野生红茵茶挥发性香气成分的鉴定

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)和顶空固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)分别对野生红茵茶的挥发性成分进行提取,通过GC-MS分析鉴定香气成分。结果表明,2种方法鉴定的成分有差异,SDE法鉴定到的醇类、酯类成分、含氮化合物较多,而HS-SPME法鉴定到的易挥发成分(如烃类)较多。从2种方法共同鉴定的物质的种类和含量来看,芳樟醇、香叶醇、橙花叔醇、茉莉酮、α-紫罗酮、β-紫罗酮等是红茵茶的主体香气成分。     

同时蒸馏萃取与固相微萃取法提取馒头中挥发性物质

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)和固相微萃取法(SPME)分别提取我国主食馒头样品中挥发性风味成分,经气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分离及鉴定,分析两种方法萃取的馒头样品中的挥发性物质的差异。从SDE法提取的样品中检测到25种化合物, SPME法提取的样品中鉴定出50种风味组分,两种方法制备的样品中共有70种挥发性化合物主要有醇、醛、酮和酯等。虽然SPME法检测到的化合物种类多于SDE法的,但SPME法提取的样品中化合物的浓度较低,且从样品的总离子流色谱图的分离效果来看,SDE法优于SPME法。     

大鲵低聚糖肽对葡萄酒发酵香气成分影响的研究

利用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法(SPME-GC-MS),分析大鲵低聚糖肽对葡萄酒发酵香气成分的影响。结果表明,大鲵低聚糖肽葡萄酒中共检测到30种香气成分,包括7种醇类物质、9种酯类物质和2种酮类物质。与不添加大鲵低聚糖肽的葡萄酒相比较,大鲵低聚糖肽葡萄酒具有较高含量的乙醇、异丁醇、异戊醇、2-甲基丁醇、苯乙醇、3,4-二甲基苯甲醇、乙酸乙酯及丁二酸二乙酯。因此,大鲵低聚糖肽是一类潜在的可以影响酿酒酵母香气化合物合成的活性物质,实现大鲵低聚糖肽在葡萄酒酿造中的应用奠定了基础。     

广东罗坑野生茶树群落红茶香气物质鉴析

为研究广东省罗坑镇野生型与栽培型红茶香气物质并确定其特异性香气成分, 采用顶空固相微 萃取(HS-SPME)结合气质联用技术(GC-MS)对芦溪野生红茶、 花蕉岩野生红茶、 上坑野生红茶、 上斜野 生红茶、 奖公茶红茶等的红茶香气组成进行鉴定和分析。结果表明, 在广东罗坑红茶中共鉴定出 66种 香气化合物, 主要种类包含醇类、 酯类、 醛类、 酮类、 烯类和烷烃类等, 其中醇类和醛类是主要的香气物质, 占香气物质的 70%以上。香气化合物中香叶醇、 苯甲醛、 β-芳樟醇和水杨酸甲酯是 4种最主要的成分, 加上苯乙醛、 脱氢芳樟醇及β-紫罗酮共同组成野生红茶的主导香气成分; 其中苯甲醛是特异性香气成分, 也是杏仁香气特征的重要体现。感官审评的结果与香气物质的分析结果一致。罗坑野生红茶杏 仁香特征明显, 带甜香。     

套袋对‘栖霞大香水’梨果实香气组分的影响

为了明确套袋对‘栖霞大香水’梨果实香气的影响,以套双层袋‘栖霞大香水’梨为试材,不套袋果实为对照,采用固相微萃取(SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,测定了‘栖霞大香水’梨果实香气组成和含量。结果表明：套袋‘栖霞大香水’梨和对照不套袋果实香气物质种类和含量存在显著差异,套袋‘栖霞大香水’梨检测到3类34种芳香物质,香气物质总量为2671.53 ng/g;不套袋果实检测到3类42种芳香物质,香气物质总含量为10040.14 ng/g。套袋导致‘栖霞大香水’梨果实香气种类和含量显著降低。     

大葱粉中挥发性风味物质的分析

新鲜大葱经40℃加热干燥后粉碎,利用顶空固相微萃取法萃取大葱粉中的挥发性风味物质,然后用气质联用法对不同处理中的挥发性成分进行分离鉴定。结果表明,大葱粉中风味性成分主要是含硫化合物和醛类,其中二甲基硫醚和3-甲基丁醛的含量最高,葱白粉中的含硫化合物含量高于葱叶中的含量。     

燕山地区板栗果实香气成分的GC-MS分析

以燕山地区特有板栗品种“大板红”、“冀栗1号”和“燕山早丰”果实为试材,采用固相微萃取技术结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行果实香气成分的测定分析。结果表明,“大板红”、“冀栗1号”和“燕山早丰”3个品种中共检测到62种香气成分,分别为33种、38种和34种,化合物的成分以醛类、醇类、酮类为主;3个品种中共有的香气成分有10种;不同品种间香气物质种类及相对含量不同。“大板红”中检测出其他两个品种中均未检测出的乙酸丁酯、乙酸己酯,故乙酸丁酯和乙酸己酯可能是其特有香气物质。研究结果有助于深入了解板栗的特征香气成分及组成,亦为不同板栗品种的香气物质指纹图谱研究提供理论指导。     

不同货架期西番莲果实香气成分变化研究

以西番莲为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分别对紫香一号、台农一号西番莲果实在4 ℃下恒温货架期1、14 d香气物质种类进行分析与鉴定,采用面积归一化法分析各香气物质相对含量,测定不同货架期西番莲果实香气物质成分变化,为西番莲贮藏保鲜提供科学依据。结果表明：不同货架期西番莲果实的香气物质种类、相对含量及香味存在差异,紫香一号西番莲货架1 d时,香气物质种类有25种,相对含量67.50%,乙酸乙酯是主要香气物质,呈现淡淡草香味,货架14 d时,香气物质种类有43种,相对含量92.14%,丁酸己酯、己酸己酯是主要香气物质,呈现苹果、蔬菜、草和肥皂的复杂香味;台农一号西番莲货架1 d时,香气物质种类有37种,相对含量89.32%,丁酸乙酯、丁酸己酯是主要香气物质,呈现菠萝、苹果、肥皂香味,货架14 d时,香气物质种类有43种,相对含量95.16%,己酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯是主要香气物质,呈现菠萝、香蕉味。西番莲果实在货架14 d时香气物质种类和相对含量及香味更为丰富。该研究可为西番莲果实的加工开发利用提供一定的参考。     

5种欧丁香鲜花香气成分的比较研究

为探明欧丁香的主要香气成分及比较不同欧丁香品种间主要挥发性物质的差异,采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析5种欧丁香鲜花的芳香成分及其相对含量。从‘瓷蓝’中检测出49种芳香成分,从‘麦肯’中检测出41种芳香成分,从‘沙萱’中检测出49种芳香成分,烯萜类化合物是它们的主要芳香成分;从‘裘利’中检测出40种芳香成分,从‘莫斯加’中检测出46种芳香成分,烯萜类化合物和芳香烃类化合物为主要芳香成分。将‘瓷蓝’和‘裘利’、‘麦肯’和‘沙萱’、‘莫斯加’分为3种不同的香气类型,并推测出欧丁香的最主要香气成分为烯萜类化合物。     

气相色谱-质谱法定量检测鱼露中4种关键香气化合物

建立了速酿鱼露中3-甲基丁醛、3-甲基丁醇、3-甲硫基丙醛和苯乙醇4种关键香气化合物的气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）测定方法。采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）与气质联用技术（GC-MS）相结合来鉴定鱼露中4种关键香气化合物,考察萃取温度、萃取时间、内标物的选择对分析结果的影响。结果表明,优化的固相微萃取条件为：选用2-甲基-3-庚酮作为内标物,萃取温度45℃,萃取时间40 min。4种关键香气化合物都具有良好的线性关系,决定系数R2均大于0.98,并对样品进行加标回收实验,回收率为75.47%～134.41%,相对标准偏差均小于10%,符合痕量定量要求。该研究使用气相色谱-质谱法定量检测鱼露中关键香气化合物,操作简便快捷、精密度高,满足鱼露中4种关键香气化合物检测的需求,有助于促进香气质量评价体系的建立。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Breeding forage grasses for organic conditions

Herbage yield trials are necessary to test if candidate varieties are well suited for organic conditions. In order to elucidate a particular suitability for organic conditions, we run such trials in parallel under both organic and conventional conditions. Here, we report on second and third year results of the sowings 2004 and 2005. These trials are part of a targeted breeding programme for organic conditions. Irregular colonisation of pure grass plots with adventitious plants, in particular white clover, was recognized as a major constraint to the quality of the results obtained under organic conditions. The coefficients of variance in dry matter yield almost doubled when compared to conventional trials, and significant differences in annual yield among varieties were rare. However, when herbage yield was corrected for the estimated fraction of adventitious plant colonization at each cut, the number of instances with statistically significant differences for annual yield among varieties increased more than fourfold. Dry matter yields under organic and conventional conditions were significantly and positively correlated. However, analysis of variance showed a significant culture type by variety interaction for annual dry matter yield in 12 out of 24 trials. When diploid and tetraploid varieties of the same Lolium species were tested in one common trial, only tetraploid varieties were identified as being particularly well suited for organic conditions, while in these trials, the great majority of apparently poorly suited varieties were diploid. This suggests that breeding tetraploid Lolium varieties is promising when aiming at a favourable response to organic agriculture.