雌核发育与正常二倍体条斑星鲽胚胎发育比较研究

在用牙鲆精子诱导条斑星鲽雌核发育的同时,对条斑星鲽单倍体、雌核发育胚胎发育过程进行了观察,并与普通胚胎发育作了比较.观察结果表明,(1)单倍体胚胎,卵裂开始至64细胞期,发育速度较普通胚胎发育发育速度明显缓慢,至多细胞期发育速度相同,历时14 h;到达高囊胚期比普通二倍体慢1.5 h,到达低囊胚期发育速度相同,历时31 h;到达原肠末期、神经胚期、晶体形成期历时相同,其他发育时期一直处于缓慢状态;孵化仔鱼具有明显的单倍体综合症.(2)雌核发育与普通胚胎的发育的特征相比无明显区别,在卵裂期发育速度明显迟缓,但在囊胚期以后,所用时间基本相同;孵化时间比普通胚胎长约1 h.(3)与普通胚胎相比,雌核发育胚胎、单倍体胚胎孵化率较低,仔鱼畸形率高.     

星斑川鲽(♀)与石鲽(♂)杂交子代胚胎发育研究

采用人工催产和干法受精技术,以星斑川鲽为母本,石鲽为父本进行属间杂交,受精卵在13~14℃海水中培养。利用DCM130-2.0显微电子成像系统观察受精卵胚胎发育,借助XTZ-D体视显微镜拍摄发育过程,分别在卵裂期、孵化前期统计杂交胚胎受精率、孵化率和畸形率。试验结果表明,杂交胚胎发育可分为卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、器官发生、脱膜孵化5个阶段,在水温13~14℃条件下,受精卵历时98h完成孵化,该杂交组合胚胎发育时间介于双亲之间,杂交胚胎受精率为15.6%,孵化率为42.1%。杂交胚胎发育在卵裂、囊胚、原肠、器官形成和孵出期均有畸形胚胎出现,畸形率为57.1%。本研究结果为星斑川鲽和石鲽杂交育种提供了直接的发育生物学依据。     

异源冷冻精子诱导大菱鲆的雌核发育

采用冷冻保存的鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)精液不经紫外线照射直接与大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)卵进行杂交,可以刺激大菱鲆卵进行胚胎发育,胚胎发育率(发育至原肠期后胚胎成形的卵占总卵数的百分比)可达79.1%.通过与精子照射组单倍体发育过程等对比观察发现,杂交后代为大菱鲆的单倍体.如果在"受精"后2～10min内将大菱鲆卵在0～6℃冷休克处理110～50min,均能诱导卵子染色体加倍.对冷休克处理条件的筛选结果表明,在0℃条件下,卵子在受到鲈鱼精子刺激后6min开始进行冷休克处理25min,二倍体孵化率(雌核二倍体苗占受精卵的百分比)最高,可达34.8%.通过对各实验组卵发育情况的跟踪观察,发现单倍体与雌核发育二倍体在发育过程中有明显的差异,这种差异最早出现在8细胞期.单倍体胚胎头部发育不正常,眼泡较小,身体短且扭曲较严重,从肌节期开始沉积大量的黑色素颗粒.仔鱼孵化1周内单倍体即全部死亡.与正常二倍体对照组相比较,证明所得正常形态仔鱼即为雌核发育二倍体.     

真鲷精子诱导漠斑牙鲆减数雌核发育

采用紫外线(UV)灭活的冷冻真鲷(Pagrosomus major)精子激发漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)卵子发育.冷冻真鲷精子适宜的UV灭活剂量为72 mJ/cm2,随着处理时间延长,胚胎的孵化率呈现哈特维希效应,其中40 s灭活组胚胎孵化率达到最高[(29士1.9)％],单倍体率100％.利用冷休克法抑制卵子第二极体排出,成功获得雌核发育二倍体仔鱼.冷休克处理温度为0～2℃,处理起始时间3 min、持续时间45 min时,雌核发育二倍体胚胎的孵化率最高,达(9.4士0.71)％,获得批量雌核发育仔鱼.雌核发育仔鱼经流式细胞仪和染色体倍性鉴定,均为二倍体(2n=48),未发现单倍体和非整倍体现象.雌核发育二倍体组和单倍体组与正常二倍体组组孵化时间差异显著,分别历时64 h 59 min和55 h 49 min.雌核发育二倍体仔鱼与正常二倍体仔鱼形态特征差异不显著(P＞0.05),单倍体仔鱼明显畸形.研究表明,采用适宜的紫外线剂量灭活的冷冻真鲷精子可成功诱导漠斑牙鲆雌核发育,获得雌核发育二倍体后代,研究结果可为漠斑牙鲆全雌化苗种生产提供技术和理论依据.     

异源精子诱导条斑星鲽雌核发育

用冷冻保存的花鲈精子作为异源精子,采用紫外线（UV）对精子进行照射使其遗传物质失活,然后与卵子进行授精,可以刺激条斑星鲽鱼卵进行雌核发育,在受精后一定时间采用冷休克处理“受精”卵,抑制第二极体排出成功获得了条斑星鲽雌核发育二倍体鱼苗。实验表明,花鲈精子只有经过紫外线照射遗传失活后,才能诱导产生条斑星鲽雌核发育二倍体鱼苗。经过大量实验筛选出诱导条斑星鲽雌核发育的最佳条件为花鲈冷冻精子采用80 MJ/cm² 的紫外线照射,然后与条斑星鲽卵子进行授精,在受精后7~9 min,将受精卵放在-1.0~1.5 ℃海水中进行冷休克处理,持续时间为60~90 min,在此条件下,获得的雌核发育二倍体的相对诱导率达40.68%±7.24%。由于不失活精子与条斑星鲽卵形成的杂交胚只能存活到原肠期,而染色体未被成功加倍的胚胎会由于单倍体的致死效应在孵化前后死亡,所以存活的仔鱼全部为条斑星鲽雌核发育二倍体。采用微卫星标记技术对雌核发育鱼苗进行了分析,证明了雌核发育鱼苗为雌核发育二倍体。首次报道了采用异源冷冻精子诱导条斑星鲽鱼卵进行雌核发育的技术方法,为条斑星鲽性别控制和遗传改良提供了技术手段。     

鲈鱼冷冻精子诱导半滑舌鳎胚胎发育

半滑舌鳎是分布在我国黄、渤海的特有鱼类,雌鱼明显具有较雄鱼生长快的特点,利用雌核发育方法诱导产生半滑舌鳎超雌鱼,通过与正常雄鱼交配,最终可培育生长速度快、个体大的全雌性后代,对于提高养殖效益具有重要的意义。为此利用冷冻保存的异源鲈鱼精子诱导半滑舌鳎卵产生雌核发育二倍体、单倍体、杂交胚胎,利用同源精子受精产生普通二倍体,在Olympus显微镜下对它们的胚胎发育进行了观察比较。冷冻解冻的鲈鱼精子,在1000μj/cm2紫外线下照射0·2~1min,诱导半滑舌鳎卵受精,在受精后2~5min将卵置于2~5℃的水浴冷休克20min,获得了雌核发育的胚胎和鱼苗,在21·7~23·6℃水温中,雌核发育胚胎经过2781min孵化出膜。普通胚胎在21·7~23·6℃水温下,经2621min孵化出膜。经紫外线灭活处理的鲈鱼精子诱导半滑舌鳎卵,但不经过冷休克获得的单倍体胚胎,具有明显的单倍体综合症,发育至1949min陆续死亡。鲈鱼精子与半滑舌鳎卵杂交受精,胚胎不能正常发育,相当于胚孔封闭期后全部死亡。实验证明,鲈鱼冷冻精子可刺激半滑舌鳎卵雌核发育。     

紫外灭活的异源和同源精子诱导的半滑舌鳎单倍体胚胎发育过程比较

为探讨在雌核发育研究中紫外灭活的异源精子的细胞质等是否对“受精”卵的发育产生影响,本文对紫外灭活的异源和同源精子诱导的半滑舌鳎单倍体胚胎发育过程进行了比较研究。结果显示,在胚盘形成期、二细胞期、多细胞期和囊胚期,异源和同源精子诱导的半滑舌鳎单倍体胚胎发育时序及形态无显著差异。之后,灭活的异源精子诱导的单倍体胚胎发育速度比同源精子诱导的单倍体胚胎要慢,至受精后18h 48min已慢1个发育时期,说明在发育前期,异源精子诱导的单倍体胚胎发育阻力更大。肌节期后,同源精子诱导的半滑舌鳎单倍体胚胎发育也严重受阻,与异源精子诱导的单倍体胚胎发育速度无显著差异;且单倍体胚胎陆续大量死亡,但异源精子诱导的单倍体胚胎死亡率明显要大于同源精子诱导的单倍体胚胎。异源和同源精子诱导的单倍体胚胎孵出的仔鱼均表现有单倍体综合症,外形基本一致。为确保紫外线处理将精子完全灭活,当紫外灭活的异源和同源精子诱导的半滑舌鳎单倍体胚胎发育至原肠后期时,各取30粒用倍性分析仪检测其倍性,结果显示全为单倍体。     

星斑川鲽与其他鲆鲽类杂交研究简报

以星斑川鲽为母本,分别以条斑星鲽、圆斑星鲽为父本进行了属间杂交,成功获得了星斑川鲽(♀)×条斑旱鲽(♂)、星斑川鲽(♀)×圆斑星鲽(♂)的杂交后代,并且性状优良,生长良好.以大菱鲆为母本、星斑川鲽为父本进行了属问杂交,获得的大菱鲆(♀)×星斑川鲽(♂)杂交胚胎发育顺利,但仔鱼1日龄全部死亡,不能进一步发育.同时对杂交胚胎的发育情况进行了详细观察和记录,并确定了胚胎发育的时序.     

星斑川鲽远缘杂交初步研究

为了探索川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)远缘杂交的可行性,2007年进行了星斑川鲽♀×条斑星鲽♂、星斑川鲽♀×圆斑星鲽♂、大菱鲆♀×星斑川鲽♂杂交试验.结果表明:星斑川鲽♀×条斑星鲽♂、星斑川鲽♀×圆斑星鲽♂杂交不存在配子不亲和,受精卵可以正常发育,杂交子代存活和生长正常;而大菱鲆♀×星斑川鲽♂杂交胚胎能够发育,但孵化出仔鱼为畸形,24 h后死亡.     

鲤鱼辐射雌核二倍体研究

以通常有性方法繁殖的鱼类人工雌核发育仔代,可用遗传失效的精子和成熟的卵子受精而获得。在此种情况下,以精子迫使卵细胞发育。卵细胞的发育只在雌性染色体控制下进行,并仅出现雌核发育的仔代。用高剂量同位素射线照射(辐射雌核发育)或用化学诱变剂处理(化学雌核发育)可使精子遗传失效。当用遗传失效的精子使卵受精时,发生的仔代基本上是无生命力的单倍体,同时也有规律的、少量的出现一些正常的二倍体鱼苗——雌性染     

6-DMAP诱导栉孔扇贝异源雌核发育二倍体

采用紫外线遗传灭活的长牡蛎精子激活栉孔扇贝卵子,运用L9（3^4）设计不同6-DMAP的处理条件来诱导染色体加倍,获得第二极体抑制型栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体早期胚胎。以雌核发育担轮幼虫为材料,滴片法制备染色体并采用计数法统计倍性,分析不同6-DMAP浓度、诱导时机和诱导持续时间对雌核发育二倍体诱导率的影响,并统计早期胚胎畸形率。结果表明,不同6-DMAP浓度、诱导时机和诱导持续时间对异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体的诱导率均有显著影响;早期胚胎畸形率与二倍体的诱导率呈负相关,y=46.632-0.891x（r=-0.813,P〈0.01）。6-DMAP诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体的最佳处理条件为：20%～25%受精卵排放出第1极体时,60μg/ml的6-DMAP持续处理25min可得到最高的诱导率为29.5±5.36%。研究结果为6-DMAP诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育染色体加倍提供了一定的细胞学依据和技术参数。     

七彩鲑雌核发育及其倍性研究

利用紫外线照射对七彩鲑(Salvelinus fontinalis)精子进行灭活处理,使其遗传物质失活,作为同源精子诱导源,与七彩鲑卵子进行受精,采用冷休克方法诱导雌核发育。结果表明:同源精子可以诱导七彩鲑的雌核发育,紫外照射强度为72 m J/cm2;距离为8 cm;冷休克温度为20℃。七彩鲑减数分裂雌核发育倍性测定以鸡(Gallus sp.)红细胞DNA含量(2.5 pg/N)为标准、七彩鲑普通育苗子一代为参照,采用流式细胞术和微卫星标记技术对30尾七彩鲑减数分裂雌核发育鱼苗进行分析,证明了雌核发育鱼苗为雌核发育二倍体。     

盐度对暗纹东方鲀胚胎发育的影响

研究了不同盐度对暗纹东方鲀胚胎发育的影响，盐度为4和8的试验组中受精卵的发育历期、孵化率及初孵仔鱼24小时的存活能力和淡水相比均无显著差异。在盐度12及以上，绝大部分受精卵死亡，仅有极少数个体孵化出膜，且全为畸形并都在24小时内死亡；发育速度随着盐度的升高而变慢。因此，暗纹东方鲀胚胎正常发育所能耐受的盐度范围是0～8。     

Artificial gynogenesis in Cynoglossus semilaevis with homologous sperm and its verification using microsatellite markers

Effective methods for induction of gynogenetic diploids in Cynoglossus semilaevis are needed to initiate monosex culture. An effective protocol to induce half‐smooth tongue sole gynogenesis using homologous sperm was developed in this study. A UV dose of 50 mJ cm^?2 was found to be the most effective for genetic inactivation of tongue sole sperm. Treatment optima for cold shocks were 5 °C for 20–23 min at 5 min after fertilization and the hatching rate of gynogenetic diploids was 10.0%. Microsatellite analysis at locus Csou 6 revealed that there was no genetic contribution from the paternal genome in 24 progenies of a meiotic gynogenetic family. Polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that only four individuals of 24 meiotic gynogenetic diploids produced the female‐specific band of about 205 bp. The female/male ratio of gynogenetic diploids was significantly different from the theoretical ratio of 1:1. It is possible that there are some recessive lethal genes in W chromosome.     

Artificial gynogenesis and assessment of homozygosity in meiotic gynogens of spotted halibut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Verasper variegatus</Emphasis>)

In the present study, methodology of gynogenetic induction in spotted halibut were developed and optimized; the sex ratio of putative meiotic gynogenetic diploids was determined using AFLP-based molecular sexing technique; the homozygosity of gynogenetic population was assessed as opposed to cultivated population. The results showed that high percentage of meiotic gynogenetic diploids were generated when the eggs fertilized with irradiated heterologous sea perch frozen sperm (30–50 mJ cm⁻²) were cold shocked in sea water of −1°C for 40–75 min at 5 min after fertilization. About 15,200 diploid gynogenetic larvae were achieved and they exhibited normal morphology similar to diploid control. The gynogenetic diploids were 100% female, which first confirmed the female homogamete (XX/XY) sex determination in spotted halibut. The genetic analysis showed that the average H _O was, respectively, 0.404 and 0.724 in gynogenetic population and cultivated population, indicating an increase of homozygosity in gynogenetic population.     

Manipulation of ploidy in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) by heat shock, hydrostatic pressure shock, and spermatozoa inactivation

Heat shocks, hydrostatic pressure shocks, and ultraviolet radiation were evaluated for their efficacy as methods of manipulating ploidy in yellow perch (Perca flavescens). The most effective methods of inducing triploidy were heat shocks of 28–30°C applied at a time of initiation (TI) of 5 min postfertilization for durations of 10 or 25 min, and hydrostatic pressure shocks of 9000 or 11 000 psi applied at a TI of 5 min for a duration of 12 min. These treatments resulted in triploidy induction rates that ranged from 54–100%, and embryonic survival rates of 16–80%. Cold shocks of 0°C had no effect on the ploidy or survival of embryos. For perch, hydrostatic pressure shock offered several advantages over heat shock as a method of manipulating ploidy. The most effective methods of inducing tetraploidy were hydrostatic pressure shocks of 9000 psi applied at a TI of 192 min for durations of 16 or 24 min. Ultraviolet radiation of perch sperm with doses of 3240–6480 ergs/mm² resulted in 100% inactivation of paternal chromosomes, and perch eggs fertilized with inactivated sperm had survival rates of > 50%, thereby establishing methods for producing gynogenetic perch. Studies comparing the growth and performance of diploid vs. triploid perch are underway. Tetraploid perch are being reared to sexual maturity to evaluate their potential as brood fish.     

Study of sex determination system in ship sturgeon, Acipenser nudiventris using meiotic gynogenesis

The sex ratios and sex determination mechanism of gynogenetic diploids of ship sturgeon, Acipenser nudiventris, have been investigated to verify the possibilities of sex control by chromosome manipulation in this species. Meiotic gynogenesis was induced in a female ship sturgeon using cold shock after egg activation with UV-irradiated sperm of a male Siberian sturgeon. Microsatellite DNA analysis was applied for verification of uniparental inheritance in the gynogenetic diploid group of fish. All the analyzed gynogenetic diploids possessed only maternal genotype in the examined experimental group of fish. In this study, a minimum of two distinctly selected diagnostic loci in the offspring was used to confirm exclusively maternal contribution. Also, these fish were analyzed for sex diagnostic. Histological analysis of gonads from gynogenetic diploids, obtained from one family, showed 73.3 % of females and 27.7 % of males. The observed sex ratio has suggested that the ship sturgeon have a female heterogametic sex determination system. Gynogenesis in this species with female heterogametic sex determination system will have important role in breeding program and reclamation of its natural population to produce both female and male progeny, while this species has been introduced in the red list of IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources).     

Induction of meiotic gynogenesis in the stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) and evidence for female homogamety

This study reports the results on induced meiotic diploid gynogenesis and female homogametic nature in the Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. The eggs of H. fossilis were inseminated with conspecific sperm. The sperm suspension was diluted to 1 × 10⁷ sperm mL⁻¹ in Hanks balanced salt solution. Sperm were irradiated under UV light, with the exposure time ranging from 15 to 360 s (7500 ergs mm⁻² for 60 s). The genetic inactivation of paternal chromosomes was confirmed by chromosome counting from the larval cells and the larvae also had a characteristic haploid syndrome. A typical ‘Hertwig effect’ in the yield of hatched larvae was observed with doses of UV exposure >75 s (9375 ergs mm²). Larvae resulting from sperm UV irradiated above 120 s (15 000 ergs mm²) were 100% haploids. Application of heat shock to the activated eggs was effective in suppressing the release of the second polar body (meiotic gynogenesis) and resulted in diploid gynogenetic larvae morphologically identical to those of the control. The best yield of diploid gynogens (49.3% with respect to the control) was found to be at 6 min after egg activation and the heat shock at 41 °C for a 1-min duration, at an ambient water temperature of 27 °C. A total of 113 diploid gynogenetic fry from seven different female fish were reared and subjected to sexing. All gynogenetic fish were female in contrast to the control, which had a mean sex ratio of 56.7% females (which was not significantly different from 50% female). From these results, the sex determination mechanism in H. fossilis was presumed to be female homogamety.     

Spontaneous mosaicism occurred in normally fertilized and gynogenetically induced progeny of the kokanee salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

ABSTRACT:   In normally fertilized progeny of the kokanee salmon Oncorhynchus nerka , DNA content flow cytometry revealed that all the externally normal embryos were diploid, whereas abnormal embryos exhibited haplo-diploid, diplo-tetraploid and haplo-diplo-tetraploid mosaicisms, together with a few haploid and diploid individuals. When gynogenetic development was artificially induced by fertilization of eggs obtained from a female of the same kokanee brood stock with UV-irradiated sperm, haplo-diploid mosaics appeared most frequently. These mosaics were likely to happen by certain cytological events, such as meiotic or mitotic errors during the process of maturation, fertilization or early cleavage.     

Induced meiotic gynogenesis in tench, Tinca tinca (L.) using irradiated heterogenic sperm

Effects of the starting time and duration of cold shock, as well as the source of heterogenic sperm on the percentage of viable gynogenic larvae (PVGL) in tench were studied. The DNA in sperm of red common carp (Cyprinus carpio var singuonensis) was inactivated by ultraviolet radiation prior to use to induce meiotic gynogenetic development in tench. In experiment 1, tench eggs were cold-shocked for 30 min starting at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 min post activation. In experiment 2, cold shock began 5 min after activation and lasted for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min, respectively. Each experiment was run in triplicate using 3 tench females, and one group not treated with cold shock was included in each experiment to serve as a control group. In experiment 3, sperm of bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus), red common carp or grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was used to induce gynogenesis in tench with a 20-min cold shock starting 5 min post activation. The results showed that PVGL from the control group was very low (0.11–0.47%). In experiment 1, the highest average PVGL (9.60%) was observed when cold shock treatment was applied 5 min post activation. When cold shock treatment was started 5 min post activation, duration of cold shock affected PVGL. Cold shock lasting 20 min resulted in the highest average PVGL (12. 57%) among the selected duration of cold shock studied in experiment 2. The average PVGL was 2.3, 8.6, and 9.3%, respectively, for eggs induced by sperm of bigmouth buffalo, red common carp and grass carp. Average PVGL was significantly lower for eggs induced by sperm of bigmouth buffalo, compared with that for eggs induced by sperm of the other two species. However, average PVGL were similar for eggs induced by sperm of red common carp and grass carp. In summary, the optimal conditions for gynogenesis in tench include the use of irradiated sperm of grass carp to activate the eggs and cold shock of 20 min starting 5 min post activation. Since female tench grow much faster to a larger size than male tench, gynogenesis of tench holds great potential for production enhancement.