棉属分类及其染色体组研究进展

本文综述了棉属（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ）分类和棉属梁色体组研究的最新进展。全文共分５个部分：（１）棉属分类，重点介绍了Ｆｒｙｘｅｌｌ的棉属分类方案以及最近几次较大的修订情况，并列出了包括４７个种、４个亚种在内的棉属最新分类名录；（２）棉属染色体组。介绍了棉属细胞学及染色体组研究的发展历史，把棉属分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｆ和Ｇ７个二倍体染色体组和ＡＤ１个异源四倍体复合染色体组；（３）棉属染色体核型分析。介绍了棉属染色体核型研究的意义和内容；（４）棉属染色体组的演化。介绍了棉属染色体组演化的四种不同观点，讨论了ＡＤ复合染色体组供体问题；（５）讨论。讨论了棉属分类以及比克氏棉（Ｇ．ｂｉｃｋｉｉ）和大萼组（ｓｅｃｔ．Ｇｒａｎｄｉｃａｌｙｘ）棉种的染色体组归属问题。     

中国野生大豆熟期类型及光周期区划

对来自中国２９个纬度区范围内的野生大豆（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅｓｏｊａ）进行了成熟期和开花临界光周期分析。根据野生大豆分布范围、不同纬度区野生大豆开花光周期特点及熟期类型，提出野生大豆分布区的光周期区划。讨论了植物光照习性的划分、短日性与原始性的关系、野生大豆开花光周期规律及意义     

棉属不同染色体组种间杂交胚胎学研究

本文主要报道以棉属［（Ｃｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ）（ＡＤ）］染色体组四倍体栽培种陆地棉（Ｇ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ）为母本，Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｇ染色体组的二倍体野生棉代表种长须棉（Ｇ．ｂａｒｂａｓａａｎｕｍ）、澳洲棉（Ｇ．ａｕｓｔｒａｌｅ）、雷蒙地棉（Ｇ．ｒａｉｍｏｎｄｉｉ）、索马里棉（Ｇ．ｓｏｍａｌｅｎｓｅｅ）和比克氏棉（Ｇ．ｂｉｃｋｉｉ）做父本，配成５个杂交组合，并以陆地棉自交作对照，比较研究棉属不同染色体组种间杂交的胚胎发育过程。二倍体不同染色体组野生棉的花粉在陆地棉柱头上可以顺利萌发，其花粉管在花柱中生长较正常，但花粉管生长速度明显慢于陆地棉自交。野生棉花粉管到达陆地棉胚囊并释放精子完成双受精的频率很低，除陆地棉×Ｄ组雷蒙地棉受精率为３３．３％以外，其它几个杂交组合的受精率均低于１０％。杂种形成的胚乳游离核数量比陆地棉自交的少，而且比自交对照提早３～４天形成胚乳细胞。杂种胚乳组织形成后迅速解体。杂种原胚发育较正常，但杂种胚大多停滞在球形胚和近心形胚期；分化后的杂种胚呈现各种形态的畸形胚。杂交胚珠的珠心组织解体明显迟于自交胚珠，其解体时间和胚乳组织解体基本上一致。珠心组织的迟迟解体和胚乳组织异常发育导致杂种胚的败育。     

中国储藏物螨类4种新记录

作者在广西梧州对储藏物螨种类进行调查时,发现４种新的储藏物螨,其中食甜科Ｇｌｙｃｙｐｈａｇｉｄａｅ１种,肉食螨科Ｇｌｅｙｌｅｔｉｄａｅ３种,后者之中有２种也是中国螨种新记录。     

中国苎麻属组群分类及演化研究

在同地种植条件下,对中国苎麻属５组１３种的植物形态学和４组１０种的花粉形态学进行比较研究表明。根系有分枝根型,萝卜根型和浅直根型;茎有直立茎型和匍匐茎型;花序为簇生花序组成穗状花序或复穗状花序或分枝型花序,或单个腋生;花粉萌孔有具内隐孔膜,具稍隆孔膜和无孔膜。不同组的根型,茎型,花序,花粉萌孔有明显不同,据此完善和修正了中国苎麻属组群的分类标准。分析了该属植物主要分类性状的演化趋势,建立了新的组合     

缺硼对大豆植株生长和根瘤固氮活性的影响

以普通结瘤大豆Ｂｒａｇｇ ｃｖ．（Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ ｍａｘ（Ｌ．）Ｍｅｒｒ．）及其超结瘤突变体ｍｔｓ３８２为试验材料,用营养液培养方法研究了缺硼对大豆植株生长和根瘤固氮作用的影响,结果表明,在缺硼条件下,植株根系生长受到抑制,变粗变短,颜色加深;地上部生长点坏死,使植株长得矮小,干重降低;根系结瘤能力和根瘤固氮活性明显下降,说明硼不仅对维持植株的正常生长,同时对根瘤的形成及其固氮活性都起着重要作用。     

锡林郭勒草原的冰草属植物

为了研究冰草属（ＡｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎＧａｅｒｔｎ．）植物的遗传多样性，于１９９５年８月对内蒙古锡林郭勒草原进行了系统的考察，共采集冰草属植物４个种３２份材料。这些材料所生长的土壤、生态环境以及在形态上存在广泛的多样性，其中某些材料可作为小麦改良中抗旱、抗寒和耐盐碱的主要资源。观察了所有材料的根尖细胞染色体数，发现了２个新的倍性水平材料。     

铃钩蛾属一新种

钩蛾科的幼虫大都是林木、果树及农作物害虫、入对其研究有很大的经济意义。铃钩蛾属是Ｂｕｔｌｅｒ在１８８６年建立的。本属分布于中国、印度、缅甸的日本一带。Ｗａｔｓｏｎ１９６８年记载共５种，１９８８年朱弘复，王林瑶二先生记载我国４种及两亚种。笔者在整理庐山尺蛾总科过程中，发现铃钩蛾属一新种，模式标本保存在江西庐山植物园昆虫标本室内。     

淫羊藿属植物种间杂交亲和性研究

对原产贵州、四川的14个种、38个居群淫羊藿属植物进行种间杂交结实率统计分析研究。结果显示,淫羊藿属植物种间杂交多数组合有较好的可杂交性,但是不同组合之间有较大的变异。E.wushanense、E.lishihchemii是广亲和的花粉受体,种间杂交中适合作母本。E.myrianthum是广亲和的花粉供体,种间杂交中适合作父本。E.acuminatum、E.pubescense是广亲和的花粉供体兼受体,种间杂交中作为母本或父本都有很高的可杂交性。可确定的生物学物种:大花种类E.pauciflorum、E.acumi-natum、E.chlorandrum,小花类群种类E.sagittatum、E.myrian-thum、E.ecalcaratum、E.pubescense。该结果对于该属进一步的杂交研究、品种改良及该属系统关系研究等都具有一定的参考价值。     

基于叶绿体DNA序列的Ceratotropis亚属遗传进化研究

作为Ceratotropis亚属起源中心之一,中国有丰富的Ceratotropis亚属种质资源,但种间遗传进化研究相对落后。为探索该亚属各种间的亲缘关系及遗传演化规律,对Ceratotropis亚属18个种及亚种共110份材料的叶绿体基因组2个内含子(rpl16、rps16)和3个基因(psbA-trnH、rpoB-trnC和trnL-trnF)的间隔区序列进行了研究。结果表明,各序列的信息位点百分率在3.63%~24.28%之间,其中rps16最高,rpoB-trnC最低。序列拼接的Kimura进化距离分析发现,各种间进化距离介于0~0.057之间,V. minima复合体(V. minima、V. riukinensis和V. nakashime)和V. subramaniana的进化距离最大。基于单个序列,利用MEGA5.1和PAUP4.0软件构建的邻接树和最大简约树的结果均将Ceratotropis亚属18个种及亚种划分为2大支,其中第I类包含9个种和亚种,为3个组(Angulares、Ceratotropis和Aconitifoliae)的混合体,第II类也包含9个种和亚种,全部属于Angulares组。系统发育树的分化同质性检验表明其拓扑一致性较高(P=0.87)。psbA-trnH等5个序列的分子系统进化研究对阐明Ceratotropis亚属种间亲缘关系和系统演化具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

大豆属Soja亚属植物花粉形态的比较观察

对野生、半野生、半栽培、栽培大豆花粉进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜的观察。发现不同进化类型大豆花粉的沟、内孔及纹饰存在明显的差异，可以做大豆分类、进化研究的重要依据。     

大庆地区委陵菜属植物花粉形态研究

植物的花粉在遗传上具有较强的保守性和稳定性,对于探讨植物的分类、起源和系统演化具有重要意义。该试验利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对大庆地区9种委陵菜属植物的花粉粒进行了形态比较研究。结果表明,9种委陵菜在光镜和4000倍扫描电镜下,显示出较多的相似性;在8000倍以上扫描电镜下,表面纹饰分为三种类型：非双棱脊条状纹饰、多沟脊条状纹饰和无沟条状纹饰,脊宽在0.11μm-0.29μm之间,脊间宽在0.37μm-0.78μm之间,脊连续或不连续,表面具穴或微颗粒,孔沟形状为条形和裂缝状。从分析9种委陵菜属植物花粉形态的系统演化及分类特征来看,9种委陵菜花粉的演化趋势与传统分类的演化基本保持一致。     

Diversity of penicillarian millets (Pennisetum glaucum and P. purpureum) as for the compatibility between their gynoecia and pollens from some other Poaceae

Summary The compatibility between gynoecia of different penicillarian millets (Pennisetum glaucum and P. purpureum) and pollens from some other Poaceae was evaluated in order to determine whether different penicillarian pistils showed the same pistil-pollen interactions with a same non-penicillarian pollen and to determine whether compatibility was dependent on the genetic divergence or the degree of sympatric evolution of the mating partners. Ten pearl millet lines (P. glaucum subsp. glaucum), six wild pearl millet accessions (P. glaucum subsp. monodii) and one P. purpureum accession were pollinated with five other Pennisetum species: P. pedicellatum, P. polystachyon, P. schweinfurthii, P. squamulatum, P. ramosum, and with three species from other genera: Cenchrus ciliaris, Panicum maximum and Zea mays. Each male species was represented by a unique accession. Pollen grain germination on the stigmata and pollen tube growth in the gynoecia were monitored by means of fluorescence microscopy after aniline blue staining. Significant compatibility differences were observed between a given pollen and gynoecia from different P. glaucum accessions. But there was no evidence of compatibility differences between the three female taxonomic groups. The eight pollen parents can be classified into three groups according to their mean degree of compatibility with the different penicillarian gynoecia. P. ramosum, P. schweinfurthii and P. squamulatum showed a high compatibility: more than 50% of penicillarian gynoecia had pollen tubes at the micropyle, six hours after pollination. Zea mays, Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum maximum showed a low compatibility: pollen tubes were arrested in the style. P. pedicellatum and P. polystachyon showed nil compatibility: few pollen grains germinated on the stigmata and very rare tubes reached the entry of the style, where they stopped. It must be noted that such a strong gametic barrier has been observed only with pollinator species sympatric to pearl millet.     

A test of the mentor pollen technique in the genus Ipomoea

Summary A major barrier to hybridization of some Ipomoea species is located at the stigma-style interface. In 5 interspecific combinations examined with the aid of fluorescence microscopy, pollen was found to germinate and penetrate the stigma surface without, however, passing into the style. In the cross I. hederacea x 1. purpurea, pollen tubes were observed in the style and capsules were set, but no full seeds were produced. Attempts to facilitate hybridization among Ipomoea species using mentor pollen-foreign pollen mixes were unsuccessful.     

Elucidating the behaviour of pollen tubes in intra-and interspecific pollinations of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. coccineus Lam.

Summary The behaviour of pollen tubes in intra-and interspecific pollinations of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus has been examined using a combination of phase-contrast, and UV fluorescence microscopy. The results indicate that P. coccineus is self-compatible in terms of pollen tube growth, and that pollen tube inhibition is not responsible for the reciprocal differences in seed set which have been observed in crosses between these species.     

Barriers to interspecific hybridization in Ulmus americana

Summary Crossability barriers between the tetraploid Ulmus americana and five other diploid elm species were investigated using both fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. Both pollen germination and pollen tube development were inhibited in all interspecific crosses. Pollen tube behavior on the stigma of U. americana was unchanged when pollen of a colchicine-induced U. pumila tetraploid was substituted for diploid U. pumila pollen.Self-incompatibility was observed in one of two American elms studied and manifested itself via reduced pollen germination and inhibited pollen tube growth on the stigma surface.The results indicate that crossing barrier(s) between U. americana and other elm species occur at the stigma surface and operate independently of ploidy level. This conclusion is discussed in relation to current breeding efforts to transfer Dutch elm disease resistance into the American elm via interspecific hybridization with Eurasian elms.     

核桃花粉形态及生活力的比较

为了给核桃花粉的保存、人工授粉及授粉树的配置提供理论依据,笔者测定了核桃楸、河北核桃、11个普通核桃品种花粉的形状、大小及不同保存条件下花粉生活力的差异。结果表明：核桃花粉形状为椭圆形或圆形;花粉生活力种间、品种间均存在一定的差异;用染色法测定表明,11个被测品种的花粉均有较强的生活力;常温条件下花粉保存时间较短,冷藏冷冻条件下花粉保存时间较长。     

茶组植物花粉生活力测定及种间杂交研究

摘要：采用固体培养基法测定茶组植物10个茶种的花粉生活力。结果表明,10个茶种的花粉发芽率在9.2%-79.1%之间,其中,野生型茶树花粉平均发芽率为34.2%,栽培型茶树花粉平均发芽率为75.8%,各茶种之间花粉生活力存在显著差异。野生型茶树与栽培型茶树8个人工杂交组合的结实率在4.4%－22.5%之间,结果表明,以花粉生活力高的栽培型茶树为父本的杂交组合结实率高于野生型茶树为父本的杂交组合。关健词：茶组,花粉生活力,种间杂交     

Inheritance of sexual incompatibility in apricot

The study was carried out with 3- to 6-year-old apricot progenies from the breeding programmes of ARS in Fresno, California, USA and of CEBAS in Murcia, Spain. Progenies from 19 different crosses were studied to determine the inheritance of the genetic incompatibility trait. The 19 crosses included those where both parents were self-compatible or both self-incompatible, and also those where a self-compatible parent and another self-incompatible were crossed. Segregating progenies were studied either by bagging a sufficiently high number of flowers in balloon stage and determining the percentage of fruit set several weeks later or by following pollen tube growth with fluorescence microscopy. Results indicated that a monofactorial system with a multiallelic series appears to control the trait. Alleles for self-compatibility would allow the pollen tubes to grow in any style and reach the ovules. Alleles for self-incompatibility would stop the pollen tube growth if the same allele is present in the pollen grain and in the pistil.     

花粉活力不同测定方法的比较和离体培养初探——黄山玉兰

为了比较不同花粉活力测定方法的应用效果,本研究利用黄山玉兰(Yulania cylindrica)花粉作为实验材料,采用MTT染色法、TTC染色法、醋酸洋红染色法分别测定黄山玉兰自然盛开、室内水培盛开、室内培养萎蔫时的花粉活力;同时采用不同浓度梯度的硼酸、蔗糖溶液进行花粉离体培养。结果表明：醋酸洋红染色法测得的活力偏高,均值为96.94%;TTC染色法所测活力偏低,为39.52%;MTT染色法所测活力最为合适,均值为85.46%;而花粉离体培养最佳的溶液浓度是5%的蔗糖溶液和0.01%的硼酸溶液。黄山玉兰花粉活力的不同测定方法比较和花粉离体培养为其他物种繁育相关研究提供了借鉴。