis-9,trans-11 CLA含量分别提高到6.0、7.1和10.3 mg/g.trans-11 C18∶1与cis-9,trans-11 CLA呈显著的线型关系.添加植物油使奶牛血浆总脂肪酸含量提高2倍,不同来源植物油的试验组差异不显著.大豆油组和棉籽油组奶牛血浆中硬脂酸含量显著高于玉米油组和对照组.添加植物油组奶牛血浆中trans-11 C18∶1显著高于对照组.日粮中添加CLA有提高产奶量的趋势,可显著提高乳脂中CLA含量,大豆油是提高乳脂中CLA含量较为理想的植物油来源.     

日粮添加Trans-18∶1亚油酸钙盐或共轭亚油酸钙盐后泌乳期奶牛乳脂的变化

在泌乳期奶牛日粮中添加 trans- 18∶ 1亚油酸钙盐 (Ca- t FA )或共轭亚油酸钙盐 (Ca- CL A )测定乳脂变化。 4 5头荷斯坦奶牛 (115 d,产奶期 ) ,饲喂添加 4 0 0 g Ener G (棕榈油脂肪酸钙盐 )对照日粮 (5 1%饲草 ,以干物质为基础 ) 2周 ;之后 ,采用随机区组设计分为 5组 ,每组 9头 ,分别饲喂对照日粮、添加 10 0 g Ca- CL A的日粮和分别添加 10 0、2 0 0、4 0 0 g Ca- t FA的日粮 ,饲喂 4周。各处理组奶牛的干物质进食量、产奶量、乳蛋白、乳糖和体细胞数没有受到影响。乳脂率从 3.39% (对照组 )降到 3.3% (10 0 g Ca- t FA )、 3.0 4 %(2 0 0 g Ca- t FA )、 2 .98% (40 0 g Ca- t FA )和 2 .5 4 % (Ca-CL A)。乳脂量 (对照组 1.2 4 kg/d)随 Ca- t FA添加量的增加分别下降了 6 0、130、190 g/d,Ca- CL A组下降了 2 90 g/d。添加 Ca- t FA增加了内源 cis- 9-共轭亚油酸的合成。所以日粮中添加 Ca- CL A或 Ca- t FA乳中总 CL A含量相似。与对照组相比 ,添加 Ca- CL A增加了乳中 trans- 10 CL A、cis- 12 - 18∶ 2 CL A的含量 ,但 trans- 18∶ 1CL A异构体的水平没有改变 ;添加 Ca- t FA组乳中多数的 trans- 18∶ 1CL A异构体含量增加 ,但 trans- 10、cis- 12 - 18∶ 2 CL A的含量与对照组相似。结论 :乳     

共轭亚油酸对于奶牛产奶量及乳品质的影响

选用体况相近的健康泌乳奶牛48头,采用单因子随机化设计,分4组分别饲喂基础日粮和共轭亚油酸添加量分别为15g/d·头、30g/d·头、45g/d·头的日粮。结果表明:在日粮中添加共轭亚油酸可使奶牛产奶量提高,添加量为30g/d·头和45g/d·头时分别比对照组提高18.9%和17.1%(P<0.05);在日粮中添加共轭亚油酸可使牛奶乳脂率下降,添加量为30g/d·头和45g/d·头时分别比对照组下降了12.3%、10.5%(P<0.05)。     

日粮中添加共轭亚油酸钙盐对奶牛产奶性能和乳脂中共轭亚油酸含量的影响

试验选择40头泌乳中期、胎次一致、泌乳量相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为5组,基础日粮中分别添加0、20、80、140、200 g/d的CLA(由CLA钙盐提供),预试期10 d,正试期50 d。正试期第1、10、20、30、40、50天测定乳产量、常规乳成分和乳脂中c9,t11-CLA含量。结果表明:在日粮中添加CLA对产奶量、乳蛋白和乳糖含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。随日粮中CLA添加量的增加,乳脂率呈指数关系降低(P<0.05);各试验组较对照组全期平均乳脂分别降低13.1%、19.7%2、0.7%和30.2%。随着CLA添加量的增加,乳脂中c9,t11-CLA的含量呈线性增长(P<0.05);各试验组较对照组乳脂中c9,t11-CLA含量分别提高了87.9%、143.5%、140.4%和276.7%,牛奶中c9,t11-CLA的含量分别提高61.7%、135.8%、116.0%和158.1%。     

日粮中添加共轭亚油酸对奶牛产奶量和乳脂率影响的研究

为了研究共轭亚油酸对奶牛产奶量和乳脂率的影响,设置试验组和对照组两个水平,试验组饲喂基础日粮+50g/头/日共轭亚油酸,对照组饲喂基础日粮.选用胎次、产犊日期相近的泌乳初期的中国荷斯坦牛8头,随机分为两群,每群4头,试验分两期,每期25天,一次交叉.试验结果表明共轭亚油酸可使奶牛产奶量提高9.19%(p＜0.01);乳脂率降低14.08%(p＜0.01).     

共轭亚油酸诱导的奶牛低脂乳症中脂肪球膜甘油磷脂的组成差异分析

旨在分析共轭亚油酸(CLA)诱导奶牛低脂乳症对牛乳脂肪球膜甘油磷脂含量的影响.选取体况相近、泌乳中期的10头荷斯坦奶牛进行自身前后对照设计,试验期12 d,第1天至第6天每头牛饲喂基础日粮+CLA 400 g·d-1,第7天至第12天恢复为饲喂基础日粮,每天记录产奶量及采食量,分析乳成分及乳脂肪球(MFG)粒径参数,对...     

共轭亚油酸对奶牛乳脂肪球粒径及分布的影响

旨在探索共轭亚油酸（CLA）对奶牛乳脂肪球粒径（MFG）及分布的影响。本试验选取24头体况相近的泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛（体重（583±34.6）kg,产奶量（27.2±2.4）kg·d^-1）,分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组（C组）饲喂基础日粮,低剂量组（L组）饲喂基础日粮+150 g·d^-1 CLA,中剂量组（M组）饲喂基础日粮+300 g·d^-1 CLA,高剂量（H组）饲喂基础日粮+400 g·d^-1 CLA。连续饲喂5 d,测量奶牛采食量、产奶量和乳成分,采用Mastersizer 3000激光粒度仪测量乳脂肪球颗粒平均直径以及比例分布。结果发现,饲喂CLA对奶牛采食量、产奶量、乳蛋白和乳糖含量没有显著影响（P>0.05）,CLA处理极显著降低了乳脂肪的含量（P<0.01）。与对照组相比,CLA处理组牛乳中脂肪球粒径D_[3,2]和D_[4,3]显著减少（P<0.05）,并且随CLA添加剂量的增加,脂肪球分布比例呈现小脂肪球增多而大脂肪球减少的变化趋势。综上,在本试验条件下,饲粮CLA水平能够改变奶牛乳脂肪球粒径大小和比例,为阐明反式脂肪酸CLA造成奶牛低脂乳的内在机制提供基础。     

Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeder Hens Fed n-3 Fatty Acid-rich Fish Oil

Abstract

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of oil sources in the diet on milk yield, milk composition, and fatty acid (FA) profiles in mid-lactating dairy cows. Forty-eight Chinese Holstein dairy cows averaging 150 days in milk (DIM) at the start of the experiment (body weight = 596±19 kg; milk yield = 29.7±3.00 kg/d) were used in a completely randomized block design. The animals were assigned into four dietary treatments according to DIM and milk yield, and supplemented with no oil (control), 2% flaxseed oil (FSO), 2% soybean oil (SBO), and 2% oil from extruded soybeans (ESB). The experiment lasted nine weeks including the first week for adaptation. Milk yields, milk compositions (fat, protein, and lactose), and milk FA profiles were measured. Daily milk yield from cows fed with FSO, SBO, and ESB were higher than milk yield of the control cows (27.0, 27.0, and 26.5 vs. 25.4 kg/d). Milk fat percentage of the control cows was greater than those cows fed with oil-supplemented diets. However, increasing dietary fat content resulted with no change in fat-corrected milk yield. The FA profile of milk was changed by fat supplementation. Feeding oil reduced the proportion of both short-chain (C_8:0 to C_12:0) and medium-chain (C_14:0 to C_16:1) FAs, and increased the proportion of long-chain (≥C_18:0) FAs in milk fat. Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat was increased from 0.38% for the control to 0.79, 1.51, and 1.56% of fat for the cows supplemented with FSO, SBO, and ESB, respectively. Feeding oils rich in linoleic acid (SBO and ESB) was more effective in enhancing cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat than oils containing linolenic acid (FSO). There was a linear relationship between transvaccenic acid and cis-9, trans-11 CLA content in milk. Overall, feeding the FSO, SBO, and ESB diets increased monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased the saturated fatty acid in milk fat.     

利用乳汁体细胞研究共轭亚油酸钙对奶牛乳腺基因表达的作用

8头泌乳中期的奶牛被随机分为2组，分别是对照组（每头牛：基础日粮＋棕榈酸钙200g／d）和试验组（每头牛：基础日粮＋共轭亚油酸钙200g／d），试验期14d，检测了奶产量、乳成分，分析奶牛的血液变化，并采用荧光定量PCR对乳汁体细胞中脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACACA）的基因表达进行检测。结果显示，与对照组相比，试验组奶牛的乳产量、乳蛋白、乳糖和乳汁体细胞含量没有显著影响，但是显著降低了乳脂肪含量（P〈0．05），对照组和试验组奶牛乳脂肪含量分别为0．0326g／mL和0．0244g／mL。检测血液指标发现，共轭亚油酸钙显著升高了奶牛血液中高密度脂蛋白的含量（P〈0．05）。基因分析发现，试验组奶牛乳汁体细胞中LPL、ACA—CA的基因表达显著下调，表明共轭亚油酸钙抑制了奶牛乳腺细胞脂肪酸合成酶的基因表达。     

葵花籽油日粮中添加酵母硒对奶牛抗氧化性能及牛奶肪酸组成的影响

试验旨在研究在含葵花籽油奶牛日粮中添加酵母硒对奶牛抗氧化性能及牛奶脂肪酸组成的影响。试验选取32头体况、奶产量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛,随机分成4组。对照组A在基础日粮中添加350g葵花籽油,处理组B、C、D在A组日粮基础上分别添加酵母硒8、15、22g。结果表明:酵母硒的添加极显著提高了血清硒(P<0.01);C、D组乳硒较A、B组均有极显著提高(P<0.01);当酵母硒水平为15g时,血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力达到最大(P<0.05)。酵母硒的添加提高了CLA的含量,当添加量时,15、22g酵母硒可极显著提高乳中CLA的含量(P<0.01)。     

Concentrations of retinol and tocopherols in the milk of cows supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid

This study was performed to investigate the hypothesis that supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) changes the concentrations of retinol and tocopherols in the milk of cows. To investigate this hypothesis, Holstein cows received daily from 3 weeks ante‐partum to 14 weeks post‐partum either 172 g of a CLA‐free rumen‐protected control fat (control group, n = 20) or the same amount of a rumen‐protected CLA fat, supplying 4.3 g of cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA and 3.8 g of trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA per d (CLA group, n = 20). Milk samples (collected at weeks 1, 3, 5, 8 and 11 of lactation) were analysed for retinol, α‐ and γ‐tocopherol concentrations. Milk of cows supplemented with CLA had higher concentrations of retinol (+34%), α‐tocopherol (+44%) and γ‐tocopherol (+21%) than milk of control cows (p < 0.05). The daily output of these vitamins via milk was also greater in cows of the CLA group than in cows of the control group (+36, 50 and 24% for retinol, α‐tocopherol and γ‐tocopherol, respectively, p < 0.05). In agreement with higher concentrations of tocopherols, concentrations of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, determined in milk of week 5, were lower in cows of the CLA group than in control cows, indicative of a lower susceptibility of milk lipids to peroxidation. Plasma concentrations of retinol and α‐tocopherol, determined at 1 and 5 weeks post‐partum, were not different between the two groups of cows. In conclusion, this study shows that supplementing dairy cows with a moderate amount of CLA causes an increase of the concentrations of vitamins A and E in the milk and results in an increased output of those vitamins via milk. These effects might be beneficial with respect to the nutritional value of dairy products and the susceptibility of milk fat to oxidative deterioration.     

饲粮中添加黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能及乳脂中共轭亚油酸含量的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能及乳脂中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响。试验选取体重(600±29)kg、胎次2~3胎、泌乳期(158±3)d及泌乳量(22.8±1.8)kg/d的泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛15头,采用完全随机区组设计分为3组,每组5头,进行为期40 d的饲养试验,其中1~9 d为预试期,10~40 d为正试期。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组和试验2组分别在基础饲粮中添加96和160 g/(d·头)的黄花蒿乙醇提取物。结果表明:整个试验期间,2个试验组的产奶量(第24、31和40天)、乳脂率、乳脂产量、乳蛋白率、乳蛋白产量、非脂固形物含量以及乳脂中的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、短链脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸含量与对照组相比均无显著差异(P0.05);2个试验组的乳脂中CLA含量分别比对照组提高了30.7%和38.6%,其中试验2组与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。由此得出,饲粮中添加适量的黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能没有明显影响,但可以提高其乳脂中CLA含量,从而优化乳脂中脂肪酸的比例。     

Effect of pre‐ and post‐partum supplementation with lipid‐encapsulated conjugated linoleic acid on milk yield and metabolic status in multiparous high‐producing dairy cows

We evaluated the lactation performance, liver lipid content and plasma metabolites indicating the energy balance of dairy cows supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) pre‐ and post‐partum (PP) vs. only PP. A total of 60 cows were divided into three groups (n = 20). Daily diet of cows was supplemented with 14 g of CLA (7 g cis‐9, trans‐11 and 7 g trans‐10, cis‐12 isomers) from week 3 before the expected date of calving (group CLA1), or from the day of calving (group CLA2) until 77–91 days PP. Control cows were fed an isocaloric, isonitrogenous and isolipidic diet without CLA. Between week 3 and week 6 PP, the milk yield of cows in both CLA‐treated groups was approximately 4.5 kg higher (p < 0.05) than in control. Milk fat concentrations decreased from week 3 and were lower in both CLA groups than in control (p < 0.01). Body condition score loss was lower (p < 0.05) in the CLA1 than in the control group on week 5 PP. By week 11 PP, the body condition of both CLA1 and CLA2 groups exceeded that of control. Plasma non‐esterified fatty acid was lower in CLA1 compared to CLA2 and control during the early PP period (p < 0.05), while this difference faded away by the late PP period. Beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) increased rapidly in all groups following calving. In CLA1 group, it began to decrease sooner than in CLA2 and control. The prevalence of subclinical ketosis (BHBA > 1.2 mm ) was lower in CLA1 group than in CLA2 and control (p < 0.05). Liver biopsy analyses showed that CLA1 treatment decreased (p < 0.05) the total lipid content of liver compared to control at week 5 after calving. Our results show that CLA supplementation is more efficient in alleviating body mass mobilization and decreasing the incidence of subclinical ketosis when applied as early as 3 weeks before calving than started feeding after calving.     

Effect of dietary fish oil on milk yield, fatty acids content and serum metabolic profile in dairy cows

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of dietary unprotected fish oil on milk yield, fatty acids content and serum metabolic profile in dairy cows. Forty lactating Polish Holstein-Friesian cows were assigned to two groups. The cows were fed a control basal diet (C group), or a basal diet containing 2% addition of fish oil on mineral carrier (FOM group) during a 8-week period. Supplementing FOM diet of dairy cows had no significant effect on milk fat, milk protein, milk lactose concentration and somatic cells count, but increased the milk yield (36.5 kg/d), (p < 0.05) compared with the control cows (34.28 kg/d). We observed an increase (p < 0.05) in body condition scoring between C and FOM groups. Additionally, higher levels of non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate acid were noticed in FOM group after 8 weeks of the experiment; however, these serum parameters still were in the reference range. Concentration of insulin was higher (30.40 μU/ml; p < 0.01) in the FOM group compared with the control group (14.03 μU/ml). In the FOM group, significant increase (p < 0.01) in long-chain fatty acids, mainly cis-9, trans-11 CLA and n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) was observed. The obtained results demonstrated that addition of fish oil to cows' diet could profitably modify the fatty acids in cow's milk.     

Rumen fermentation,milk production and conjugated linoleic acid in the milk of cows fed high fiber diets added with dried distillers grains with solubles

The effects of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) feeding on rumen fermentation and milk production in cows were evaluated using diets high in neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 45.9–46.6%). The control diet (Control) consisted mainly of hay, corn silage and concentrates. In the experimental diets, the concentrates were replaced with DDGS as 10% dry matter (DM) (10%DDGS) and 20% DM (20%DDGS). Eight cows were used for each 14‐day treatment period. Effect of DDGS feeding on DM intake was not significant. Ruminal volatile fatty acids and ammonia‐N at 5 h after feeding of 20%DDGS were decreased compared to Control, whereas protozoal count at 2 h after feeding of 20%DDGS was higher than that of 10%DDGS. Milk yield of cows fed DDGS diets was greater than that of Control, although percentages of milk protein and solids‐not‐fat were decreased by DDGS diets. The proportions of C10:0, C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 in the milk fat decreased, and those of C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) increased markedly with elevated DDGS. Increase in trans‐11 C18:1 was observed in the rumen fluid at 5 h after feeding. These findings suggest that DDGS feeding enhanced milk yield, as well as CLA synthesis under a high dietary NDF condition.