长牡蛎和福建牡蛎个体生长模型的构建及比较

长牡蛎和福建牡蛎分别是我国北方和南方沿海重要的养殖贝类。为比较分析二者的动态生长情况,实验基于动态能量收支理论（DEB）,以连续监测的水温和叶绿素a浓度为强制因子,通过现场实验、模型调试和文献查阅等方式获取模型参数,利用Python 2.7软件分别构建了桑沟湾长牡蛎、深沪湾福建牡蛎的个体生长模型,并以两种牡蛎的实测生长数据进行验证。结果显示：①所构建的DEB模型能够较好地模拟长牡蛎、福建牡蛎的个体生长情况（壳高、软组织湿重等）,模拟值与实测值之间相关性显著;②长牡蛎和福建牡蛎的温度耐受上限（T_H）、温度耐受下限（T_L）、半饱和常数（F_H）等参数存在差异,这可能与不同海域的理化环境、食物组成及牡蛎的选择性摄食有关;③在模拟周期内,受温度和食物的双重限制,长牡蛎冬季生长缓慢,而福建牡蛎处于持续增长状态,期间主要受到食物的限制。本研究结果可为后续生态系统模型构建和牡蛎养殖容量评估提供基础数据。     

虾夷扇贝动态能量收支模型参数的测定

本研究以虾夷扇贝为实验生物,介绍了动态能量收支(dynamic energy budget,DEB)模型5个关键基本参数的测定及计算方法,分析了方法的利弊及注意事项,为贝类DEB模型参数的准确获取提供参考方法。采用壳长与软体部湿重回归法计算虾夷扇贝的形状系数δm;采用静水法测定不同温度条件下虾夷扇贝的呼吸耗氧率,计算阿伦纽斯温度TA参数;采用饥饿法测定、计算单位时间单位体积维持生命所需的能量[]、形成单位体积结构物质所需的能量[EG]和单位体积最大储存能量[EM]3个参数。室内饥饿实验持续60 d,直至呼吸耗氧率及软体部干重基本保持恒定。结果显示,壳长(SL)与软体部湿重(WW)的回归关系式为WW=0.0118SL3.4511(R2=0.9365),根据公式V=(δm L)3,对软体部湿重的立方根和壳长进行线性回归,所得的斜率即为形状系数δm值(δm=0.32);获得不同规格的虾夷扇贝耗氧率与水温(热力学温度,K)倒数的线性回归关系,线性回归方程斜率的绝对值为阿伦纽斯温度TA,平均为(4160±767)K。饥饿实验结束时,软体部干重和呼吸耗氧率分别降低了56%和81%。虾夷扇贝的耗氧率稳定在0.17 mg/(ind·h),经计算获得[]=25.9 J/(cm~3·d);饥饿持续30天之后,虾夷扇贝软体部干重基本维持在(0.25±0.01)g,经计算获得[EG]=3160 J/cm~3,[EM]=2030 J/cm~3。动态DEB理论是基于能量代谢的物理、化学特性而建立的,体现了生物能量代谢的普遍性规律,能够反映摄食获取能量在不同发育生长阶段的能量分配情况。但是,DEB模型参数的测定及计算比较复杂。基本参数的准确获取将影响其他参数以及模型的准确性。本研究为虾夷扇贝DEB模型的构建奠定基础。     

虾夷扇贝脓胞病病原的分离、鉴定与致病性

开展对大连市长海县附近养殖海域近几年夏季出现的大规模虾夷扇贝死亡现象的研究,能为虾夷扇贝养殖过程中的疾病防治提供基础理论支持。以患病虾夷扇贝为研究对象,通过对病变组织进行细菌分离、提纯培养,并采用人工感染试验确定虾夷扇贝脓胞病的病原性质;通过生理生化特性、16SrRNA基因部分序列和药物敏感性测定,对虾夷扇贝脓胞病进行了鉴定。结果表明,从患病组织中分离出的其中一株细菌经人工感染试验证实为虾夷扇贝脓胞病的病原菌,在水温19℃、注射浓度为1.09×105CFU/mL的条件下,该菌有较强的致病性。通过对该病原菌的生理生化特性测定和16SrRNA基因部分序列分析,确定虾夷扇贝脓胞病的病原为查氏弧菌。     

大连獐子岛海域虾夷扇贝养殖容量

现场测定了獐子岛海域的叶绿素a浓度、初级生产力的季节性变化和养殖虾夷扇贝的种群结构;采用生物沉积法,测定了不同规格的虾夷扇贝的滤水率和虾夷扇贝的基本生物学特性.调查结果显示,叶绿素浓度在1.23～2.85 mg·m-3范围内,均值为(1.78±0.57)mg·m-3;初级生产力的平均值为(76.6±41.9)mg C·m-2·d-1,虾夷扇贝单位个体的滤水率为(0.55±0.25)L·h-1.结合虾夷扇贝的年产量、海域面积和有关的水文状况等数据,计算了食物限制性指标的数值,摄食压力和调节比率在0.05和1.0之间,而滤水效率小于0.05.结果显示,由于该海域的叶绿素浓度和初级生产力水平较低,海水流速大,因此,水交换带来的悬浮颗粒物为主要食物来源.目前的虾夷扇贝的养殖量(32亿粒)接近生态容量,如果开展筏式养殖,利用整个海域的水体,养殖量增大20倍的空间并达到养殖容量,预计年产量将达到256亿粒.     

栉孔扇贝对春季桑沟湾颗粒有机物的摄食压力

由于养殖密度和产量较高，滤食性扇贝的养殖活动对海洋碳循环的影响引起人们的关注。不仅收获贝类能够从海域中移出大量的颗粒有机碳（particle organic carbon,POC），而且，在贝类养殖过程中（滤食、呼吸、排粪等生理活动）也对养殖海区的POC产生较大的影响。目前，国内、外学者就贻贝养殖的碳氮通量、虾夷扇贝的碳收支情况、生物沉降及其对底栖生物群落的影响、养殖贝类对浮游植物和悬浮颗粒物的摄食等方面进行了广泛的研究。但是，养殖栉孔扇贝对我国主要养殖海区桑沟湾POC的摄食压力未见报道。     

筏式虾夷扇贝养成期不同密度生长与经济效益分析

为分析养殖过程中各项成本(扇贝成本、劳动力成本、养殖设备成本等),讨论筏式虾夷扇贝不同养殖密度条件下的经济效益。2013年5月9日—2014年4月9日,在一龄虾夷扇贝养成至二龄贝期间,设置10枚/层、15枚/层、20枚/层、25枚/层和30枚/层5个密度组,测量统计扇贝壳高和累积死亡率等指标评价其生长情况和经济效益。不同养殖密度生长测量结果表明:低密度养殖组别(10枚/层、15枚/层)平均壳高大于高密度养殖组别(20枚/层、25枚/层和30枚/层)(P0.05),低密度养殖组别累积死亡率低于高密度养殖组别(10枚/层15枚/层、20枚/层25枚/层30枚/层)(P0.05),一龄至二龄养成期间,低密度养殖在壳高性状和降低死亡率方面具有明显优势;不同养殖密度生长指标结合经济成本分析结果表明:在一龄虾夷扇贝总量一定和养殖浮筏数量一定两种经济模型下,10枚/层密度组的经济效益最高;综合分析表明:筏式虾夷扇贝低密度养殖在生长性状和经济效益两个方面都有显著优势,可以有效转变当地养殖企业及个体户"多养多收益"观念,引导低密度生态养殖模式的建立。     

基于围隔实验研究虾夷扇贝与龙须菜养殖对浮游植物群落结构的影响

2015年秋季在桑沟湾开展围隔实验,研究了60 h内高容量虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)和龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)养殖对水体中物理、化学和生物(浮游植物群落)等因素的影响。结果显示,养殖的虾夷扇贝和龙须菜在60 h内能显著改变水体中的溶解氧(DO)和溶解态无机氮(DIN)的浓度,同时,能显著影响浮游植物种群丰度和组成特征。从各实验组来看,12 h后,虾夷扇贝和龙须菜实验组浮游植物丰度显著低于空白实验组。虾夷扇贝对水体中4种硅藻优势种[包括柔弱拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima)、双菱藻(Surirella sp.)、菱形藻(Nitzschia spp.)、针杆藻(Synedra spp.)]的滤除效应存在较大差异,即对柔弱拟菱形藻和双菱藻有较大的滤除效应,但对菱形藻和针杆藻却影响不大。基于水体中的光合色素变化特征也揭示了虾夷扇贝对浮游植物的选择性摄食效应,即虾夷扇贝能显著滤除水体中的岩藻黄素(fucoxanthin,硅藻特征色素)、别藻黄素(alloxanthin,隐藻特征色素)。与此相反,青绿藻素(prasinoxanthin,微微型藻类的特征色素)在48 h后,虾夷扇贝实验组显著高于空白实验组和大型藻实验组,说明龙须菜养殖对微微型青绿藻生物量无显著影响。     

桑沟湾筏式养殖鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)的生长特性

2014年4-6月在桑沟湾海区进行鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)海上筏式养殖实验,分析了鼠尾藻在桑沟湾的生长特性,调查了藻体上的附着生物.结果显示,(1)鼠尾藻在桑沟湾海域生长迅速,水温为10-17℃时特定生长率最高,可达6.10％/d;根据特定生长率与水温的关系,获得了鼠尾藻的最佳生长温度为14.9℃;(2)5月10日开始有生殖托形成,水温达到20.4℃时,鼠尾藻生殖托大量成熟,并有放散;(3)养殖期间,鼠尾藻最大长度达187.05 cm,均长可达112.31 cm;干湿比由0.147(4月)上升至0.189(6月);每公顷产量可达43.95 t(湿重),相当于干重为8.25 t;(4)藻体上有大型附着生物16种,主要优势种为尖嘴扁颌针鱼鱼卵、玻璃海鞘和海绵;附着生物的生物量随着水温升高而增加.研究表明,海区的附着生物对鼠尾藻的生长影响不大,在桑沟湾大规模养殖鼠尾藻是可行的.     

桑沟湾筏式养殖鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)的生长特性

2014年4–6月在桑沟湾海区进行鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)海上筏式养殖实验,分析了鼠尾藻在桑沟湾的生长特性,调查了藻体上的附着生物。结果显示,(1)鼠尾藻在桑沟湾海域生长迅速,水温为10–17℃时特定生长率最高,可达6.10%/d;根据特定生长率与水温的关系,获得了鼠尾藻的最佳生长温度为14.9℃;(2)5月10日开始有生殖托形成,水温达到20.4℃时,鼠尾藻生殖托大量成熟,并有放散;(3)养殖期间,鼠尾藻最大长度达187.05 cm,均长可达112.31 cm;干湿比由0.147(4月)上升至0.189(6月);每公顷产量可达43.95 t(湿重),相当于干重为8.25 t;(4)藻体上有大型附着生物16种,主要优势种为尖嘴扁颌针鱼鱼卵、玻璃海鞘和海绵;附着生物的生物量随着水温升高而增加。研究表明,海区的附着生物对鼠尾藻的生长影响不大,在桑沟湾大规模养殖鼠尾藻是可行的。     

虾夷扇贝筏式养殖技术

虾夷扇贝属软体动物门，瓣鳃纲，翼形亚纲，珍珠贝目，扇贝科，虾夷扇贝属。虾夷扇贝为冷水性贝类，原主要产于日本、前苏联千岛群岛的南部水域，日本北海道及本洲北部，分布于底质坚硬，淤沙少和水深不超过40m的沿岸海区，正常生活水温为5—23℃。90年代初，我国开始引进虾夷扇贝在山东、辽宁等沿海进行人工试养，经过10多年发展，虾夷扇贝目前已成为我国北方海水养殖主要品种之一，年产值达到50多亿元。现就虾夷扇贝筏式养殖主要技术介绍如下：     

桑沟湾春季有色溶解有机物(CDOM)吸收光谱特性及空间分布特征

有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是水生态系统中碳的重要来源,其光学性质可示踪海水中溶解有机物组分的动态信息。利用紫外可见吸收光谱手段,分区域测定了桑沟湾春季水体及表层沉积物间隙水中CDOM的吸收光谱特征,探讨了CDOM的来源组成、空间分布特征、迁移转化过程及其与养殖活动的关系。结果表明,(1)波长为355_的吸收系数(a(355))范围为0.23~9.09 /m,不同水层空间分布差异显著,表层和底层均从近岸区向贝藻区逐渐降低,之后在海带区升高后向外海逐渐降低；海带区从表层向底层先降低后升高,高密度、规模化的海带养殖释放了大量的CDOM,各区域沉积物间隙水a(355)是其表中底之和的1.3~2.5倍,CDOM在沉积物间隙水中富集并逐渐累积。(2)光谱斜率(S_275-295)范围为0.013~0.036,外海区和海带区S_275-295均值显著高于其他各区,海带区和外海区CDOM中海源有机质占主要成分,而近岸区以陆源有机质为主；近岸区CDOM中的腐殖酸类物质含量从表层到底层逐渐降低,沉积物中积累的富里酸类物质含量较高,海带区和外海区呈相反趋势。(3)比紫外吸光度(SUVA₂₅₄)范围为4.60~14.10 L/(mg.m),贝类区、贝藻区和藻类区SUVA₂₅₄均呈现出从表层到底层逐渐增大的趋势,CDOM的芳香性逐渐增强并在沉积物间隙水中达到最大；海带区和外海区沉积物间隙水中的SUVA₂₅₄显著高于其他各区,表明海带区的规模化养殖活动向养殖海区及邻近海域贡献了较多的惰性溶解有机物,暗示着海带养殖活动有较强的碳汇效应并通过海流作用向外海输送。     

Study on the potential of suspended longline mariculture of the scallop Chlamys farreri in offshore areas

The growth and survival of the scallop Chlamys farreri exposed to different initial densities were evaluated in culture systems from inshore and offshore areas of Sungo Bay, China, from May 2007 to March 2008. Water quality data (e.g. temperature, salinity, current speed, chlorophyll a and total particulate material) were measured concurrently. The C. farreri reached the market size after 10 months of cultivation. Average survival rates for the same initial densities were lower in the inshore area than those in the offshore area. Survival rates also were inversely proportional to the initial densities. Scallops in offshore area with initial densities of 20 and 30 individuals per disc resulted in significantly greater shell heights, soft tissue weights and muscle weight compared with the other experimental groups. Tissue weight increased rapidly from May to September. However, scallops in offshore area had a second growth peak during October to November. Scallops in the offshore area had higher growth and survival rates, which may be attributed to high water current speed resulting in increased food supplies. Results indicate that the scallop C. farreri has an aquaculture potential in offshore cultivation systems.     

Modelling historical mesocosm data: Application of a fish bioenergetics model in semi‐natural conditions

Developing ecological models for accurately predicting the dynamics of a population and individual physiological processes in field conditions is a challenging task for ecosystem management and ecological risk assessment. Here, we propose to assess the relevance of a dynamic energy budget (DEB) model calibrated using data previously generated from laboratory experiments for adult three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) living in semi‐natural conditions. We compared different ways of integrating different data sets such as temperature and prey abundance obtained in mesocosm experiments to assess the predictive capacity of the model. By this study, we provide recommendations for developing an appropriate environmental scenario (e.g. natural variations of food and temperature) for using a DEB model in a field context. We conclude that a DEB model calibrated with laboratory data can be used to predict the physiological processes of an organism living in semi‐natural conditions, but that the reproductive behaviour of the organism can affect the predictions. At last, we suggest that further studies on the feeding behaviour may be necessary for immature organisms.     

虾夷扇贝海区采苗技术初步研究

2005—2006年,在大连旅顺沿海进行了虾夷扇贝海区采苗试验。试验结果为:2005年月亮湾海区采苗密度,第1批为231枚/袋,第2批为423枚/袋;2006年月亮湾海区采苗密度为242枚/袋,董砣子海区为456枚/袋。生殖腺指数等调查结果表明,长海县各海区虾夷扇贝开始产卵时间在3月末4月初。虾夷扇贝浮游幼虫附着高峰期出现在5月底。     

A bioenergetics model of the entire life cycle of the three‐spined stickleback,gasterosteus aculeatus

A whole life‐cycle bioenergetic model based on the dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory was proposed for the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). To develop this model, experiments on growth and reproduction were performed: adult and juvenile growth, size at first reproduction and amount of eggs spawned by females were monitored under different feeding levels and temperatures. The DEB parameters were estimated, using Bayesian statistics, based on the data produced during these experiments and on other data found in the literature. The model fitted accurately the different data used for the calibration process and, in addition, predicted accurately the data sets used to assess its predictability. Our bioenergetic model of the whole life cycle of the three‐spined stickleback accounting for environmental variations could contribute in many ways to improved ecological assessment: supporting change of scale from individual to populations; developing new biomarkers of exposure and effect; analysing ecotoxicity tests with biology‐based models.     

Modelling the biomass yield and the impact of seabream mariculture in the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas (Italy)

An individual-based model for Sparus aurata was developed, taking into account the effects on the growth rate of water temperature, food availability and diet composition. The model was identified on the basis of the recent literature regarding the physiological ecology of this species. It was subsequently calibrated and validated by using original field data collected at two Italian fish farms located, respectively, in the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas. The mass budget of uneaten food and faeces was computed using the model at each farm: the optimal ingestion rate of a fish was computed based on its wet weight and the temperature of the water, while the faeces estimation considered the different digestibility of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins in the diet. From an applied perspective, the future use of this growth model in relation to mariculture site selection and monitoring might typically be to estimate both the yield and the amount of uneaten food and faeces discharged from a fish cage. This second output represents a useful input for deposition models which are routinely used in the field of mariculture monitoring by different EU countries. The integration of growth and deposition models in a single system could provide a useful tool for the site-selection and monitoring of finfish mariculture operations in Mediterranean environments.     

The influence of temperature and presence of predators on growth,survival and energy allocation for reproduction in the Catarina scallop Argopecten ventricosus

Environmental factors are known to modify the life history of marine ectotherms. In a 16‐month laboratory experiment, we investigated the influence of temperature and presence of predators on life‐history parameters including shell growth, survival and the energy investment in reproduction and body mass of the short‐lived (2–3 years) scallop Argopecten ventricosus. In parallel, A. ventricosus was maintained in the field at the Pacific coast of Baja California, México, to compare growth, survival and reproductive effort under natural conditions. For the laboratory treatments, scallops were reared at simulated field temperatures (SFT), 5 °C above SFT and in the presence of predators. Elevated water temperatures caused higher growth and gonad production, although at the cost of increased mortality. Presence of predators induced energy allocation to muscle rather than gonad growth, deferred spawning and extended survival. Field scallops exhibited higher growth, higher reproductive investment and were able to reproduce twice, whereas all laboratory scallops died after the first spawning. The natural variability of environmental parameters such as food and temperature may thus support optimal growth in the field, and when animals are protected from predators, reproduction in the second year of life.     

桑沟湾养殖容量与优化措施的研究

IntroductionChina has from the late1980 's been the country with highest mariculture production in the world.In2 0 0 0 ,the total mariculture production of China was almost 10 .6 million MT,production of bivalves account-ing for82 % and that of macroalgae accounting for11% .As we know,phytoplankton make up the main foodresources for bivalves.Any variation of phytoplankton will directly influence the growth and reproduction ofbivalves.As for phytoplankton,the growth and reproduction of macroa…     

Carbon dioxide fixation by the seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture with the scallop Chlamys farreri in Sanggou Bay, China

The red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis was cultivated with the scallop Chlamys farreri in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system for 42 h at Sanggou Bay, located in north China. Variation in inorganic carbon in the IMTA system was determined. The experiment included three treatments each with three replicates and three scallop monoculture systems as controls. Scallop density (399.1 ± 7.85 g per microcosm) remained the same in all treatments while seaweed density differed. The seaweed density was set at three levels (treatments 1, 2, 3) with thallus wet weights of 125.3 ± 4.72 g, 252.3 ± 7.50 g, and 378.7 ± 6.51 g per microcosm, respectively. This produced bivalve to seaweed wet weight ratios of 1:0.31, 1:0.63, and 1:0.96 for treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In control groups, continuous dissolution of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced by scallops into the seawater not only caused an ongoing increase in partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), 5.5 times higher than that of natural seawater, but also acidified seawater by 0.8 units after 42 h of culture. However, in all seaweed-scallop groups, the higher the algal density, the more CO₂ was absorbed; pCO₂ was lowest in treatment 3. The results suggest that a ratio of bivalve to seaweed less than 1:0.96 may produce an even stronger CO₂ sink. Overall, the integrated culture of seaweed and scallop could provide an efficient and environmentally friendly means to reduce CO₂ emissions from bivalve mariculture.