不同方法提取蒿属植物有效物质的抑菌活性研究

用生长速率法对大籽蒿、黄花蒿、猪毛蒿进行不同提取溶剂的抑菌活性筛选,结果表明,大籽蒿、黄花蒿最适提取溶剂为乙醇,猪毛蒿最适提取溶剂为丙酮。其中,黄花蒿乙醇提取物对杨树烂皮病和落叶松枯梢病菌丝生长抑制率分别为100%、91.74%;猪毛蒿丙酮提取物对杨树烂皮病和落叶松枯梢病菌丝生长抑制率为100%。用生长速率法,以筛选出的最适提取溶剂对大籽蒿、黄花蒿、猪毛蒿进行不同提取方法的抑菌活性筛选。黄花蒿、猪毛蒿最适提取方法为超声波法,大籽蒿最适提取方法为冷浸法。     

不同浸种处理对柳叶沙棘种子萌发变异性影响(英文)

为了确定不同浸种处理对柳叶沙棘种子萌发变异性影响,印度西部五个种源(Hanurnan Chatti,Helang,Lata,Rambara和Janggal Chatti)的成熟的柳叶沙棘种子分别浸在不同浓度的赤霉素(GA3,50、100、200mM)和硫代尿素(50、100、200mM))溶液中,进行冷层积(4℃)处理15,30和60天。结果表明:被预处理的种子萌发率比对照的提高24.66%～35.34%。经硫代尿素(100mM)和冷层积(4℃)处理30天的预处理后,种子萌发率最高,分别为63%～71%和76%～83%。赤霉素(GA3)可以明显缩短种子萌发率时间。鉴于考虑到实际操作和费用问题,经硫代尿素(100mM)和冷层积处理(4℃)是最好的组合处理之一,可促进柳叶沙棘种子繁殖,并可应用于印度西部的喜马拉雅地区的林木育种。     

Variations in seed germination of Hippophae salicifolia with different presoaking treatments

Mature seeds of H. salicifolia, collected from five provenances (i.e. Hanuman Chatti, Helang, Lata, Rambara and Janggal Chatti) in west Himalaya, India, were treated with stratification (at 4°C for 15, 30 and 60 days) and in different concentrations of GA₃ (5, 10, 20 mM), KNO₃ (50, 100, 200 mM) and Thiourea (50, 100, 200 mM) solution to determine the variations in seed germination. Results reveal that the germination rates of seeds from different provenances under different pre-sowing treatments are significantly increased compared to those in control (24%–30%). The seeds treated with Thiourea (100 mM) have highest germination rate (76%–83% for different seed sources), followed by those (63%–71% for different seed sources) pretreated with stratification (4°C, 30 days). GA3 treatment significantly shortens the mean germination time (MGT) and improves seed germination percentage. Considering the practical applicability and cost effectiveness, thiourea (100 mM) and stratification (at 4°C) treatments for seed germination are recommended for mass multiplication through seeds of H. salicifolia in village/forest nurseries of the west Himalaya, India.     

Roles of gibberellins and abscisic acid in dormancy and germination of red bayberry (Myrica rubra) seeds

Intact seeds from freshly harvested fruits of Myrica rubra (Sieb et Zucc.) were dormant and required 8 weeks of warm stratification followed by 12 weeks of cold stratification for germination. Exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) to intact fresh seeds was effective in breaking dormancy, with > 70% of seeds germinating when treated with 5.2 mM GA(3) and incubated at a day/night temperature of 30/20 degrees C for 20 weeks. Removing the hard endocarp or endocarp plus seed coat of fresh seeds promoted germination, and addition of GA(3) to the embryo accelerated germination. The gibberellins GA(1) and GA(4) were more effective than GA(3) in promoting germination of seeds with the endocarp removed. Endogenous contents of GA(1), GA(3), GA(4), GA(7) and GA(20) were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring in the endocarps, seed coats and embryos of fresh seeds treated with 5.2 mM GA(3). The content of GA(3) decreased in the endocarp during incubation, whereas GA(1) contents increased in the endocarp and seed coat. A high GA(1) content was detected in the endocarps and embryos of newly germinated seeds. We speculate that GA(3) was converted to GA(1) during incubation and that GA(1) is involved in seed germination. Endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) contents were measured in fresh seeds and in warm and cold stratified seeds. The ABA content in fresh seeds was distributed in the order endocarp > seed coat > embryo, with the content in the endocarp being about 132-fold higher than in the seed coat and embryo. Total ABA content of seeds subjected to warm or cold stratification, or both, was 8.7- to 14.0-fold lower than that of fresh seeds. Low contents of endogenous GA(1), GA(3), GA(7) and GA(20), but elevated contents of GA(4), were found in the seed coats and endocarps of warm plus cold stratified seeds and in the seed coats and embryos of newly germinated seeds. These observations, coupled with the finding that GA stimulated germination of dormant Myrica seeds, provide evidence that endogenous ABA inhibited release of dormancy and that endogenous gibberellins, especially GA(4) or GA(1), or both, are involved in germination.     

Chemical pre-treatments improve seed germination and seedling growth in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Semecarpus kurzii</Emphasis>: an ethnomedicinally important plant

Semecarpus kurzii Engl. is an important ethnomedicinal plant used for curing tumours, inflammation, fever and pain, and is also a source of iso ricinoleic acid. During the present investigation, effect of chemical pre-treatments on germination and seedling growth revealed significant differences. Different pre-treatments could improve germination and treatment with KNO₃ (9.9 mM) was significantly superior (94%) to the untreated control (76%). Mean daily germination varied among the treatments (0.90–4.14 seeds per day), when compared with 2.27 seeds per day in control. Mean germination time was significantly reduced from 22.14 days (control) to 16.40 days (19.8 mM KNO₃) and 17.16 days (1.45 mM GA₃). Treatment with KNO₃ (19.8 mM) and GA₃ (1.45 and 2.90 mM) significantly reduced the time for 50% germination. Treatment with higher concentrations of GA₃ and KNO₃ exhibited significantly faster germination initiation (11.0 and 12.0 days, respectively) over the control (17.0 days). Seedling vigour index was not improved by pre-treatments. Chemical treatments did not improve shoot growth, collar thickness, or number of seedling leaves; however, root growth was significantly improved over control. Treatment with GA₃ (2.90 mM) promoted leaf elongation but reduced leaf width significantly. Treatment with KNO₃ and GA₃ could be recommended to obtain healthy seedlings for establishing new plantations of this important medicinal plant species.     

Effect of salt stress on germination and seedling growth of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of salts on seed germination and seedling growth of Prosopis juliflora. The experiment was carried out in Forestry Laboratory at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran. The collected seeds were treated with boiling water and H₂SO₄ then left to germinate in controlled growth chamber. Seed were grown under salinity levels 100, 200 and 300 mM of CaCl₂, NaH₂PO₄, KNO₃ and KH₂PO₄. Germination parameters and various seedling growth variables such as root and stem length, seedlings fresh and dry weight were measured after 56 days. Results showed that germination percentage significantly decreased as the salinity level of medium increased. Salinity treatments at 100 mM enhanced the percentage of seeds germination and significantly improved the germination index and seeds stamina. In this study, the best treatment was 100 mM salinity for biomass production of seedlings. For Prosopis juliflora, 100 mM salinity significantly enhanced both germination and biomass production.     

Application of growth regulators in aqueous media and organic solvents to seeds of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris

Incubation with acetone and dichloromethane had little effect on the germination of different lots of Norway spruce seeds. This was not the case with Scots pine where almost half the seed lots tested were adversely affected by acetone and dichloromethane. The auxins indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and indole‐3‐butyric acid (IBA) were applied to Scots pine seeds in acetone, dichloromethane and phosphate‐citrate buffer. The uptake of the two compounds was most rapid from acetone. Although the uptake from dichloromethane was slower than from acetone it reached the same level after 6 h. Uptake of the growth regulators from buffer was significantly lower than from the organic solvents. The accumulation of IAA and IBA into the seeds from both acetone and dichloromethane was linear between 0.5 and 10 mM, and between 0.5 and 15 mM from buffer. IAA and IBA levels in infused seeds declined over a 5‐day germination period, the former more rapidly than the latter. The metabolic activity of the IAA degradation system was as effective in seeds after immersion in the organic solvents as seeds immersed in buffer.     

Carbon dioxide enrichment accelerates the decline in nutrient status and relative growth rate of Populus tremuloides Michx. seedlings

Changes in growth dynamics and mineral nutrient concentrations were measured in Populus tremuloides Michx., trembling aspen, grown for 100 days following germination in atmospheres containing 350 or 750 microl l(-1) CO(2). Seedlings were fertilized with nitrogen (N) at concentrations of 15.5 mM (high-N), 1.55 mM (medium-N), or 0.155 mM (low-N). Initially, relative growth rates were enhanced by CO(2) enrichment in each N regime, but the effects did not persist. In plants grown in high-N or medium-N, foliar concentrations of Ca and Mg decreased in response to CO(2) enrichment. During the 100-day study, whole-plant concentrations of N and P decreased in all treatments. The decreases in mineral nutrient concentrations over time were accelerated in CO(2)-enriched plants and accompanied the disappearance of the CO(2)-induced growth enhancement. It is concluded that the depression of relative growth rates often associated with long-term CO(2) enrichment of plants may result from decreases in plant nutrient status.     

五种蒿属植物对舞毒蛾的毒力测定

首先采用3种提取方法对黄花蒿、大籽蒿、蒙古蒿、猪毛蒿、野艾蒿5种蒿属植物进行了有效物质的提取,通过初步毒力测定筛选出了一种较好的提取方法为超声波提取法,然后采用超声波提取法进一步用丙酮、乙醇、石油醚、三氯甲烷4种溶剂对5种植物进行有效物质的提取,进行触杀试验、胃毒试验和拒食试验,结果如下：大籽蒿、黄花蒿、猪毛蒿具有较强的触杀作用,粗提物浓度为10mg/mL时,触杀杀虫活性以大籽蒿三氯甲烷的粗提物最高,其72h的校正死亡率为73.33%。胃毒杀虫活性普遍不高,最高的为猪毛蒿丙酮粗提物,其72h校正死亡率也仅为40%。拒食活性就溶剂而言,三氯甲烷活性较高。就植物而言,以野艾蒿为最好,其乙醇、三氯甲烷、石油醚、丙酮粗提物24h拒食率分别达到68.98%、75.84%、78.58%、70.26%,48h的拒食率分别达到75.30%、87.67%、89.33%、80.31%。     

吉林市城市自然草本植物种类及其多样性的研究

本文通过调查,对吉林市市区内自然草本植物种类及其多样性进行了研究,结果表明在研究区域内,草本植物种类有80种,分属32个科,63个属,其中菊科植物最多,其次为禾本科、蓼科等。根据物种的重要值计算结果发现优势度最大的为灰绿藜,其次为车前、藜、稗草等。利用多个多样性指标统计科、属、种多样性指数,结果为Shannon指数依次为1.0670、1.4214和1.5645,均匀度指数分别为0.3079、0.3431和0.3570,优势度指数分别为0.1238、0.0629和0.0424。       

Effect of natural brassinolide on germination of Ailanthus altissima seeds

The germination capacity of Ailanthus altissima seeds improved after the seeds were soaked with different concentrations of natural brassinolide (NBR). The germination rate and germination energy of the seeds increased by 17.6% and 18.8%, and the mean germination speed (i.e., germination time) of the seeds was shortened by 1.4 d under the optimal concentration (0.4 mg.L⁻¹) treatment, compared with the control. After hypocotyls of A. altissima were treated with NBR, the elongation of the hypocotyls increased. Among different concentrations of the NBR, 0.4 mg·L⁻¹ NBR appeared to be the optimal concentration for the elongation of A. altissima hypocotyls.     

Molluscicidal activity of some Moroccan medicinal plants

Among 14 plants of Moroccan folk medicine tested for molluscicidal activity, ethyl acetate extract from Origanum compactum and hexane extracts from both Chenopodium ambrosioides and Ruta chalepensis were the most active (LC(90)=2.00, 2.23 and 2.23 mg l(-1), respectively) against the schistosomiasis-transmitting snail Bulinus truncatus.     

播种预处理对苦楝种子萌发的影响

在孟加拉Khulna大学森林和木材技术学科苗圃,调查了预处理的苦楝种子的萌发情况。成熟的苦楝种子采自国家植物园内的健康植株,对种子进行了5 种处理(对照,冷水浸泡,热水浸泡,砂纸破皮和浓硫酸浸泡)。结果表明,除了冷水浸泡外,其它播种预处理的种子萌发率显著高于对照种子。砂纸破皮处理的种子萌发率最高(80%),浓硫酸浸泡和热水浸泡的种子萌发率分别是74%和69%。苦楝种子在第8～11天开始萌发,萌发周期是20～21天。方差分析表明,预处理显著影响种子萌发率,但对萌发周期没有显著影响。推荐用热水浸泡处理种植在孟加拉农村的苦楝种子促进萌发。图2表2参30。     

秦岭冷杉幼苗适应性的研究

通过对秦岭冷杉不同海拔、光照、苗床类型、覆土深度等条件下的野外播种试验,分析了不同条件下种子萌发、幼苗存活和幼苗生长率的差异,揭示了秦岭冷杉种子及幼苗在天然环境下的适应性.天然生境下秦岭冷杉的平均出苗率只有17.7％,不及实验室发芽率(36％)的一半.海拔、光照、苗床类型、埋藏深度对秦岭冷杉的种子萌发、幼苗存活和幼苗生长率都有不同程度的影响.生产上秦岭冷杉的复壮一定要遵循适地适树的原则.     

Effects of NaCl stress on seed germination, leaf gas exchange and seedling growth of Pteroceltis tatarinowii

Effects of NaCl on seed germination, leaf gas exchange and seedling growth were investigated. The germination of P. tatarinowii seeds was delayed in the presence of NaCl, and was significantly inhibited when NaCl concentration exceeded 17 mM (1.0 g·L⁻¹). NaCl treatments induced reductions of transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and their reductions were significant with the increasing of NaCl concentration. However, intercellular CO₂ concentration in seedling leaves under salt stress was significantly higher than that of controls. There was a significant reduction in survival, basal diameter increment and height increment with increasing NaCl concentration 50 days after NaCl treatment, and a significant reduction in the dry weight increment of roots, stems, and leaves was also observed in the NaCl treatments. The deleterious effect on the biomass increment was more evident in the case of stems and leaves. Results from this study suggest that P. tatarinowii is sensitive to salinity stress and the salinity threshold for seedling growth might be less 34 mM (2.0 g·L⁻¹). Biography: FANG Sheng-zuo (1963–), male, Professor, College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China.     

不同光照和温度处理对杉木种子萌发的影响

为探求不同光照和温度对杉木种子萌发的影响,该研究以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)种子为试验对象,设置红光、蓝光、白光3个光照处理条件,每个光照处理条件设0,5,20μmol/(m ²·s)3个光量梯度,并测量了萌发率、萌发指数和发芽势。结果表明:白光5μmol/(m ²·s)、红光20μmol/(m^( 2)·s)条件下萌发率最高(26%),但白光5μmol/(m^( 2)·s)的萌发指数更高(3.1%);不同温度处理下:高温(37℃)会使种子萌发指数下降,最终丧失活力停止萌发;低温(16℃)下种子发芽率较低(18.67%),且种子萌发指数比对照(22℃)低49.28%。     

露天煤矿排土场植被调查与自然恢复研究(英文)

通过分析辽宁省海州露天煤矿排土场植被组成、物种多样性及重要值的变化,研究了排土场植物群落恢复与演替的一般规律。结果表明:排土场共有植物63 种,分属于23 科,其中菊科15 种、豆科11 种、禾本科8 种;蒺藜+水稗草+猪毛菜、水稗草+大籽蒿+黄蒿、水稗草+披硷草+黄蒿+大籽蒿+黄花草木犀、芦苇+披硷草+水稗草+狗尾草分别是年限为5、10、20、40 梯田层群落的优势种群;重要值对植被重建中物种筛选有指示性,蒺藜在排土场人工恢复中可做为先锋种,披硷草、芦苇、水稗草可做为重要的优势种;排土场植被自然恢复速度缓慢,为了尽快改善生态环境,应该筛选并合理配置先锋植物和适生植物,进行植被重建,加强抚育管理,缩短演替进程。表2 参17。     

黄河三角洲盐渍土中耐盐植物生长及脱盐效果研究

对黄河三角洲盐渍土中耐盐植物生长及脱盐效果进行了研究。在植物种植之前,对种植区土壤的理化指标进行了测定,并进行了漫灌淋盐,降低土壤含盐量。选定了5种耐盐景观植物,柽柳、盐地碱蓬、千屈菜、芙蓉葵和绒毛白蜡在试验区进行了种植,对生长指标进行了监测和脱盐效果研究。结果表明,各植物在盐渍土中生长正常,且景观效果好。各植物脱盐效果约4.57%~6.32%,盐地碱蓬脱盐效果最好。     

Effect of different seed treatments on dormancy breaking and germination in three species in arid and semi-arid lands

Seeds of many woody plant species have one of several types of dormancy. They do not germinate unless specific environmental signals are in place or events occur. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of scarification treatments on seed dormancy and germination of Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del., Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. and Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. The following treatments were applied: T1, untreated seed (control); T2, sulphuric acid (97%) for 45 min; T3, boiling water for 5 min. The seeds were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium after sterilization. The responses of seeds to treatments were compared with each other and with the control treatment. Germination was observed daily for a 30-day period. Results indicated positive responses to treatments, while impermeable seed coats may be responsible for low germination rates in intact seeds as seen experimentally in the untreated control. The highest germination was obtained for P. juliflora and D. viscosa acid-scarified seeds (80.8%-90.8%) and for scarified seeds of A. nilotica (50.2%) boiled in water. The germination indices, i.e., final germination percentage (FG), mean daily germination (MDG) and germination rate (GR), were significantly affected by treatments and species (p<0.01).     

4种不同种源小桐子种子发芽试验

对产于元谋、禄劝、双柏、攀枝花的4个小桐子种源用ABT3、NAA、IAA和GA 4种激素不同浓度处理进行室内和场圃发芽实验.结果表明:种源对种子发芽率和发芽势有显著影响,处理A3B2C4即元谋-GA-100×10-6的发芽率和发芽势最高,分别为80.0%和71.1%,场圃发芽率和发芽势为84.4%和71.1%;处理A3B1C3即元谋-ABT3-50×10-6的发芽速最快,为13.90 d,场圃发芽速为25.88 d.