抗（耐）丛根病两个甜菜新品种的选育

宁甜单优１号和宁甜双优１号杂优品种系以抗（耐）丛根病为选育目标，经１９９３、１９９４年在宁夏、甘肃、内蒙三省（区）病地、非病地广泛设点试验、示范育成。宁甜单优１号在病地产量平均为３５９１．４ｋｇ／亩，平均含糖１３．９１％，产糖量５００．３ｋｇ／亩，根产量、含糖率与产糖量分别比当地对照种提高２０７．５％、２．３７度与２７６．９５％；宁甜双优１号在病地平均根产量为３０３１．１ｋｇ／亩，平均含糖１３．６１％，产糖量４１４．１ｋｇ／亩，比当地对照种根产量、含糖率与产糖量分别增加１５９．５％、２．０７度与２１２．０２％。在非（轻）病地两品种分别比当地对照品种增产３７．７％、１２．８８％，含糖均比对照提高１．０度，适应性广泛，现已在宁夏、甘肃、内蒙等省区推广种植。     

甜菜多系杂交种甜研八号的选育

甜研八号是以ＫＨ为骨干系,与４个自交系按４∶１（自交系等量）配制的多系自然杂交组合（代号ＫＨ－５）,生产上利用一代杂交种。１９９１～１９９５年参加全国１３个网点区域试验和４个点两年（１９９４～１９９５年）的生产试验,平均根产量为４２６３８．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和４３７８２．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,前者比对照增产９．０％,后者与对照持平（－０．１％）,平均含糖率为１６．６％和１６．１％,比对照提高１．３２度和１．３５度,平均产糖量为７１０１．９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和７００３．７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,比对照增产２２．９％和９．５％;１９９３～１９９７年参加黑龙江省１０个点区域试验和６个点两年（１９９６～１９９７年）的生产试验,平均根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别比对照提高１０．２％和２７．８％、０．８度和０．６４度、１８．５％和３４．９％。抗褐斑病和根腐病,较对照低０．８级,根腐病罹病率５．５％,亦较耐立枯病和丛根病。适宜在黑龙江省的佳木斯、齐齐哈尔、哈尔滨、大庆,内蒙古的中部、东部,宁夏的银川,甘肃的黄羊镇,新疆的石河子、和静等地种植。     

甜菜多倍体新品种甜研309的选育

甜研３０９是由四倍体甜４２７与二倍体甜２１１杂交而成的普通多倍体品种。该品种具有抗病性较强、含糖较高、丰产性稳定、适应性广等优点。区试中，平均根产量３０５６２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，分别比统一对照甜研３０２、当地对照增产５．０１％、１１．１２％；平均含糖率１５．１８％，分别较上述对照提高０．１６度、０．６７度；产糖量４６６１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，分别较上述对照提高５．８２％、１７．４７％。甜研３０９在“八五”国家甜菜育种攻关项目中的丛根病品系鉴定试验中，在内蒙、宁夏、甘肃、新疆等试验点表现出较强的耐丛根病性。     

甜菜施用生物钾肥试验简报

甜菜施用生物钾肥对比试验结果显示，根产量、含糖率、产糖量分别比对照提高１４％、０．５度和１５％，根腐病发病率比对照降低了１０．８％，是一项经济实用的施肥措施。     

甜菜遗传单粒型三倍体杂交种甜单二号的选育

甜单二号（原代号ＴＤ８７１６）系以ＴＤｍ１０６为母本，Ｔ４１０为父本，按母父本３∶１自然杂交而成。该品种在黑龙江省甜菜品种生产示范试验中（１９９５～１９９６年），平均根产量、含糖率、产糖量分别为３４９８０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、１７．５７度、６１０１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，分别比对照品种甜研３０１提高１０．３％、０．１０度、１２．４％。甜单二号品种稳定性好，抗褐斑病，耐根腐病，适宜在黑龙江省的红兴隆、肇源、拉哈、绥化等地种植。     

甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种九甜单一号的选育

九甜单一号系采用单粒二倍体雄不育系九三ＭＳＡ－１为母本，多粒四倍体授粉系ＧＷ６５－３为父本配制而成的遗传单位型多倍体杂交种。经生产试验鉴定，其稚产量、含糖率、产糖量分别比对照品种甜研３０１提高１６．５％、０．６８度、２１．４５％。该品种丰产性突出、含糖率稳定、抗病性强，适宜大面积机械化精量点播和纸筒有苗移栽，属丰产型甜菜品种。     

甜菜雄性不育系杂交种陇糖三号的选育

甜菜雄性不育杂交种“陇糖三号”是以自育雄性不育系Ｇ０４Ａ作母本、自交系Ｚ７作父本组配而成的Ｆ１杂交后代,属标准型多粒二倍体杂交种。根产量在河西地区平均达到５９０５９ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,产糖量平均为１０４７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,分别较对照（甘糖一号）提高１６．７％和１３．４％;含糖率平均为１７．９％,较对照低０．７度。该品种较抗黄化毒病和白粉病,群体整齐度高,丰产、稳产性好,适应范围较广,适合于甘肃省河西甜     

标准偏丰产型单粒种甜单一号的选育

甜单一号其母本四倍体甜单４０１为由ＰＥＫ品种通过镜检提纯及经含糖率、抗病性状等多轮选择，表现性状整齐、丰产性强、其父本二倍体甜２０９为高糖、抗病的自交系，母父本以３：１自然杂交选育而成。试验结果表明，甜单一号振产量、含糖率与产糖量分别比对照品种提高１１．７％、０．０８度与１２．２７％。甜单一号为标准偏丰产型、单粒、多倍体杂交种，适宜机械化精量点播及纸筒育苗移栽，适应性广且丰产、稳定性强，已在黑龙江、新疆、内蒙古等省（区）开始推广种植。     

乌兰浩特糖厂引种鉴定试验简报

经过１９９６￣１９９８年引种对比试验示范，证明甜研３０３品种适应当地的土壤、气候等环境条件，比原主栽品种协作二号表现突出，平均根产量为４０．０７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，较对照增产９．９％，平均含糖为１７．８度，比对照提高０．８９度，平均产糖量为７．１７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，比对照增产１５．８％。甜研３０３丰产性能好、适应性强、尤其在１９９８年洪涝灾害严重年份，仍表现稳产、抗病、耐涝，已被确定为本地区的主栽品种。     

耐丛根病甜菜杂交种甜研203的选育

甜研２０３系以３个多粒型抗病高糖有粉系，按２：２：１混植自然杂交制种，花期相遇杂交率高，种子混收１次性使用。该品种在抗（耐）丛根病区域试验中，８个点平均根产量，含糖率，产糖量，分别比对照提高２０７．４％，４．３８度，３１７．８％；生产试验中３个点平均根产量，含糖率，产糖量分别比对照提高３７．０％，３．２９度，７２．７％，且丛根病罹病率低于对照３２．６个百分点。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.