不同水平的无机及有机复合微量元素对蛋黄及排泄物中微量元素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究不同水平无机及有机复合微量元素对蛋黄及排泄物中微量元素含量的影响。选取990只22周龄的京红1号蛋鸡随机分为11组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。1组为对照组,2~6组(无机组)与7~11组(有机组)分别在饲粮中按NRC(1994)推荐需要量的25%、50%、75%、100%、125%添加不同水平的无机或有机复合微量元素,其中锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、硒(Se)添加水平参照NRC(1994)蛋鸡营养需要标准,铜(Cu)添加水平参照NRC(1994)肉鸡营养需要标准。试验期24周。结果如下:1)与对照组相比,125%无机组不同程度地提高蛋黄中Mn、Cu、Zn、Se的含量;75%、100%、125%无机组极显著增加排泄物中Mn、Cu、Zn、Se的含量(P0.01)。2)与对照组相比,试验第12周,50%有机组显著增加蛋黄中Cu、Zn、Se的含量(P0.05);75%、100%、125%有机组不同程度地增加排泄物中M n、Fe、Cu、Zn的含量。3)有机组蛋黄中Fe、Cu的含量不同程度地高于无机组;NRC推荐需要量的75%、125%添加水平下,无机组排泄物中Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn的含量不同程度地高于有机组。试验表明,产蛋期蛋鸡饲粮中无机及有机复合微量元素均以NRC推荐需要量的25%、50%添加能够保证蛋黄中微量元素含量不减少的同时避免排泄物中微量元素的排泄过量;与无机复合微量元素相比,有机微量元素能够增加蛋黄中Fe、Cu的含量,在NRC推荐需要量的75%、125%添加水平下降低排泄物中微量元素的排泄。     

日粮Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn含量对产蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

微量元素Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn是影响人和动物营养的重要因素。世界上有些组织(如德国DLG、英国ARC、美国NRC)一直致力于研究蛋鸡Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn的需要量。NRC(1994)推荐的蛋鸡产蛋期微量元素需要量为:Cu未定,Fe为45mg/kg,Zn为35mg/kg,Mn为20mg/kg。为了提高动物生产性能,现代养殖通常在动物基础日粮中添加高剂量Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn。Mabe等(2003)报道,在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加Zn60mg/kg、Mn60mg/kg和Cu10mg/kg,可提高蛋黄中Zn、Mn、Cu的浓度;高剂量的铜可降低鸡肉和鸡蛋中胆固醇浓度(Bakalli和Pesti,1995;Pesti和Bakalli,1998;尹靖东…     

日粮中微量元素添加水平和形式对肉鸭生长性能和鸭粪微量元素含量的影响

试验旨在研究基础日粮中添加不同水平和形式的微量元素对肉鸭生长性能和鸭粪微量元素含量的影响。选取1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭1 260只,分为3个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复105只。处理1组为正对照组(PC),饲喂基础日粮(按照樱桃谷肉鸭微量元素推荐标准添加无机微量元素),处理2组为负对照组(NC),添加推荐标准50%的无机微量元素,处理3组为有机组(OM),添加推荐标准50%的有机微量元素。结果显示:与正对照组相比,日粮添加50%有机或无机微量元素对肉鸭各阶段及全期生长性能、屠宰性能均无显著影响(P0.05);日粮添加不同水平和形式的微量元素对肉鸭粪便Fe含量无显著影响(P0.05),Mn、Cu、Zn含量差异显著(P0.05),PC组肉鸭粪便Mn、Cu、Zn含量均显著高于NC、OM组(P0.05),OM组粪便Mn含量显著高于NC组(P0.05),NC组和OM组的粪便Cu、Zn含量均无显著差异(P0.05)。试验结果表明:日粮添加不同水平和形式的微量元素对肉鸭生长性能和屠宰性能影响无显著差异,但能显著降低粪便中微量元素含量。     

氨基酸微量元素螯合物替代无机微量元素饲喂黄羽肉鸡的研究

文章研究了氨基酸微量元素螯合物替代饲粮中无机微量元素对肉鸡生产性能、饲粮养分代谢率和粪中微量元素含量的影响。选用300只0日龄广西快大型黄羽肉鸡(雌性),随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡,进行为期63d的饲养试验。对照组,饲喂基础饲粮,其Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn分别由硫酸亚铁、硫酸铜、硫酸锰和氧化锌提供,添加水平为Fe100mg/kg、Cu20mg/kg、Mn120mg/kg、Zn120mg/kg;试验组分别用12.5%、25.0%、37.5%和50.0%的蛋氨酸螯合铁、铜、锰、锌替代基础饲粮各相应无机微量元素的25%、50%、75%和100%。试验表明:与对照组相比,用不同比例蛋氨酸螯合物(铁、铜、锌、锰)替代相应无机盐可一定程度提高肉鸡的生产性能,改善饲粮养分利用率,提高养殖效益,降低粪中微量元素的排泄量,尤以37.5%的蛋氨酸微量元素螯合物替代饲粮中75%的相应无机微量元素效果良好。     

日粮中添加复合氨基酸螯合盐对异育银鲫生理机能的影响

为研究复合氨基酸螯合Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn对异育银鲫生理机能的影响,试验采用正交设计L9(34),添加复合氨基酸螯合Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn4种微量元素,配制9种试验饲料饲喂异育银鲫当年鱼种,进行为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明,在4种复合氨基酸螯合微量元素中,螯合Fe对粘液LSZ酶活力影响最大,螯合Cu对血清LSZ、血清CuZnSOD、血清GPT、肝脏GPT和血红蛋白的影响最大,螯合Mn对血清T-SOD、粘液T-SOD、肝脏T-SOD和肝脏CuZnSOD酶活力的影响最大。     

有机与无机微量元素比例对肉仔鸡生长和组织生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究有机与无机微量元素的不同比例对肉仔鸡生长性能、血液生化指标、血清和组织中微量元素含量及胫骨性能指标的影响。试验选用1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡400只,随机分成5组,每组8个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验共设5个组,I组为对照组,以无机盐形式添加铁(Fe)100 mg/kg、铜(Cu)20 mg/kg、锰(Mn)120 mg/kg和锌(Zn)120 mg/kg;Ⅱ~Ⅴ组分别用30%、50%、70%和100%的有机微量元素(OTM)替代对照组相应的无机微量元素(ITM),各组元素的添加水平保持一致。试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)肉仔鸡饲粮中使用30%和50%的OTM替代ITM,4~6周龄和1~6周龄的料重比(F/G)显著低于对照组(P0.05);2)饲粮中添加50%OTM+50%ITM的肉仔鸡肝脏Cu、Mn含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性最高;3)肉仔鸡饲粮中添加70%OTM+30%ITM能显著提高血清中Fe的含量(P0.05)。综上所述,在肉仔鸡基础饲粮中用50%的有机微量元素替代相应比例的无机微量元素对肉仔鸡生长性能、微量元素沉积和SOD活性的提高有良好的效果。     

饲料中添加铁、铜、锰和锌对异育银鲫生理机能的影响

为研究铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)4种微量元素对鲫鱼生理机能的影响,试验采用正交设计L9(34),添加Fe、Cu、Mn和Zn4种微量元素,配制9种试验饲料饲喂异育银鲫当年鱼种,进行为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明,在4种微量元素中,Zn对血清溶菌酶、黏液溶菌酶、肝胰总SOD酶(T-SOD)和血红蛋白的影响最大,Mn对血清T-SOD酶、黏液T-SOD酶、肝胰CuZnSOD酶和肝胰谷丙转氨酶(GPT)的影响最大,Cu对血清CuZnSOD酶的影响最大,而Fe对血清谷丙转氨酶影响最大。     

不同剂型微量元素对杂食性鱼生长和消化率的影响

本文研究了蛋氨酸微量元素螯合物、多糖微量元素复合物及无机微量元素对奥尼罗非鱼的饲喂效果和鲤鱼对以上不同剂型微量元素的消化吸收率。结果表明，有机态微量元素对鱼的增重、微量元素的消化率和饲料系数的降低都比无机微量元素好；多糖微量元素复合物又略优于蛋氨酸微量元素螯合物。在本实验条件下，在每kg饲料中添加有机态微量元素螯合物Cu2mg，Zn30mg,Mn12mg,Fe150mg,Co2mg,Mg400mg可加速罗非鱼的生长，较无机微量元素提高增重率17.84％─25.84％；对鲤鱼可提高微量元素的消化率：Cu、Co为41%─58％，Fe、Zn为14％─16％，Mn为5％─7％。     

多糖微量元素络合物饲喂建鲤效果研究

本试验按均匀设计在相同基础饵料中分别添加不同含量的多糖Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn络合物及相当含量的无机微量元素,在相同饲养条件下试喂一冬龄建鲤30天.结果表明:多糖微量元素络合物对建鲤的相对生长率、饵料系数、耐低氧能力都比无机微量元素好.其中试验Ⅱ组较优,其相对生长率为21.65%,饵料系数为2.44,耐低氧持续时间为7.733h.在这种基础饵料和饲养条件下,添加四种多糖微量元素优选组合是Cu55μg/g、Fe180μg/g、Zn110.5—140μg/g、Mn65μg/g,其^相对生长率可达31.427%,饵料系数为1.9788,差异均极显著.     

饲料中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn对异育银鲫器官、组织相应元素的影响及其相关性研究

以异育银鲫为试验对象,在实用饲料中按照L9(34)正交设计方案补充Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn,经过60 d养殖后,分析鱼体器官、组织与饲料中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn 4种微量元素的含量、相互比例的相关性。试验结果表明,Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn在鱼体各器官、组织中具有明显的分布特征:鳍中的Fe、Mn、Zn,头骨中的Cu、Mn、Zn,心脏、肝胰脏、脊椎骨中的Fe、Cu,全鱼Cu、Zn,脾中Cu、Mn,肾脏中Mn、Zn,肌肉、卵、肠中Cu,鳃骨中的Zn,鳞中的Mn受饲料中相应元素供给量的影响很大;鱼体器官、组织中Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn比例模式有3种基本类型,脾、肌肉、脑、心脏、肾脏和全鱼属于Fe比例高的类型(称为高Fe型),与饲料中的Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn比例模式非常相近,具有显著的相关性;脊椎骨、鳃骨、肠、头骨和鳍中Fe、Zn两者比例比较接近,属于Fe、Zn比较高的类型(称为高Fe、高Zn型),而鳞和卵属于Zn比例高的类型(高Zn型),这两类类型的Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn比例与饲料中比例模式相关性差。     

氨基酸螯合铁在养猪生产中的应用研究进展

铁是动物必需的一种微量元素 ,从母乳中摄入的铁不能满足仔猪的正常需要 ,若无有效补铁途径 ,仔猪极易发生贫血 ,同时也易感染其它疾病。与无机铁和简单有机铁添加剂相比 ,氨基酸螯合铁具有生物学效价高、环境污染小、安全性高等优点。本文对氨基酸螯合铁的吸收机制、生物学效价、跟其它微量元素吸收的关系及其应用效果等方面作一综述     

Evaluation of vegetable protein in canine diets: Assessment of performance and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility using a broiler model

Recent technological advances in the human food industry with respect to meat processing have decreased the availability of animal proteins to the pet food industry which typically formulates diets with an excess of animal protein. In the long term, this is not sustainable; thus, alternative protein sources need to be investigated. This study examined three canine diets, comparing a typical animal protein‐based diet (control) with two experimental diets where the animal protein was substituted in part with vegetable protein (formulated based either on total protein or amino acid content) using a broiler model. Each diet was fed to six cages each containing two birds from day 15, 18 cages in total (36 birds). Excreta were collected from days 19 to 21. On day 23, birds were euthanized and weighed, and their ileal digesta were collected and pooled for each cage. In addition, one leg per cage was collected for evaluation of muscle mass. Results showed no significant difference in animal performance (feed intake or live weight gain) or muscle to leg proportion across the diets. Birds fed the control diet and the diet balanced for amino acid content exhibited the greatest coefficients of apparent metabolizability for nitrogen (p < .001). Birds fed the diets that contained partial replacement of animal with vegetable protein generally had greater ileal digestibility of amino acids compared to birds fed the control (animal protein) diet. Analysis of excreta showed no dietary difference in terms of dry matter content; however, birds fed the diet balanced for total protein and the diet balanced for amino acid content had significantly greater excreta nitrogen than the control (p = .038). Overall, the study suggests vegetable proteins when formulated based on amino acid content are a viable alternative to animal proteins in canine diets.     

Effect of dietary xylanase on energy, amino acid and mineral metabolism, and egg production and quality in laying hens

1. The aim was to examine the effect of dietary xylanase on the availability of nutrients for laying hens when fed on wheat-rye-soy-based diets. The basal diet was formulated to contain 11.03 MJ/kg apparent metabolisable energy (AME), and the experimental diets were formulated by supplementing the basal diet with four different activities of xylanase (400, 800, 1200 and 1600 xylanase units (XU)/kg). 2. The AME and nitrogen metabolisability coefficients of xylanase-supplemented diets were 1.2% and 7.1%, respectively, greater than in the control diet. 3. Supplementary xylanase significantly improved the coefficients of metabolisability of indispensable, dispensable and total amino acids by 8.2%, 6.9% and 7.8%, respectively, and led to a significantly linear response of total amino acid metabolisability coefficient to xylanase. There was a range of effects within the indispensable amino acids with xylanase supplementation (1600 XU/kg) significantly improving the metabolisability of threonine by 4.9%, but having no have effect on lysine. The response of total amino acid retention to added xylanase was a significant quadratic function and suggests that 800 XU/kg is the optimum supplementary dosage. 4. Supplementary xylanase significantly improved sulphur metabolisability in a linear fashion to a maximum of 2.3% higher than that of the control diet. In terms of daily retention, most of the minerals responded in a quadratic manner to dietary xylanase, as the suggested optimal supplementary level was between 800 and 1200 XU/kg. 5. The yolk colour of the birds receiving 1200 and 1600 XU/kg was 0.33 and 0.28 units (Roche score); these were 4.1% and 3.5%, respectively, darker than the yolk of the birds given the control diet. 6. Birds receiving xylanase had a significantly higher weight gain than those fed on the unsupplemented diet. Feed intake, the number of eggs per hen per d, dirty and cracked eggs, and feed conversion ratio for egg production were not affected by xylanase. These data suggest that use of a xylanase may improve the metabolisability of many nutrients, but that such effects may not always benefit production parameters.     

Growth Performance,Meat Yield,and Economic Responses of Broilers Provided Diets Varying in Amino Acid Density from Thirty-Six to Fifty-Nine Days of Age

Providing broilers diets formulated to a high amino acid density early in life improves subsequent growth performance and meat yield. Diets formulated to high amino acid concentrations beyond 5 wk of age may increase breast meat yield but may not be economically justified. This study examined growth, meat yield, and economic responses of broilers provided diets varying in amino acid density from 36 to 59 d of age. Birds were given a 4-phase feeding program: starter (1 to 17 d), grower (18 to 35 d), withdrawal-1 (WD1; 36 to 47 d), and withdrawal-2 (WD2; 48 to 59 d of age). All birds were fed a common, high amino acid density diet to 35 d of age (HH). Broilers were provided diets characterized as being high (H), moderate (M), or low (L) in amino acid density for the WD1 and WD2 periods. Dietary treatments were HHHH, HHHM, HHHL, HHMM, HHML, and HHLL from d 1 to 59, with H, M, and L representing the diets fed during each of the 4 periods (starter, grower, WD1 and WD2).Cumulative feed conversion was improved when the HHHH feeding regimen was fed, whereas other final live performance measurements were not affected. Decreasing amino acid density (HHLL and HHHL) limited yields of breast fillets, tenders, and total white meat when compared with the HHHH regimen. As amino acid density decreased from HHHH to HHHM, HHMM, and HHML, carcass yield and breast meat yield were not affected. In general, providing the HHHH feeding regimen increased economic gross feeding margin compared with the other dietary treatments.     

有机微量元素对蛋鸡生产性能、血清抗氧化指标、蛋黄中微量元素含量及微量元素减排效果的影响

本试验旨在探讨低于常规预混料中无机微量元素添加量的小肽螯合铁、铜、锰、锌与纳米硒复合使用对蛋鸡生产性能、血清抗氧化指标、蛋黄中微量元素含量以及微量元素减排效果的影响。选择225只50周龄、体重相近、健康的海兰褐壳蛋鸡,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复9只。在基础饲粮中添加饲料级无机微量元素6 mg/kg铜、75 mg/kg铁、60 mg/kg锌、60 mg/kg锰、0.3 mg/kg硒,为无机组,试验组为70%有机组、60%有机组、50%有机组、40%有机组,其微量元素添加量分别为无机组的70%、60%、50%、40%。预试期10 d,正试期42 d。结果表明:1)与无机组相比,60%有机组可显著提高产蛋率(P0.05),并显著降低料蛋比(P0.05),各组在蛋品质上无显著差异(P0.05)。2)与无机组相比,70%有机组显著提高了血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P0.05),有机组均显著提高了血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P0.05),70%和60%有机组显著降低了血清丙二醛(M DA)含量(P0.05)。3)各组蛋黄中铜、锰、铁含量无显著差异(P0.05);与无机组相比,60%有机组显著提高了蛋黄锌含量(P0.05),而50%与40%有机组在显著提高蛋黄锌含量(P0.05)的同时,显著降低了硒含量(P0.05)。4)有机组粪中铜、锰、锌的含量均显著低于无机组(P0.05)。综合考虑,为保证蛋鸡正常生产和生理功能,在5056周龄,按常规预混料中无机微量元素添加量的60%添加小肽螯合铁、铜、锰、锌与纳米硒效果较好。     

Effect of dietary trace mineral concentration and source (inorganic vs. chelated) on performance, mineral status, and fecal mineral excretion in pigs from weaning through finishing

Two hundred and sixteen weanling gilts (6.65+/-0.08 kg) were used to determine the effects of decreasing supplemental concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn, and trace mineral source (inorganic vs. chelated) on growth performance, mineral status, and fecal mineral concentrations from weaning through development. The study was conducted over three trials with 72 pigs in each trial. Gilts were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to either 1) control, 2) reduced inorganic, or 3) reduced chelated trace minerals. The control diet was supplemented with 25, 150, 180, and 60 mg/kg of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn (in sulfate forms), respectively, during the nursery phase and 15, 100, 100, and 40 mg/kg of supplemental Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn, respectively, during the growing and gilt-developer phases. Reduced inorganic and reduced chelated treatments were supplemented during all phases with 5, 25, 25, and 10 mg/kg of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn, respectively. The reduced chelated treatment supplied 50% of the supplemental Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in the form of metal proteinates, with the remainder from sulfate forms. Performance by control pigs did not differ from pigs fed the reduced trace mineral treatments during the nursery and grower-development periods. Gain:feed was lower (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the reduced inorganic compared with those fed the reduced chelated treatment during the nursery period. Trace mineral source did not affect performance during the growing or gilt-developer phase. Plasma Zn concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity were higher (P < 0.01) in control pigs than in those receiving reduced trace minerals during the nursery and growing phases. Plasma Cu concentration and ceruloplasmin activity were generally not affected by treatment. Hemoglobin concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) for the reduced inorganic compared with the reduced chelated treatment in the nursery phase. Fecal concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed reduced trace minerals than in controls during all production phases. Fecal Zn concentration during the nursery and fecal Cu concentrations during the growing and gilt-developer phases were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the reduced chelated compared with the reduced inorganic treatment. Results indicate that reducing the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe typically supplemented to pig diets will greatly decrease fecal mineral excretion without negatively affecting pig performance from weaning through development.     

Beneficial Effects of Versazyme,a Keratinase Feed Additive,on Body Weight,Feed Conversion,and Breast Yield of Broiler Chickens

Versazyme (VZ) is a keratinase-based feed additive. Broiler diets were formulated with low (95%), medium (100%), or high (105%) CP and amino acid levels relative to US Poultry Industry Reporting Service averages (2003). In each diet, amino acid minimums were maintained relative to the percentage of CP. The protein levels were as follows: starter—21, 22, 23%; grower—19, 20, 21%; finisher—17, 18, 19%; and withdrawal—16, 17, 18%. Mixed sex broilers 0 to 48 d of age were fed the 3 protein levels with and without VZ (0.10%) in a 3 × 2 factorial experiment. Statistical main effects indicated 48-d BW was greater on the high protein diets (2.42 kg) compared with low protein (2.36 kg), with the medium protein diet being intermediate (2.40 kg). Overall, VZ significantly (P < 0.01) improved 48-d BW 2.54% (from 2.36 to 2.42 kg, P < 0.01), feed conversion ratio 1.62% (from 1.912 to 1.881, P < 0.01), and breast meat yield 1.68% (from 31.57 to 32.10%, P < 0.01). The improvements in BW and feed conversion ratio by VZ were greatest with the low protein diets. However, VZ produced the greatest improvement in breast meat yield at the medium and high protein levels. This enzyme feed additive apparently improves the utilization of amino acids by broilers fed diets formulated to commercial specifications.     

日粮补充苹果渣或有机矿对鹅生产性能、蛋品质及繁殖性能的影响

本研究旨在评估日粮单独添加苹果渣或补充苹果渣和有机微量元素对鹅生产、繁殖性能及蛋品质的影响。试验将产蛋期的360只鹅随机分为3组,每组120只(30只/重复),对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组分别饲喂苹果渣日粮和苹果渣+有机微量元素日粮,试验持续14周。结果:苹果渣补充或不补充有机矿较对照组显著提高了孵化率和仔鹅存活率(P<0.05),苹果渣+有机矿组较其他两组显著提高了蛋长度、蛋壳尖端和钝端厚度(P<0.05),但显著降低了蛋型指数、蛋壳重量和蛋黄重量(P<0.05)。日粮添加苹果渣同时补充有机矿较对对照组显著提高了鹅蛋中甘油二酯、胆固醇、胆固醇酯的含量(P<0.05),但苹果渣补充或不补充有机矿磷脂含量较对照组显著降低了13.17%和20.08%(P<0.05)。与苹果渣组相比,日粮添加苹果渣补充有机矿非酯化脂肪酸含量显著提高了31.76%(P<0.05)。结论:日粮添加苹果渣同时补充有机铜和锌可显著改善鹅的繁殖性能、蛋品质及蛋中脂肪组分。     

雪鸡肉氨基酸和微量元素含量分析

通过雪鸡肉的氨基酸和微量元素等成分测定表明：雪鸡肉中的氨基酸含量丰富，总合百分含量最高达２２．２１％。养殖的雪鸡肉中氨基酸总合百分含量比野生雪鸡还高２．３４％。四种微量元素的含量，二者差异不显著。     

The amino acid requirements of the growing chick. I. Determination of amino acid requirements

The amino acid requirements of the growing chick have been determined using a diet based on soybean meal and maize meal. The diet contained 18% protein (N% x 6.25, dry matter basis) made up to 14% contributed by conventional ingredients and 4% protein equivalent in the form of amino acids. Starting with a diet formulated to meet the reference levels recommended by Dean and Scott (1965) a programme of experiments was carried out to improve this amino acid balance. The results indicated that the growing chick requires not more than 0.53% threonine, 0.61% glycine, 0.79% valine, 0.62% isoleucine, 1.34% leucine, 0.75% phenylalanine (or 1.3% phenylalanine plus tyrosine), 0.85 % lysine, 0.4% histidine, 0.86% arginine, 0.17% tryptophan and 0.39% methionine (or 0.79% methionine plus cystine).