不同方法提取蒿属植物有效物质的抑菌活性研究

用生长速率法对大籽蒿、黄花蒿、猪毛蒿进行不同提取溶剂的抑菌活性筛选,结果表明,大籽蒿、黄花蒿最适提取溶剂为乙醇,猪毛蒿最适提取溶剂为丙酮。其中,黄花蒿乙醇提取物对杨树烂皮病和落叶松枯梢病菌丝生长抑制率分别为100%、91.74%;猪毛蒿丙酮提取物对杨树烂皮病和落叶松枯梢病菌丝生长抑制率为100%。用生长速率法,以筛选出的最适提取溶剂对大籽蒿、黄花蒿、猪毛蒿进行不同提取方法的抑菌活性筛选。黄花蒿、猪毛蒿最适提取方法为超声波法,大籽蒿最适提取方法为冷浸法。     

黄花蒿提取物对菜蚜的杀虫活性研究

以丙酮、乙醇及水作溶剂，研究了黄花蒿全株干粉的3种溶剂提取物及其提取物不同浓度对菜蚜的触杀和胃毒活性。结果表明3种提取物对蚜虫都具有较强的毒杀活性，回归分析表明随着浓度升高杀虫时间缩短。LD50结果说明丙酮提取物的杀虫活性最强，乙醇提取物次之，最次是水提取物。独立样本t检验比较触杀效果和胃毒效果，表明黄花蒿各提取物均是触杀效果高于胃毒作用。     

白花曼陀罗提取液对春尺蠖等昆虫的活性测定

以乙醇 水(1∶1)作为溶剂,采用微波辅助提取、浸泡提取等方法,从白花曼陀罗种子中得到提取液,用此液对春尺蠖等昆虫进行了活性测定。结果表明,白花曼陀罗种子提取液对杨毛臀萤叶甲东方亚种成虫、春尺蠖和荨麻蛱蝶幼虫具有较强的拒食活性,对蚜虫具有较强的触杀活性。其中,白花曼陀罗种子微波辅助提取液的拒食活性和触杀活性很强,24 h的拒食率达到了81.48%以上,处理48 h后对蚜虫的触杀活性高达88.7%。同样的拒食活性物质对幼虫的拒食率要比成虫高。相同溶剂的微波辅助提取液和直接浸提液的活性比较说明,利用微波辅助提取有利于生物活性物质的溶出。     

雷公藤粗提物对卫矛尺蠖生物活性的影响

以4龄卫矛尺蠖为试虫,以取食量、虫体质量增长率、拒食率及死亡率为指标,用非选择性取食法及小叶碟添加法,测定乙醇、稀氨水两种溶剂浸提的雷公藤根皮粉浸提物的杀虫活性.结果表明:不同浓度的两种溶剂其粗提物对试虫均有拒食、毒杀及抑制生长发育的作用,且这种作用随其体积质量的增大而明显;但乙醇粗提物对试虫的作用比稀氨水浸提液的显著,乙醇粗提物的拒食中浓度AFC50为277.33 mg·L-1,毒杀中浓度LC50为116.41 mg·L-1,而稀氨水浸提液的拒食中浓度AFC50为383.97 mg·L-1,毒杀中浓度LC50为314.96 mg·L-1.     

芫花杀虫活性成分的结构鉴定

芫花乙醇粗提物经石油醚及氯仿萃取,萃取物经柱层析、薄层层析和生测后分别获得较纯组分.以这两种组分进行结构鉴定及返回生物测定(试虫卫矛尺蠖Abraxesmiranda),结果证明,β-谷甾醇是芫花中具有强烈拒食活性的组分之一.这两个组分中均有雪松醇,其杀虫活性有待于进一步研究证实.     

核桃楸叶乙醇提取物对舞毒蛾幼虫的毒杀效果

采用常规提取法浸提核桃楸叶的杀虫活性成分,其中乙醇提取物对舞毒蛾有显著的触杀和胃毒作用,且两种作用方式无显著差异,施药时间≥3 d、药液浓度≥5g/L时,平均校正死亡率均超过50%.核桃楸叶乙醇提取物的触杀和胃毒作用强于氯仿萃取相和乙酸乙酯萃取相.     

薄荷中杀螨活性物质的分离与鉴定

为测定薄荷中杀螨活性物质的毒力,分离鉴定该物质的分子结构,利用甲醇、氯仿和石油醚3种溶剂在常温下进行提取后,用液-液萃取法萃取,并用硅胶层析和薄层层析(TLC)结合碘显色法进行分离纯化,同时用玻片浸渍法对活性物质跟踪;最后采用紫外分光光度法(UV)、液相色谱法(HPLC)、红外色谱(RI)和质谱(MS)等技术对该物质进行鉴定.研究发现薄荷地上部分的石油醚粗提物对朱砂叶螨具有很强的毒杀作用,当浓度为1mg·mL-1时,24 h内对成螨的致死率为87.05%,卵为93.16%.经Duncan's检验,3种不同溶剂的粗提物对成螨及卵的致死率差异显著(P＜0.05).同时发现薄荷地上部的甲醇、氯仿提取物杀螨效果相对较差,24 h致死率仅为28.51%与10.73%.用甲醇对石油醚粗提物进行液液萃取后发现,杀螨活性物质主要集中在极性较弱的石油醚中,其对成螨24 h的触杀率高达93.75%.对石油醚萃取物进行分离,共得到8段流分.利用生物活性跟踪,得到一种具有较高杀螨活性的样品V,其对成螨触杀的LC50值为0.546 4 mg·mL-1,95%置信区间为0.326 8～0.913 4 mg·mL-1.经紫外和高压液相色谱分析,该样品纯度达到89.16%;质谱检测该物质的分子离子峰为414,数据库显示该物质为甾醇环状结构.红外分析显示该物质在1 160,1 450,1 380,1 700 cm-1等处有明显特征峰,初步确定该化合物为β-谷甾醇.     

大戟狼毒不同部位提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性

研究大戟狼毒不同部位不同溶剂提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性。结果表明:大戟狼毒根石油醚提取物杀螨活性高于根的其他溶剂和茎、叶不同溶剂提取物。该提取物对朱砂叶螨雌成螨有较高的触杀活性,质量浓度为1mg·mL-1时,24h后雌成螨的校正死亡率达到52.73%,对卵的效果相对较差,质量浓度为4mg·mL-1时卵的校正死亡率为55.21%。进一步对大戟狼毒根石油醚提取物进行萃取分离及生物活性跟踪测定发现:萃取物中石油醚相的活性明显大于氯仿相和甲醇相;对石油醚萃取物的柱层析分离最终得到16个流分,其中以第11个流分杀螨效果最好,质量浓度为1mg·mL-1时,24h后雌成螨的校正死亡率达到86.67%,质量浓度为4mg·mL-1时卵的校正死亡率为66.33%。     

豚草杀虫活性物质提取工艺及毒力测定的研究

研究了豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)杀虫抑菌活性物质提取工艺。有5种提取方法:榨汁提取法、超声波提取法、索氏提取法、温浸法、冷浸-超声联合提取法,其中以冷浸-超声联合法得到的豚草粗提物最多,为25.35g/200g,其次为超声波提取法,得到豚草粗提物24.86g/200g,榨汁法由于使用新鲜豚草作原料,粗提物仅为18.52g/200g,为最少。5种提取方法的提取率依次为冷浸-超声联合法超声波提取法索氏提取法温浸法榨汁法,提取率最高的是冷浸-超声联合法为12.68%,超声提取法为12.43%,2种提取方法提取率较为接近。从提取时间上分析,同样是200g原料,榨汁法、超声波提取法所用时间较短,而温浸法、冷浸-超声联合法需要时间较长,超声提取法较为最佳提取工艺。利用豚草提取液稀释不同倍数对落叶松毛虫(Dendrolimus superans Butler)进行毒力测定可知,以冷浸-超声波联合法和超声波提取法杀虫效果最好,校正死亡率可达77.79%和75.56%,两者毒力测定结果差异不显著,综合考虑认为超声波提取法为最经济、便捷、有效的提取方法。     

不同溶剂提取的侧柏挥发物对双条杉天牛触角电位反应的影响

研究测定了侧柏的不同溶剂提取物对双条杉天牛的触角电位(EAG)反应。研究结果表明:双条杉天牛对4种溶剂提取物均有不同程度的EAG反应。乙醇提取物和二氯甲烷提取物的EAG反应活性较高于石油醚提取物和正己烷提取物,且用量为20μL时触角反应达到最大值。这表明乙醇和二氯甲烷提取的植物气味中含有较多的对双条杉天牛成虫具有生理活性的化学成分,在4种溶剂中,乙醇和二氯甲烷两种溶剂更适合于提取侧柏植物中的挥发性活性成分。     

蒲公英抗氧化活性部位研究

为研究蒲公英抗氧化成分的分布,采用传统水提法提取蒲公英中的有效成分,并依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取,然后用FRAP法、超氧阴离子清除率法和DPPH法研究各层提取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,各层提取物均具有体外抗氧化活性,三种不同测试方法显示其抗氧化能力大小均为:正丁醇层乙酸乙酯层水层石油醚层。说明蒲公英中抗氧化活性最强的是正丁醇层和乙酸乙酯层中。     

阜新新邱露天矿排土场自然恢复植被种群生态位研究

研究了阜新新邱露天矿排土场植被恢复过程中主要种群的生态位特征,结果表明:(1)在研究区域内,猪毛菜(Artemisia scoparia)的生态位宽度最大,对资源的利用能力最强,对环境的适应性也是最强的,与伴生物种的重叠值也是很高的,但并没有出现明确的关系;(2)黄花蒿(Artemisia annua)与羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense),蒙古蒿(Artemisia mongolia)与早熟禾(Poa annua)之间的生态位重叠最高,说明它们对空间资源的利用效率比较高,能充分利用资源;(3)猪毛菜、黄花蒿、蒙古蒿同属于菊科草本植物,对环境的生存条件比较相似,所以它们存在较强的竞争关系。这些结论有助于了解生态恢复中的种群生态适应性。     

Effects of salinity and desalination on seed germination of six annual weed species

The effects of various salinities and desalination on seed germination of six annual glycophytes (Artemisia sieversiana, A. scoparia, Chloris virgata, Eragrostis pilosa, Chenopodium acuminatum and Chenopodium glaucum) were studied in Horqin Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia, China. NaCl solutions of five concentrations (0 mM, as the control, and 50, 100, 200 and 300 mM) were used for saline stress and desalination treatments. Increasing salinity significantly reduced germination percentages of A. sieversiana, A. scoparia, Ch.virgata and Ch. acuminatum, but had no effect on the germination percentages of E. pilosa. Lower salinity levels (50 mM) significantly increased germination percentage of Ch. glaucum. High salinity might be a precondition for germi- nation after desalination for five of the six species, excepting E. pilosa at NaCl concentration of 300 mM in comparison with non-primed seeds. Higher salinity (>200 mM) led to some specific ion toxicity and reduced seed viability of A. sieversiana. No specific ion toxicity but an osmotic effect limited the germination of other five species was observed The final germination percentages (salinity stress and desalination) of the six species showed three variations in comparison with the controls, namely, indiscrimination, stimulation, and reduction. Germination responses to salinity and desalination suggested that the six species were separated into three categories. Three species (A. sieversiana, Ch. virgata and Ch. acuminatum) showed similar germination responses to salinity with those of halophyte, but also showed a lower tolerance limit than most halophytes, although this was not always the case. A. scoparia and Ch. glaucum exhibited some ’salt stimulation’ in seed germination percentages after desalination, whereas E. pilosa did not show any obvious responseto salinity. Therefore, salinity usually induces dormancy of seeds with strong germination capacity in fresh water, but has few, or even positive, effects on seeds with strong innate dormancy.     

Antinociceptive activity of Helicteres isora

Helicteres isora root extracts were studied for antinociceptive activity on acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice, at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Petroleum ether, chloroform and aqueous ethanol extracts have shown significant activity.     

露天煤矿排土场植被调查与自然恢复研究(英文)

通过分析辽宁省海州露天煤矿排土场植被组成、物种多样性及重要值的变化,研究了排土场植物群落恢复与演替的一般规律。结果表明:排土场共有植物63 种,分属于23 科,其中菊科15 种、豆科11 种、禾本科8 种;蒺藜+水稗草+猪毛菜、水稗草+大籽蒿+黄蒿、水稗草+披硷草+黄蒿+大籽蒿+黄花草木犀、芦苇+披硷草+水稗草+狗尾草分别是年限为5、10、20、40 梯田层群落的优势种群;重要值对植被重建中物种筛选有指示性,蒺藜在排土场人工恢复中可做为先锋种,披硷草、芦苇、水稗草可做为重要的优势种;排土场植被自然恢复速度缓慢,为了尽快改善生态环境,应该筛选并合理配置先锋植物和适生植物,进行植被重建,加强抚育管理,缩短演替进程。表2 参17。     

A comparative study of Ferula hermonis root extracts and sildenafil on copulatory behaviour of male rats

The effect of 600 mg/kg given by oral route to rats of Ferula hermonis roots extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) was evaluated on sexual behaviour of male rats. Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts produced a significant decrease in both the mount rate (MR) and the intromission rate (IR), significant prolongation of intromission latency (IL) was observed when these extracts were compared with both controls and sildenafil. Methanolic extract produced a significant increase in MR while no effect has been observed on IR or IL in comparison with control. The effect of water extract was not significantly different from controls for the MR and IR, but there was a significant prolongation in the IL.     

欧亚旋覆花提取物对朱砂叶螨生物活性及其体内几种酶活性的影响

植食性害螨是危害农业生产的一个重要生物类群,我国每年用于主要作物的杀螨剂费用约90多亿元(师光禄等,1994)。朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)是其中一个重要的种类,可危害粮、棉、油、林木、果树等43科146种植物(李连昌等,     

Antimicrobial activity of Eupatorium ayapana

Petroleum ether and methanolic extracts of leaves of Eupatorium ayapana were tested for their antimicrobial activity. The petroleum ether extract showed higher antibacterial and antifungal activity than the methanolic extract.