缺磷对已结瘤大豆生长和固氮功能的影响

磷对大豆生长起着非常重要的作用,然而区别磷在大豆生长和根瘤功能中的影响非常困难。为阐明根瘤形成后缺磷对大豆植株生长和固氮功能的影响,采用水培方法,营养液中供给正常磷酸盐浓度(30 µmol L^-1)条件下,待根瘤形成后,将营养液中的磷水平分别转换为0 µmol L^-1 (无磷)和4 µmol L^-1 (缺磷),研究缺磷对大豆生长和结瘤固氮的影响。结果表明,大豆根瘤具有固氮功能后,进行营养液中不同浓度的磷酸盐处理,从处理第9天开始,缺磷对大豆生物量的影响才表现出来,而缺磷对根瘤形成和生长的影响从处理开始就比较明显。处理第9天,无磷、缺磷和正常磷处理根瘤数比处理第3天分别增加11.8%、15.4%和20.0%,单位植株豆血红蛋白含量和单位根瘤豆血红蛋白含量都随磷浓度增加而增加。该结果表明,在保证大豆形成一定数目的根瘤后,缺磷会明显影响根瘤生长和固氮能力。     

大豆病虫害防治技术

<正> 大豆生长需要的微量元素及施用大豆正常生育需要一些微量元素,其中较为重要的有钼、硼、锌、锰等。钼是大豆根瘤固氮酶的组成成分,是固氮菌正常生命活动不可缺少的成分。硼在大豆生命活动中也很重要,缺棚大豆根系发育不好,根瘤着生不好,失去固氮能力。所以对于微量元素也必须注意。大豆所需微量元素能否从     

夏花生覆膜对根瘤中固氮酶和叶片硝酸还原酶活性影响的研究

覆膜夏花生有利于根瘤菌的侵染和根瘤的形成，使花生早结瘤、多结瘤、早进行共生固覆；覆膜降低结荚以前的固氮酶活性，但有利于中后期固氮酶活性的提高和维持，可延缓根瘤衰老、延长根瘤固氮时间。覆膜对花生叶片硝酸还原酶活性（ＮＲＡ）的影响与固氮酶活性正好相反，结荚以前较高、中后期较低。与露地相比，覆膜花生前期利用土壤和肥料氮较多，而中后期则可主要靠根瘤固氮来提供氮素营养。     

施氮对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响

采用框栽试验研究了施氮对大豆根瘤生长和结瘤固氮的影响,结果表明,施氮对大豆根瘤形成、生长和固氮能力有显著影响,随着N用量的增加,根瘤干质量、根瘤数量呈现先逐渐增加而后降低的趋势,而固氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量则表现为持续下降的趋势,适量施氮对根瘤生长有显著的促进作用,当氮素供应不足时则会抑制根瘤的生长,但当氮素供应过量时也会抑制根瘤的形成.从根瘤干质量和根瘤数量来看,各处理间表现为N100>N200>N50>N25>NO,以N100处理下根瘤干质量最大,根瘤数量最多,显著高于不施氮(N0)和其他施氮处理,从不同生育时期来看,根瘤干质量表现为从苗期到花期再到鼓粒期,大豆根瘤的数量呈现出先明显增加后逐渐减少的趋势,高峰出现在花期,而根瘤数量表现为花期>苗期.施氮显著抑制了固氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量,随施氮水平的增加,固氮酶活性和豆血红蛋白含量显著降低,表现为NO>N25>N50>N100>N200,表明施氮使大豆根瘤的固氮效率显著降低,因此,从大豆固氮效率来讲,施氮对大豆根瘤固氮具有抑制作用.方差分析结果表明,施氮和不施氮处理间均达到了5%的差异显著水平.因此,从大豆固氮和氮肥施用平衡的角度来看,应适量施用氮肥,既可以充分利用大豆的固氮功能,节约氮肥,又可以获得较高的产量.     

种间距对不同结瘤特性套作大豆根瘤生长及固氮潜力的影响

为充分挖掘套作大豆的固氮潜力,本试验以玉米/大豆带状套作系统为对象,研究了不同玉豆间距(30 cm、45 cm、60 cm和75 cm)下不同结瘤特性大豆品种(贡选1号、桂夏3号和南豆25号)的根瘤生长及固氮潜力差异。结果表明,与单作相比,带状套作可延缓大豆根瘤数目和鲜重峰值出现的时间:玉豆间距60 cm处理下,各品种大豆根瘤数目和鲜重显著高于其他间距处理,并在达到峰值期后高于单作大豆;品种间表现为:南豆25号>桂夏3号>贡选1号。带状套作相对于单作会降低始粒期(R5)前大豆根瘤的单株固氮潜力,但玉豆间距60 cm处理下, R5期贡选1号、桂夏3号和南豆25号的单株固氮潜力2年平均较单作提高8.53%、16.40%和13.70%。不同大豆品种根瘤侵染细胞内含物积累过程差异较大,相较单作,玉豆间距60cm处理下,R5期类菌体数量增多,其中聚-β-羟基丁酸盐颗粒(PHB)增加,以南豆25号表现最优。因此,带状套作下适宜的种间距(玉豆间距60cm)可增加R5期大豆根瘤数目和鲜重,提高大豆根瘤类菌体和PHB的数量,增强大豆根瘤的固氮潜力,以强结瘤品种南豆25号效果最好。     

大豆根瘤固氮分子机制研究取得新进展

大豆根瘤共生固氮是一个非常重要的科学问题,也是一个关乎大豆产量和品质的重要农艺性状。最适的结瘤数量是决定最佳固氮效率的关键因子。已有结果发现结瘤因子诱导的信号转导途径和大豆超结瘤的自主调控途径控制最适结瘤数量。但是两个途径互作的分子机制还不清楚。中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所研究成果揭示     

氟磺胺草醚对大豆根瘤固氮和蔗糖代谢的影响

采用田间试验方法研究了氟磺胺草醚茎叶处理对大豆根瘤固氮酶和蔗糖代谢的影响。结果表明:不同剂量的氟磺胺草醚茎叶处理对大豆根瘤生长无影响。氟磺胺草醚525g a.i./hm²用量下,根瘤固氮酶活性在施药后的38d内始终受到显著抑制,叶片和根中蔗糖合成酶活性受到长时间的抑制,同时叶片、茎、根系和根瘤中蔗糖含量均显著降低;263g a.i./hm²用量下,根瘤固氮酶活性在施药后的24d内显著降低,对叶片和根中蔗糖合成酶活性抑制作用最高值分别出现施药后的第10天和第18天,酶活性与对照相比分别降低15.22%和11.76%。氟磺胺草醚茎叶处理后,叶片、茎、根系和根瘤中蔗糖含量显著降低,蔗糖向根瘤中的供应不足是造成大豆根瘤固氮酶活性降低的一个重要原因。     

氮素营养和根瘤菌接种对大豆结瘤固氮和生长的影响

为研究不同氮素水平下接种大豆根瘤菌对大豆生长和结瘤固氮的影响,以大豆品种Williams 82为试验材料,采用蛭石法种植,设置无氮、低氮和高氮3种浓度的硝酸盐处理,接种USDA110大豆根瘤菌,研究不同氮素水平对大豆结瘤及氮含量的影响。结果表明,不同施氮水平对根瘤数目、根瘤干质量和根干质量都有不同程度的影响,施加高氮营养液会抑制大豆结瘤,而无氮处理则促进了大豆结瘤;根干质量呈现相反的变化趋势,无氮处理的根干质量最小,高氮处理的根干质量最大。不同施氮水平下,大豆不同器官氮含量在接菌和不接菌间表现出不同的变化趋势;高氮处理下的氮素含量显著高于低氮、无氮处理,不同器官氮含量整体表现出叶>根>茎的现象;不同氮水平条件下,不同叶位叶绿素值(SPAD值)在接菌与不接菌间无明显差异。叶形态指标的测定结果显示,高氮处理下叶面积、叶周长、叶长和叶宽均显著高于无氮处理;无氮接菌后叶面积和叶周长显著大于无氮不接菌处理,表明接菌不仅促进了根生长,还刺激了叶片增大。由此可知,不同氮素水平下,接种根瘤菌对大豆幼苗的结瘤固氮和生长发育的变化规律不同,适当增施氮素营养、配合根瘤菌剂的使用可促进大豆生长发育...     

非豆科作物结瘤固氮的途径

非豆科作物结瘤的方法包括：酶－ＰＥＧ法，杂交突变法，改组ｎｏｄ Ｄ法和Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉａ Ｐａｒａｓｐｏｎｉａ法。利用这些方法均能使非豆科植物结生根瘤，但这些根瘤均不能固氮。本研究选用萼田菁及其根瘤菌为材料，能使小麦结瘤氮。同时提出将豆科植物ＤＮＡ以大片段为单位通过花粉管途径转入非豆作物，回接该豆科植物根瘤菌，使其在转化植株上进行定向突变，从而获得结瘤固氮工程植株和有效的突变菌株。     

硼对绿豆植株生长发育及矿质营养状况的影响

在生长室利用水培研究了不同供硼水平对绿豆生长及矿质营养状况的影响。结果表明缺硼抑制绿豆生长，对根系的影响比对地上部的影响更大，表现在根冠比变小；供硼水平对植株的矿质营养含量也有明显的影响，缺硼降低了地上部和根系中的P，K，Fe的含量，促进Ca在根系中的积累，但地上部Ca的含量降低；缺硼时有利于Mg在植物体内的累积；硼对Mn的含量影响不大；严重缺硼时地上部Zn含量最高，但供硼正常时，Zn在根系中含量较高。     

Responses of Root Nodule Formation and Nitrogen Fixation Activity to Nitrate in a Split-Root System in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut is an important constituent of crop rotation systems with various vegetable crops, which need large amounts of inorganic nitrogen. Nitrate inhibits nodule formation and nitrogen fixation of the peanut plants in these cropping systems. To elucidate this nitrate-induced inhibition, an experimental method using a split-root system was designed and the inhibitory level of nitrate (14 m M ) was applied to half of the roots for 5 or 30 days in pot experiments. In the application of nitrate for 5 days, the dry weight, the nitrogen content, and both the number and the fresh weight of nodules for each half of the roots were unaffected by the nitrate applied to the other half. However, the nitrate induced significantly lower nitrogenase activity in the applied half. In the application for 30 days, nitrate induced a significantly higher nitrogen content in the applied half of the roots, and the inhibitory effect on nodulation and nodule development was observed not only in the applied half but also in the other half. Thus, the inhibitory effect of long-term nitrate application on the nodulation and nitrogenase activity of peanut may be systemic, but that of short-term nitrate application, in which external nitrate may regulate nitrogen fixation, may not be systemic.     

The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Population Density of the Field Bean (Vicia faba L. minor) of Indeterminate and Determinate Growth Habit on the Symbiosis with Root Nodule Bacteria and on the Seed Yield

Field beans of indeterminate (cv. Nadwiślański) and determinate (cv. Tibo) growth habits were grown on field plots with a density of 20, 40 and 80 plants m⁻² at two levels of nitrogen fertilization: low (20 kg N ha⁻¹) and very high (150 kg N ha⁻¹). At the phase of intense pod growth the number and the dry matter weight of root nodules as well as their nitrogenase activity and some features of the plants growth were determined, and in the period of ripeness the components of seed yield were established.
It was found that increased density of sowing as well as the high level of nitrogen fertilization inhibited the growth and development of root nodules and limited their nitrogenase activity in both cultivars. Plants of both varieties were characterized by a similar potential of forming the root nodules, however, in plants of the cv. Tibo the nitrogenase activity of nodules was much lower than in the cv. Nadwiślański.
Increased population density of the plants has in both varieties given increased seed yield when calculated per m² of the soil, compensating in excess the depression of the seed yield from one plant. Such compensation did not occur in the case of the depression of nitrogen fixation under intense nitrogen fertilization.     

大豆PIN-Like(PILS)基因家族的鉴定、表达分析及在根瘤共生固氮过程中的功能

植物激素生长素在植物的生长发育过程中发挥了至关重要的作用,它的稳态和浓度梯度建立控制了几乎所有器官的极性建成。生长素在特定细胞中合成、运输、感知以及代谢降解建立了符合器官发育的生长素浓度梯度。在豆科植物中,根与土壤微生物互作形成了根瘤这一特殊的器官,进行生物固氮。然而,生长素稳态控制生物固氮的功能还未知。拟南芥中的研究表明,PIN-Like (PILS)蛋白协助调节的细胞内生长素稳态,并介导下游细胞核内的生长素信号传递。本研究以大豆作为研究模型,在大豆基因组中鉴定获得19个PILS家族基因(GmPILS),不均匀分布于大豆10条染色体上。GmPILS在大豆9种组织部位中表现出多种表达模式,且具有明显的组织表达特异性。GmPILS1e和GmPILS1f在根瘤菌体区域富集表达,使用人工微RNA沉默(artificialmicro RNA interference,amiRNAi)下调GmPILS1e和GmPILS1f在根瘤的表达,导致根瘤的固氮酶活性上升,而过量表达GmPILS1f导致根瘤的固氮酶活性下降,因此GmPILS1e和GmPILS1f可能参与大豆固氮酶活性的调节。这些结果为进一步解析大豆GmPILS家族基因的功能和作用机制奠定了基础,同时也为结瘤固氮在农业育种中的应用提供了有价值的基因资源。     

Quantitative Change of Carbohydrate Content of Two Varieties of Jerusalem Artichoke Tubers (Helianthus tuberosus L.) During Cold Storage Conditions (4°C)

The effects of 2,4-D with or without Azospirillum hra-iiknse (Sp7) on nodulation of wheat (cv HD2428) have been investigated under hydropooical conditions. In the nutrient medium, varying concentrations of N and 2,4-D were used for growing wheat seedlings, N free Hoaglatid solution along with 2,4-D (0.5 ppm) was found to be the best concentration for noduiation and growth of the seedings, The nilrogenase activity (acetylene reduction y was relatively higher in plants treated with 2,4-D artd Azospirillum ihan with Azospirillum alone. This seemed to be due to the formation of nodule like stiucture serving as mche for azospirilla to protect it from oxygen. These results confirmed tlie nitrogenase activity of Azospirillun brasiknse in association with the 2,4-D induced nodules of wheat. Plants inoculated with Azospirillum either alone or with 2,4-D were transplanted info pols. The photosynthctic rate, chlorophyll content. NRA, grain yield and N content were found to be higher in inoculated plants. The translocation of current photo-synthates (¹⁴C sucrose studies) towards roots was higher in these treatments. Thtss the growth of Azospirilfum and nodule formatioo depend on availability of current photosynthatcs of hosl plants.     

Soybean Nodule Development and Nitrogenase Activity During the Reproductive Phase: Statistical Modeling Approach

Nitrogenase activity during the reproductive phase of the Hodgson 78 soybean variety was tested in a growth chamber experiment to evaluate its relationships with number, weight and specific nitrogenase activity of the nodules. A multiple regression model is proposed.
The number of nodules did not change, while the total nodule dry weight increased with the increase of the average dry weight.
The regression model adopted showed that the main factors affecting the total nitrogenase activity were the specific activity and the nodule mass, but the former induces the wider variations.
Unlike other crops the counting of the nodules cannot be considered as an indirect predictor for nitrogen fixation.     

两个黑麦草品种对镉吸收富集比较研究

采用盆栽试验研究比较两个黑麦草品种在不同Cd污染水平(0、75、150、300及600 mg.kg-1)下生长量、抗氧化酶活性、Cd含量及积累量的差异,以筛选出更适合作为土壤镉污染修复的品种。结果表明,随着土壤镉水平的增加,两个黑麦草品种根系干重、阿伯德地上部干重和植株总干重呈先增加后降低的趋势。土壤镉污染水平为75 mg.kg-1时,阿伯德地上部和植株总干重达到最大值(10.92 g.pot-1和12.03 g.pot-1),较对照分别增加了11.13%和10.67%。两个黑麦草品种各部位SOD活性、CAT活性和根系POD活性,均随土壤镉水平的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,地上部MDA含量则逐渐升高。两个黑麦草品种镉转运系数、镉富集系数均大于1。黑麦草对Cd耐性和吸收富集存在基因型差异。比较两个品种黑麦草,在75~600 mg.kg-1Cd胁迫下,阿伯德品种地上部干重和总干重均高于邦德品种,且阿伯德地上部和根系镉含量及镉积累量高于邦德。阿伯德更适合作为土壤镉污染的植物修复材料。     

The Effect of Seed Vernalization and Irradiation on Growth and Photosynthesis of Field Bean Plants (Vicia faba L. minor) and on Nitrogenase Activity of Root Nodules

The effect of seed vernalization (2–3°C; 36 days) and irradiation intensity during vegetation of field bean upon growth and maximum leaf photosynthesis (P_max) as well as specific (SNA) and total nitrogenase activity (TNA) of root nodules was investigated. The measurements were performed at the initial stage of pod development of varieties with undetermined (cv. Nadwiśański) and determined (cv. Tibo) growth habit. In comparison with plants in shading, those which grew in full irradiation produced larger leaf area and more dry weight, achieving higher P_max values. Stimulation of leaf area enlargement and dry weight increase, especially in respect to the dry weight of underground parts had a positive and significant effect upon TNA value. Accumulation of dry weight was higher in vernalized than non-vernalized plants, but only in the case of cv. Nadwiślański, in full irradiation conditions. In the case of plants grown in poorer irradiation conditions TNA values were about 68 % (cv. Nadwiślański) and 54 % (cv. Tibo) lower, due to significant limitation of root nodules. TNA value of vernalized cv. Nadwiślański plants was 66 % higher in comparison with non-vernalized plants. However, the effect was visible only in full irradiation conditions, due to simultaneous greater intensity of root nodules production and higher SNA value. A positive effect of vernalization could also be observed in the decrease of a negative correlation between dry weight of root nodules and SNA in both varieties.     

镉胁迫下硅对水稻生物量及生理特性的影响

摘 要：通过水培试验,研究了镉胁迫(3 mg/L,以Cd计)下不同加硅量(0、30、60、90 、120mg/L,以SiO2计)对水稻生物量、植株含镉量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性、丙二醛(MDA)和游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量的影响,结果表明：与无硅处理相比,加硅使水稻茎叶鲜重增加11.1%～14.39%,根重增加15.7%～25.7%,株高增加8.0%～13.6%;植株含镉量23.9%～26.5%;叶片CAT活性增加12.3%～16.6%,MDA含量降低18.0%～24.6%,Pro含量降低31.5%～33.7%。加硅处理与对照间的差异均达到5%显著水平。水稻叶片CAT活性与植株镉含量间呈线性负相关关系(r=0.980＊＊,n=5), MDA含量与植株镉含量间呈线性正相关关系(r=0.956＊,n=5),Pro含量与植株镉含量间呈线性正相关关系(r=0.990＊＊,n=5)。上述结果说明,加硅抑制水稻吸收镉,改善水稻逆境生理状况,缓解了镉对水稻的毒害作用,促进了水稻的生长发育。     

黄瓜幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理响应

土壤盐渍化是人类面临的生态危机之一,它严重影响植物的正常生长。本文采用向1/2 Hoagland营养液中按一定比例添加中性盐(NaCl)模拟盐胁迫的方式,调查了NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：（1）NaCl胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗的株高、叶面积、地上部分鲜重、总根数、总根长及根系鲜重均呈下降趋势,除地上部分鲜重外,其余均随NaCl浓度的增加而明显下降。（2）NaCl胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量明显提高,但随NaCl浓度的增加叶绿素含量呈下降态势。（3） NaCl胁迫能明显降低黄瓜幼苗根苗SOD、POD、CAT活性,且地下部分SOD与CAT酶活性下降幅度大于地上部分。（4）黄瓜根苗的MDA含量随NaCl有胁迫浓度的增加而明显增加。（5）盐胁迫下,由于黄瓜幼苗根苗的抗氧化酶活性下降,从而使其膜质过氧化加重,最终导致其根苗生长受到明显的抑制。