Evaluation of seed vigor in soybean germplasms from different eco-regions

Seed vigor plays an essential role in soybean production. Soybean seed is sensitive to environment and easy to get seed deterioration. Generally soybean seed vigor can be maintained for less than one year and have to be multiplied every year. Varieties with good seed vigor are essential for maintaining planting population and stable yield. In this research, 419 germplasms from three eco-regions, South China, Huanghuai region and Northeast China, were evaluated for seed vigor by assessing germination ratio, germination potential and germination index. About 34.8% of tested germplasm had germination ratio equal or more than 85%, suggested by the national soybean seed quality standard of China. Only 9 from 82 tested cultivars met the seed standard. Seed germination ratio distribution had obvious regional feature. Landraces performed better seed vigor than cultivars. Germplasms from South China had stronger seed vigor compared to those from Huanghuai and Northeast regions. Seed vigor has no significant relationship with maturity and 100-seed weight. Totally 21 germplasms with strong seed vigor, favor maturation and seed size were identified and can be used in future breeding program.     

黑龙江省及黄淮海地区大豆品种的遗传改进

对黑龙江省和黄淮海地区不同时期有代表性的大豆品种进行比较研究,结果表明单株粒重、荚比、三四粒荚数、每节荚数、每荚粒数、百粒重、脂肪含量等性状与产量呈显著或极显著正相关,而倒伏性与产量呈极显著负相关。各地大豆品种遗传改进的明显趋势在于抗倒伏性显著增强,单株粒重提高,每节荚数、每荚粒数增多,粒重增大,茎杆增粗,株高降低。     

大豆种质的倒伏性调查及其相关农艺性状分析

倒伏是大豆高产的主要限制因子之一.以60份大豆地方品种和育成品种为材料,调查和分析了大豆倒伏性及其与茎秆性状和产量性状魄关系.结果表明,不同品种间倒伏性存在显著差异,倒伏的严重程度与茎秆性状有关.大豆品种的倒伏级别与株高、主茎节数、节间长、分枝数等性状的相关系数均达1%显著水平,茎秆性状与单株籽粒产量、单株荚数和单株粒数等呈极显著正相关,但与百粒重呈负相关.不同倒伏级别组之间产量性状表现显著差异,2级倒伏组是具有轻度倒伏和高产潜力的种质资源.     

黑农号大豆品种的基因源及农艺性状的遗传改进

基因源分析表明,黑农号大豆品种的育成共涉及２０个亲本材料,其中主要基因源有港仓金,荆山朴和紫化四号三个骨干亲本。有５２％,３９％和３２％的品种分别含有满仓金,荆山朴和紫花四号的血缘。随着品种育成年代的推进,三个骨干亲本的血缘组成不断减少,表明新的血缘不断输入。黑农号大豆品种主要农艺性状的遗传改进的趋势是从高大无限多分枝类型向中秆亚有限少分枝类型演变,同时,品种的抗病性,抗倒伏性不断增强。７０年代主     

不同熟期大豆品种遗传改良过程中光合特性和冠层农艺性状的变化

对1923～2008年间育成的吉林省主推的57个大豆品种按中早熟、中熟和中晚熟品种进行分类,研究了不同熟期组品种各冠层农艺性状和叶片部分光合特性指标的演化趋势及其与产量的关系。结果表明,各熟期品种的产量、百粒重、株高、单株叶面积、叶柄长、始粒期的光合速率和SPAD与育成年代均成正相关,单株分枝数与育成年代成负相关;单株荚数、单株荚重、单株粒数、单株粒重、单株茎重、始粒期SPAD与产量成正相关,其中单株荚重与产量显著相关。总体上看,中早熟和中晚熟品种各性状的演化趋势及其与产量的关系较相似,它们的百粒重、株高、单株粒数、单株叶面积、叶柄长、始粒期光合速率及始粒期SPAD与育成年代及产量都成正相关;始粒期SPAD在所有性状中表现最稳定,在各熟期组中与育成年代及产量均成正相关。     

吉林省大豆品种遗传改良过程中叶片性状的演变

以吉林省1923-2005年育成的30个大豆（Glycine max）品种为材料,通过2005和2006两年田间试验在R2﹑R4和R6期对叶部性状演化及其与产量的关系进行研究。结果表明,产量随育成年代呈线性增加,根据回归方程计算,产量从1923年的1197.80kg&;#8226;hm-2增加到2005年的2305.545 kg&;#8226;hm-2,82年来增加了1107.73kg&;#8226;hm-2,平均每年增加14.60kg&;#8226;hm-2;单株叶面积﹑单株叶片数目﹑长宽比和叶面积指数（LAI）随着育成年代的增加而增加,小叶面积随着育成年代的增加而降低;新品种的单株叶面积在生殖生长期均大于老品种,尤其在后期有较长的绿叶期;通过相关分析表明,产量与单株叶面积﹑叶面积指数均达到显著水平（P≤0.05）,在R2和R4期与单株叶片数目到显著水平（P≤0.05）,说明在遗传改良过程中叶部性状与产量关系密切,在品种选育和高产栽培过程中可以考虑作为选择的依据。     

吉林省不同年代大豆品种遗传改良过程中某些农艺性状的变化

两年来对吉林省1923～2005年生产上主推16个大豆品种的生物量、产量、收获指数以及种子蛋白质、脂肪含量的研究表明：大豆植株的生物量从苗期到R6期逐渐增加，到R6期达到最大值，然后下降，老品种比现代品种下降速度快。大豆品种的生物量、产量和收获指数均随育成年代呈线性增加，其中产量和收获指数平均每年分别增加14.84kg/hm2（1.29%）和0.09 %。种子脂肪含量随育成年代增加，平均每年增加0.87%；而蛋白质含量随年代降低，平均每年下降1.52%。产量与生物量和收获指数呈显著正相关(P<0.05)；与种子脂肪含量呈正相关，与蛋白质含量呈负相关，但不显著。本文结果表明，大豆育种工作者以高产为选择目标的同时使生物量和收获指数得到提高。生物量和收获指数可以作为高产品种选育的指标。     

美国大豆品种改良过程中生理特性变化的研究进展

育种者通过遗传改良大幅度提高了大豆的产量，同时生理特性也发生较大的变化，鼓粒期(seed filling period，SFP)干物质积累、N积累、光合效率及叶面积持续期明显增加；子粒蛋白质相对含量呈下降趋势，而油份含量有所增加；耐密、抗倒伏特性增强，但抗旱特性有所减弱。在中国不同区域内开展大豆基因改良过程中生理变化的研究将对未来新品种的研发产生重要影响。各种专用化的大豆品种的培育将是大豆育种的发展方向。     

中国辽宁和美国俄亥俄新老大豆品种的比较研究

未来的大豆产量获得将取决于对过去遗传改良的认识.在中国辽宁省和美国俄亥俄州布置试验比较研究2个地区育成的新老大豆品种,以了解这2个地区大豆遗传改良的一些进展.结果表明:在俄亥俄试验点,俄亥俄州立大学育成的新品种比老品种增产78%,比辽宁新品种增产22%.在辽宁省试验点,俄亥俄新品种和辽宁新品种均比老品种增产约50%.在辽宁试验环境下,大豆植株生长较高大,倒伏也相对严重,尤其老品种倒伏更重.与辽宁新品种和老品种相比,俄亥俄新品种蛋白质含量较低,脂肪含量较高.两地的育种家对大豆的产量遗传改良成绩显著,同时植株得到矮化、节间缩短和抗倒伏能力提高,主茎籽粒产量比例提高、粒/茎比增加.辽宁育种家注重籽粒大小和蛋白含量的改良,但这2个性状没有引起俄亥俄育种家的重视,双方互换种质将有利于大豆的遗传改良.     

Relation of Leaf Nitrogen Content and Other Traits with Seed Yield of Soybean

Summary

Soybean redistributes or 201C;mobilizes” a large amount of its vegetative nitrogen in support of synthesis of seed storage protein. Most of this is from leaf tissue. Our objective was to elucidate the relationship between potentially mobilizable leaf nitrogen and seed yielding capacity of soybean. In each of two years, we grew 63 diverse soybean genotypes in a replicated field experiment. Whole plants were harvested from 1 m² of plot area. Leaf mass, leaf area index, and leaf nitrogen concentration were determined at beginning of seed growth (R5). Seed yield was obtained by combine harvest. Seed yields ranged from 2400 to 4400 kg ha^–1 the first year and from 2200 to 3800 kg ha^–1 the second. Total leaf nitrogen content at beginning of seed growth, after adjustment for differences in reproductive duration and lodging, accounted for 40 and 34% of genotypic variation in seed yield for the two years. Leaf mass, leaf area index, and leaf nitrogen concentration were less well related to yield. Reproductive duration, estimated as the time from beginning bloom to maturation, accounted for 30 and 20% of genotypic variation in seed yield, and lodging accounted for 21 and 23% for the two years. The three most important factors, total leaf nitrogen content at R5, reproductive duration, and lodging, as determined by multiple regression, accounted for 64 and 59% of genotypic variation in yield the two years. Hypothetical selection for total leaf nitrogen content at beginning of seed growth revealed a lack of consistency in genotypic performance between years, suggesting low heritability of the trait and therefore a low probability for improving the trait through plant breeding. We conclude that the failure of genotypes to perform similarly between years implies that the vegetative nitrogen pool is a very important, albeit secondary, source that is drawn upon variably in different environments depending upon the plant’s capacity to assimilate nitrogen directly.     

东北大豆种质群体在牡丹江的表现及其潜在的育种意义

东北是我国春大豆的主要生态区,牡丹江位于黑龙江省东南部,属第2亚区。本研究于2012-2014年间,以搜集到的东北地区各单位现存的361份大豆育成品种和地方品种作为东北现存的本地种质,观察该群体在牡丹江地区的表现,研究其在牡丹江的潜在育种意义。主要结果如下:1)东北大豆种质群体平均表现为全生育期分布在101~147 d(平均为124 d)、蛋白质含量范围为35.36%~45.36%(平均为39.69%)、油脂含量范围为18.93%~23.78%(平均为21.96%)、蛋脂总量范围57.74%~66.67%(平均值61.82%)、百粒重范围在8.49~29.43 g(平均值19.91 g)、株高36.6~115.3 cm(平均值82 cm)、主茎11.2~20.4节(平均为16节)、分枝为0~4.8个(平均2.8)、倒伏在1.2~3.6(平均2级左右)。2)当地适合熟期组为MG 0和MG I,各性状的平均值与群体平均值相近,其他熟期组在当地的表现与之不同。MG 000和MG 00的生育天数集中在106~113 d,比当地无霜期早10~20 d,不能充分利用当地的自然条件;而品质性状表现则略优于MG 0/MGⅠ,特别是蛋白质含量和蛋脂总量分别高约1.62%、1.59%;株高、节数均低于MG 0/MG I,分别低10~30 cm、2~4节。MGⅡ的生育天数高达136 d,不能稳定成熟;品质性状表现低于当地品种水平,特别是油脂含量、蛋脂总量分别低约1.5%、2%;而株高、节数高于当地品种,分别高约10 cm、1~2节,倒伏程度则高达3级。MG III在牡丹江不能正常成熟,导致其他性状表达不正常,生长量和倒伏度增加。3)本群体中包含第二亚区育成217个品种,查到系谱资料的208个,这208个品种共涉及169个祖先亲本,其中黑龙江来源有77份、吉林省48份、辽宁省8份、国外来源26份,其他来源10份。衍生品种最多的前10个祖先亲本主要来源于吉林,对该亚区品种的贡献率约48.9%;衍生品种数在11~20间主要来源于黑龙江,前20个祖先亲本对该亚区品种的贡献率约62.4%。4)根据各农艺品质性状在牡丹江表现的遗传进度估计,虽然油脂和蛋白质含量相对小些,但均有一定的改良潜力。根据当地品种的表现,从供试的东北资源中提出了各农艺、品质性状改良可用的亲本品种名单,供育种工作者参考。     

菜用大豆与普通大豆产量及品质的比较

研究比较了10个日本菜用大豆和8个辽宁省育成的普通大豆品种的产量和品质.结果表明:日本菜用大豆品种的株高显著矮于辽宁省育成的普通大豆,且抗倒能力也显著强于普通大豆,而且以有限结荚习性居多,籽粒较大,百粒重显著大于普通大豆品种.虽然日本菜用大豆的产量要明显低于辽宁普通大豆的产量,但品质要显著好于辽宁普通大豆,尤其是蛋白质含量,有些品种高达50%.结果还表明:多数菜用大豆的油酸含量较高,平均含量为245 mg·g~(-1),而普通大豆平均含量为238 mg·g~(-1).     

黄淮海地区大豆品种遗传改进

黄淮海地区大豆品种遗传改进的明显趋势是每英粒数增多、每节荚数增多、英比提高、分枝数减少、茎秆增粗、抗倒伏能力增强、粒型增大、单株粒重提高，脂肪含量增加、株高、节数、节间长度，生育期呈现先增后减的趋势，蛋白质含量没有明显改进，产量的遗传改进幅度为１．２－２．５％。相关分析表明，单株粒重、脂肪含量、荚比、每荚粒数、主茎荚数、每节荚数、三、四粒荚数、百粒重、茎粗、节数、生育期与产量正相关或显著正相关。聚     

Yield,protein, and oil quality of soybean genotypes selected for tofu production

The soyfood industry prefers some soybean [( Glycine max L. (Merr.)] cultivars over others based on chemical constituents, physical traits, and processing quality of the seed. However, soybean cultivars possessing the combination of desirable agronomic traits and biochemical characteristics that enhance the quality of soyfoods have not been identified in the U.S. Thus, this research was conducted with the objective of determining yield, seed protein, and fatty acid composition of soybean genotypes selected for tofu production. Twelve soybean genotypes were planted in plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley State University, Georgia during 1994 and 1995. Seed yield ranged from 1.6 to 3.0 metric tons/ha. The protein content varied between 314.2 and 480.7 g/kg seed. Both BARC-8 and BARC-9 had significantly higher protein content than other genotypes. These two genotypes also showed significant year by genotype interactions for some fatty acids. V71-370 had the highest oleic acid concentration and a high ratio (0.92) of monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acids. The concentration of linoleic and linolenic acids ranged from 406.5 to 531.0 and 37.1 to 63.0 g/kg oil, respectively. Seed yield was correlated with biomass, harvest index, and filled pods per m2. In this study, V71-370 was found to be relatively superior in oil quality with fatty acid composition desirable for human consumption. The significant variation for seed yield and biochemical characteristics observed among the few genotypes examined in this study indicates the potential for breeding high yielding soybean cultivars suitable for soyfoods. Therefore, there is a need for evaluation of soybean germplasm for agronomic traits that contribute to seed yield and biochemical characteristics including fatty acid profiles that enhance soyfood quality before initiating development of suitable cultivars for tofu.     

Branch development responses to planting density and yield stability in soybean cultivars

The objective of this study was to elucidate variability among soybean cultivars in yield response at different planting densities in reference to branch development. We investigated the main stem and branch seed yield and the branching characteristics of determinate Hokkaido and indeterminate US cultivars at the Rakuno Gakuen University in Ebetsu. In 2009 and 2010, two Japanese and two US cultivars were grown at three densities from 9.5 to 20 plants m^?2. In 2011 and 2012, three cultivars from each region were cultivated at three densities from 8.3 to 22.2 plants m^?2. The seed yields of the US cultivars at densities of 16.7 plants m^?2 or less were markedly higher than those of the Hokkaido cultivars, showing that their yield is less sensitive to lower planting density than Hokkaido cultivars. The difference in yield in response to planting density among cultivars was closely associated with a larger increase in branch seed yield with lower planting density, which effectively compensated for the decrease in main stem number per unit land area. The variability of branch development in response to planting density (branching plasticity) was quantified by correlating branch performance with plant spacing (land area per plant). Some US cultivars exhibited greater branching plasticity than Japanese cultivars with similar growth duration. Results of this study suggest soybean cultivar differs in responsiveness to varied planting density through different branching plasticity.     

吉林省不同年代大豆品种源—库关系的变化

为了解吉林省大豆品种产量遗传改良过程中源—库关系的变化,对1923～2005年间育成的20个大豆品种的产量和源-库关系进行了研究。结果表明,大豆品种产量随着育成年代呈线性增加,82年来产量增长了113.1%,平均每年增长1.38%。产量的增加是源-库共同作用的结果,其中源—单株叶面积和叶片净光合速率82年来分别增长了27.76%和21.56%,年增长率为0.34%和0.26%;而库—单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重82年来分别增长了44.33%、80.1%和59.5%,平均每年增加0.54%、0.98%和0.73%;由于源库增长比例失调,使单株瘪粒荚数呈显著增加,82年来增加了314%;同时,也使单位叶面积粒数和粒重显著增加,82年来分别增长了50.86%和56.45%。本文结果说明,大豆育种工作者对大豆品种产量的遗传改良导致了源库关系的不协调变化,未来的高产大豆品种育种应注重源强度的增加,特别是单位叶面积光合能力的提高。     

东北大豆种质群体在长春的表现及其潜在的育种意义

东北是我国大豆的主要生态区,长春是东北中部重要产区。本研究于2012-2014年以搜集到的东北地区各单位现存的361份大豆地方品种和育成品种作为东北现存的本地种质,观察该群体在长春地区的表现,研究其潜在育种意义。主要结果如下:1)东北大豆种质群体在长春地区平均表现为全生育期114 d(93.88~137.75)、蛋白质含量41.09%(36.68%~45.85%)、油脂含量21.94%(19.00%~23.94%)、蛋脂总量63.09%(59.49%~66.24%)、百粒重20.53 g(9.47~28.20 g)、株高约83.82 cm(45.8~146.8 cm)、主茎16.7节(10.3~25.3)、分枝2个(0.1~10.1)、倒伏2级左右(1.4~4.0)。2)当地适合熟期组为MG0/MG I,生育天数在120 d左右。MG000、MG00生育天数集中在98~104 d,不能充分利用当地的自然条件;株高、节数均比MG0/MG I低约20~28 cm、3~4节。MGⅡ/MGIII在长春不能稳定成熟,其株高、主茎节数比MG0/MG I高约25~35 cm、2~3节。至于籽粒性状(蛋白质含量、油脂含量和百粒重),不同熟期组间绝对值差异不大,而各熟期组内均含有表现突出的资源。3)根据各农艺品质性状在长春表现,油脂和蛋白质含量遗传率高但相对遗传进度较低,需加大选育强度;蛋脂总量的改良应建立在蛋白质、油脂改良的基础上;本群体在倒伏性状上潜力有限,应通过引进新的种质来进行改良。4)长春当地的82个地方/育成品种(共88个,其中6个育成品种未查到系谱资料)共有99个祖先亲本,这些祖先亲本主要来源于当地,其次为黑龙江省和国外;其中衍生品种最多的前20个祖先亲本对群体的贡献率约63%,衍生品种最多的前5个祖先亲本衍生品种数及贡献率分别为金元(58,6.35%)、铁荚四粒黄(50,8.16%)、十胜长叶(49,6.61%)、嘟噜豆(44,4.02%)、四粒黄(P340)(41,6.36%);虽然当地育成品种平均含有9.3个祖先亲本,但当地品种的遗传基础仍较为狭窄,需通过其它地区资源扩展当地种质的遗传基础。     

早熟菜用大豆农艺性状、籽粒产量和品质形成规律的研究

采用早熟菜用大豆品种为试材,对不同菜用大豆品种农艺性状、籽粒产量和品质的形成规律进行了研究.结果表明:早熟菜用大豆品种株型矮小,分枝少,节问长度较短;一粒荚、二粒荚所占的比例较大,百粒重和收获指数均较高;不同生育期品种间光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度没有显著差异;在籽粒形成过程中,可溶性糖含量和脂肪含量均呈上升趋势,品种间蛋白质含量和蛋脂总含量积累有所差异.综合籽粒产量和品质性状,沈农引48是更适合选用的早熟菜用大豆品种.     

中国不同地区科技示范县大豆单产及产量相关性状的比较

分别于2010和2011年对全国18和20个省(区)的130和141个大豆科技示范县进行抽样调查,收集当地大豆生产田的单产及其相关性状数据。在此基础上,按大豆栽培区划进行分区统计,并采用多元逐步回归方法判断不同地区影响产量的关键因素。结果表明,各地区大豆的播种期因耕作制度不同和气象条件多样而存在很大差异,变化幅度大小依次为南方>西北>东北>黄淮海;东北地区大豆种植密度最高,西北、黄淮海居中,南方最低。平均单产高低依次为西北>东北>黄淮海>南方。在农艺和产量性状中,株高以东北大豆为最高,其后依次为西北、黄淮海和南方;单株荚数与单株粒数2个性状的地域差异趋势一致,2010年均依次为南方>西北>黄淮海>东北,2011年均依次为西北>南方>黄淮海>东北;黄淮海地区大豆的百粒重最高,西北次之,东北及南方则相对偏低。多元逐步回归结果表明,在东北和南方地区,影响大豆产量的首要因素为单株粒数,而在西北及黄淮海地区则为单位面积株数。文中讨论了不同主产区提高大豆单产的主攻方向。     

Agronomic traits contributing to nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape cultivars

Reducing the high nitrogen (N) balance surpluses occurring in oilseed rape production through the cultivation of N-efficient cultivars is imperative for environmental reasons. In this study, seed yield and N efficiency parameters of oilseed rape cultivars grown under three N rates were investigated in field experiments performed during five years. Seed yields differed significantly among cultivars especially at limiting N supply, with significant shifts in cultivar ranking according to the N level. At high N supply, cultivar differences relied more on year effects. The importance of N efficiency parameters for yield varied owing to year and N rate effects. N uptake was an important parameter for yield at all N rates. While at low N, the duration of N uptake was most decisive, shoot N uptake capacity during vegetative growth was relatively more important under high N conditions. N utilization efficiency became more important with increasing N supply. At high N supply, cultivars with low seed N concentrations were superior in yield. Harvest index was also significantly correlated to yield across N rates; however, its importance depended much on environmental conditions. In conclusion, the specification of plant traits that might contribute to enhanced N efficiency in oilseed rape will depend very much on the N supply of the target environment and the target yield level.